scholarly journals Evaluation of Combination Effects of Ethanolic Extract ofZiziphus mucronataWilld. subsp.mucronataWilld. and Antibiotics against Clinically Important Bacteria

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olufunmiso Olusola Olajuyigbe ◽  
Anthony Jide Afolayan
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Fractional Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Concentration Indices

A pragmatic approach to the treatment of infectious diseases with multicausal agents and prevention of the development of resistant isolates is the combination of herbal remedies with the first-line antimicrobial agents to which most of them have become resistant. This study evaluated the interactions between the ethanolic bark extract ofZiziphus mucronatawith known antimicrobial agentsin vitro. In this study, the results showed that varied zones of inhibitions (ZME—chloramphenicol (17–42 mm), ZME—amoxicillin (17–35 mm), ZME—tetracycline (17–36 mm), ZME—ciprofloxacin (20–41 mm), ZME—nalidixic acid (17–34 mm), and ZME—kanamycin (17–38 mm)) were produced by the antibacterial combinations. At the highest combined concentrations, 12 isolates (ZME—ciprofloxacin) > 10 isolates (ZME—chloramphenicol) = (ZME—kanamycin) > 6 isolates (ZME—amoxicillin) = (ZME—nalidixic acid) and 5 isolates (ZME—tetracycline) were inhibited with zones of inhibition greater than20±1.0 mm. Although the agar diffusion assay suggested that the interactions between the ethanolic extract ofZ. mucronataand the antibiotics were both synergistic and additive in nature, the fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICI) showed that the interactions were synergistic (54.17%), additive (27.78%), indifferent (16.67%), and antagonistic (1.39%). While the fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) for synergism ranged between 0.00391 and 0.5, that of additivity ranged between 0.516 and 1.0, indifferences ranged between 1.062 and 3.0 and antagonistic interaction was 5.0. The synergistic effects implied that the antibacterial combinations would be more effective and useful in the treatment of multicausal and multidrug-resistant bacteria than a single monotherapy of either antibacterial agent.

Synergistic Effects of Three Moroccan Thyme Essential Oils with Antibiotic Cefixime

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (S1) ◽  
pp. S149-S154 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Alaoui Jamali ◽  
A. Kasrati ◽  
M. Fadli ◽  
L. Hassani ◽  
D. Leach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Synergistic Interaction ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
First Time ◽  
Concentration Indices

The association of essential oils (EOs) with antibiotics provides a promising solution towards combating resistant bacteria. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine for the first time the possible synergistic interaction between EOs of three Moroccan thymes, namely Thymus leptobotrys (carvacrol [79.1%]), Thymus pallidus (γ-terpinene [29.6%], thymol [26.8%] and p-cymene [18.9%]) and Thymus ciliatus (carvacrol [26.2%], p-cymene [19.6%], thymol [17.3%] and γ-terpinene [14.6%]) and the antibiotic cefixime against selected pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that all thyme EOs presented interesting antibacterial potency and important synergistic effects with cefixime. Thymus leptobotrys EO showed the strongest efficacy against all tested bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentration values 0.14 mg/mL to 73.92 mg/mL), and the best synergistic effect (fractional inhibitor concentration indices: 0.26 to 0.5; gain: 4- to 130- fold). This synergistic interaction between the studied thyme EOs and cefixime may provide a basis for future applications for the control of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity of Leaves and Flowers of Cassia auriculata linn

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Subhadradevi ◽  
K Asokkumar ◽  
M Umamaheswari ◽  
AT Sivashanmugam ◽  
JR Ushanandhini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Cassia Auriculata ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ancient Times

Since ancient times plant as sources of medicinal compounds have continued to play a dominant role in the maintenance of human health. To treat chronic and infectious diseases plants used in traditional medicine contain a wide range of ingredients. In this regard, Cassia auriculata L. (Caesalpiniaceae) is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine as a tonic, astringent and as a remedy for diabetes, conjunctivitis, ulcers, leprosy, skin and liver diseases. The aim of present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Cassia auriculata leaves and flowers (CALE & CAFE). CALE and CAFE exhibited broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis and exhibited no antifungal activity against standard strains of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was carried out for CALE and CAFE. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the CALE and CAFE can be a potential source of natural antimicrobial agents. Key words: Cassia auriculata; Antimicrobial activity; Agar well diffusion method. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i4.9600 BJSIR 2011; 46(4): 513-518

scholarly journals Synergistic activities of methanol leave extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana, Senna alata, Psidium guajava against selected resistant bacteria isolates

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 049-061
Author(s):  
Joy Ogugua Igwe ◽  
Ugochukwu Moses Okezie ◽  
Moses Nkechukwu Ikegbunam ◽  
Charles Okechukwu Esimone
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Methanol Extracts ◽  
Acalypha Wilkesiana ◽  
Senna Alata

Resistant strains of bacteria has over the years rendered conventional antibiotics ineffective. Consequently, this has resulted to severe infection, prolonged treatment, high cost of treatment and often times death. This study aimed to identify reliable alternative sources of bioactive agents with activity against resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Methanol extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana (MEAW), Senna alata (MESA) and Psidium guajava (MEPG) were tested alone and in combination against three clinical isolates. Ciprofloxacin was used as the positive control drug. A combination of Microscopic, macroscopic and molecular protocols was used to identify the test isolates. The antibiotic profiles of the isolates E. coli (E1), S. aureus (S4) and S. typhi (St2) indicated MultiDrug-Resisitant status (MDR). All the extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity against the resistant isolates with zones of inhibition that ranged between 3.1 – 25 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5 – 200 mg/ml. Amongst the extracts tested, MESA was found to be the most active extract while MEPG was the least active extract. The combination of the different methanol extracts demonstrated synergistic effects against the test organisms with a fractional inhibitory concentration that ranged between 0.06 – 0.8 mg/ml. The observed antibacterial activity may be linked to the presence of some bioactive components such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids present in the extracts. The results of this study suggest A. wilkesiana, S. alata and P. guajava may represent reliable sources of important bioactive compounds for new drug development.

scholarly journals Activities of Three Quinolones, Alone and in Combination with Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins or Gentamicin, against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 2002-2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa A. Visalli ◽  
Michael R. Jacobs ◽  
Peter C. Appelbaum
Keyword(s):  
Active Compound ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Fractional Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Determination Method ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Time Kill ◽  
Synergy Testing ◽  
Checkerboard Titration ◽  
Concentration Indices

The present study examined the activities of trovafloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with cefoperazone, ceftazidime, cefpirome, and gentamicin, against 100 strains of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia by the MIC determination method and by synergy testing of the combinations by the time-kill and checkerboard titration methods for 20 strains. The respective MICs at which 50% and 90% of isolates were inhibited for the drugs used alone were as follows: trovafloxacin, 0.5 and 2.0 μg/ml; levofloxacin, 2.0 and 4.0 μg/ml; ciprofloxacin, 4.0 and 16.0 μg/ml; cefoperazone, >128.0 and >128.0 μg/ml; ceftazidime, 32.0 and >128.0 μg/ml; cefpirome, >128.0 and >128.0 μg/ml; and gentamicin, 128.0 and >128.0 μg/ml. Synergistic fractional inhibitory concentration indices (≤0.5) were found for ≥50% of strains for trovafloxacin-cefoperazone, trovafloxacin-ceftazidime, levofloxacin-cefoperazone, levofloxacin-ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin-cefoperazone, and ciprofloxacin-ceftazidime, with other combinations affecting fewer strains. For 20 strains tested by the checkerboard titration and time-kill methods, synergy (≥100-fold drop in count compared to the count achieved with the more active compound) was more pronounced after 12 h due to regrowth after 24 h. At 12 h, trovafloxacin at 0.004 to 0.5 μg/ml showed synergy with cefoperazone for 90% of strains, with ceftazidime for 95% of strains with cefpirome for 95% of strains, and with gentamicin for 65% of strains. Levofloxacin at 0.03 to 0.5 μg/ml and ciprofloxacin at 0.5 to 2.0 μg/ml showed synergy with cefoperazone for 80% of strains, with ceftazidime for 90 and 85% of strains, respectively, with cefpirome for 85 and 75% of strains, respectively, and with gentamicin for 65 and 75% of strains, respectively. Time-kill assays were more discriminatory than checkerboard titration assays in demonstrating synergy for all combinations.

An unexpected discovery toward novel membrane active sulfonyl thiazoles as potential MRSA DNA intercalators

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 1709-1727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan-Yuan Hu ◽  
Juan Wang ◽  
Tie-Jun Li ◽  
Rammohan R Yadav Bheemanaboina ◽  
Mohammad Fawad Ansari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Dna Intercalators ◽  
Dna Targeting ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria

Aim: With the increasing emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, the need for new antimicrobial agents has become extremely urgent. This work was to develop sulfonyl thiazoles as potential antibacterial agents. Results & methodology: Novel hybrids of sulfonyl thiazoles were developed from commercial acetanilide and acetylthiazole. Hybrids 6e and 6f displayed excellent inhibitory efficacy against clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (minimum inhibitory concentration = 1 μg/ml) without obvious toxicity toward normal mammalian cells (RAW 264.7). The combination uses were found to improve the antimicrobial ability. Further preliminary antibacterial mechanism experiments showed that the active molecule 6f could effectively interfere with MRSA membrane and insert into MRSA DNA. Conclusion: Compounds 6e and 6f could serve as potential DNA-targeting templates toward the development of promising antimicrobial agents.

Antimicrobial Activity of Individual and Combined Essential Oils against Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
FATIMA REYES-JURADO ◽  
AURELIO LÓPEZ-MALO ◽  
ENRIQUE PALOU
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Fractional Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Mustard Essential Oil

ABSTRACTThe antimicrobial activities of essential oils from Mexican oregano (Lippia berlandieri Schauer), mustard (Brassica nigra), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) were evaluated alone and in binary combinations against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, or Salmonella Enteritidis. Chemical compositions of the essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The MICs of the evaluated essential oils ranged from 0.05 to 0.50% (vol/vol). Mustard essential oil was the most effective, likely due to the presence of allyl isothiocyanate, identified as its major component. Furthermore, mustard essential oil exhibited synergistic effects when combined with either Mexican oregano or thyme essential oils (fractional inhibitory concentration indices of 0.75); an additive effect was obtained by combining thyme and Mexican oregano essential oils (fractional inhibitory concentration index = 1.00). These results suggest the potential of studied essential oil mixtures to inhibit microbial growth and preserve foods; however, their effect on sensory quality in selected foods compatible with their flavor needs to be assessed.

Individual and Combined Effects of Vanillin and Potassium Sorbate on Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium glabrum, and Penicillium italicum Growth

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. MATAMOROS-LEÓN ◽  
A. ARGAIZ ◽  
A. LÓPEZ-MALO
Keyword(s):  
Water Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Fractional Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
The Individual

The individual and combined effects of potassium sorbate and vanillin concentrations on the growth of Penicillium digitatum, P. glabrum, and P. italicum in potato dextrose agar adjusted to water activity 0.98 and pH 3.5 were evaluated. Inhibitory concentrations of potassium sorbate varied from 150 ppm for P. digitatum to 700 ppm for P. glabrum, and for vanillin from 1,100 ppm for P. digitatum and P. italicum and 1,300 ppm for P. glabrum. Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) isobolograms show curves deviated to the left of the additive line. Calculated FIC index varied from 0.60 to 0.84. FIC index as well as FIC isobolograms show synergistic effects on mold inhibition when vanillin and potassium sorbate are applied in combination.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity and Synergistic Effect of Spices against Few Selected Pathogens

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Renuka Maharjan ◽  
Saru Thapa ◽  
Amrit Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Fractional Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Mic Value

Objectives: The main objective of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of spices along with determination of its synergistic effect against few selected pathogens. Methods: In this study, ethanolic extract of 5 different spices; Zingiber officinale (Ginger), Allium sativum (Garlic), Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Capsicum annum (Chili) and Allium cepa (Onion) were obtained by using Soxhlet apparatus. The ethanolic extract was concentrated by evaporation and different concentrations of extract were prepared in Dimethy Sulphoxide (DMSO) solvent. Test organisms included mainly pathogens i.e. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts were determined by well diffusion technique both individually and in combination. On the other hand, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was determined by serial dilution technique. The result were interpreted on the basis of the fact that the growth occurs in positive control and other tubes with inadequate amount of extract whereas the lowest concentration of agent that inhibits growth of organism, detected by lack of visible turbidity by inhibition of 99% is designed as the MIC. The MBC is identified by determining the lowest concentration of extract solution that reduces the viability of the initial bacterial inoculum by a predetermined reduction such as ≥99.9%. Likewise, for determination of Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI), two extracts were combined along with standardized inoculum of bacterial strain. Tubes without visible turbidity were streaked on agar plate and observed for 99.9% killing.   Results: All the tested extract of spices were found effective against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae only. The highest zone of inhibition (ZOI) was found in chili extract (ZOI=26 mm) against S. aureus whereas lowest zone of inhibition was found in garlic extract against K. pneumoniae (ZOI=12mm). Similarly, highest ZOI was produced by combined extract of both Turmeric and Ginger (ZOI= 26 mm). Turmeric extract was found to be effective against S. aureus (MIC value = 62.5 mg /ml and MBC value = 31.25 mg/ml) and K. pneumoniae (MIC value 125 mg/ml and MBC value = 62.5 mg/ml). The Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) values of combined extract suggested synergistic and additive effect (0.5<FIC<1). Chili and ginger were effective with FIC value of 0.25. Conclusion: To recapitulate, the extract of spices can be used to prevent the pathogenic organism.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity and Interaction Effects of Litsea Cubeba Fruit Essential Oil and Chitosan Against Food-Borne Bacteria  

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Food Preservation ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Fractional Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Litsea Cubeba ◽  
Food Borne

The aims of this study were to investigate the antibacterial activity and interaction effect of Litsea cubeba fruit essential oil (EO) and chitosan (CTS) against food-borne bacteria. The inhibition zone of EO, CTS and EO-CTS mixture against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 13061 ranged from 39.0 - 57.3 mm; 11.7 - 15.5 mm and 29.7 - 39.3 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EO and CTS were 5.53 mg/mL and from 0.60 - 0.80 mg/mL, respectively. The synergistic effects were found when EO and CTS were used in combination with fractional inhibitory concentration values ranging from 0.62 - 0.67. The MIC of the EO and CTS combination was decreased from 6 to 8-fold and 2-fold compared to individual treatment by EO and CTS, respectively. The obtained results demonstrated the potential application of EO-CTS mixture in food preservation.

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