scholarly journals Effects of Diphenyl Diselenide on Methylmercury Toxicity in Rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiane L. Dalla Corte ◽  
Caroline Wagner ◽  
Jéssie H. Sudati ◽  
Bruna Comparsi ◽  
Gerlania O. Leite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Thioredoxin Reductase ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Diphenyl Diselenide ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Nonprotein Thiol

This study investigates the efficacy of diphenyl diselenide [(PhSe)2] in attenuating methylmercury- (MeHg-)induced toxicity in rats. Adult rats were treated with MeHg [5 mg/kg/day, intragastrically (i.g.)] and/ or (PhSe)2[1 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally (i.p.)] for 21 days. Body weight gain and motor deficits were evaluated prior to treatment, on treatment days 11 and 21. In addition, hepatic and cerebral mitochondrial function (reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, total and nonprotein thiol levels, membrane potential (ΔΨm), metabolic function, and swelling), hepatic, cerebral, and muscular mercury levels, and hepatic, cerebral, and renal thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity were evaluated. MeHg caused hepatic and cerebral mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibited TrxR activity in liver (38,9%), brain (64,3%), and kidney (73,8%). Cotreatment with (PhSe)2protected hepatic and cerebral mitochondrial thiols from depletion by MeHg but failed to completely reverse MeHg’s effect on hepatic and cerebral mitochondrial dysfunction or hepatic, cerebral, and renal inhibition of TrxR activity. Additionally, the cotreatment with (PhSe)2increased Hg accumulation in the liver (50,5%) and brain (49,4%) and increased the MeHg-induced motor deficits and body-weight loss. In conclusion, these results indicate that (PhSe)2can increase Hg body burden as well as the neurotoxic effects induced by MeHg exposure in rats.

Early nutritional changes induce sexually dimorphic long-term effects on body weight gain and the response to sucrose intake in adult rats

Metabolism ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 812-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Fuente-Martín ◽  
Miriam Granado ◽  
Cristina García-Cáceres ◽  
Miguel A. Sanchez-Garrido ◽  
Laura M. Frago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Sucrose Intake ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Nutritional Changes

Postnatal intracerebroventricular exposure to neuropeptide Y causes weight loss in female adult rats

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (6) ◽  
pp. R1560-R1566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Varma ◽  
Jing He ◽  
Lisa Weissfeld ◽  
Sherin U. Devaskar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Old Adult ◽  
Arcuate Nuclei

We investigated the effect of repetitive postnatal (2–7 days) intracerebroventricular administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on food intake and body weight gain in the 3- to 120-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats. NPY caused a 32% transient increase in body weight gain with elevated circulating insulin concentrations within 24 h. This early intervention led to the persistence of hyperinsulinemia and relative hyperleptinemia with euglycemia in the 120-day-old female alone. This perturbation was associated with 50% suppression in adult female hypothalamic NPY concentrations and a 50–85% decline in NPY immunoreactivity in the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei. This change was paralleled by a ∼20% decline in food intake and body weight gain at 60 and 120 days. However, when exogenous NPY was stereotaxically reinjected into the paraventricular nucleus of the ∼120-day-old adult females who were pretreated with NPY postnatally, an increase in food intake and body weight gain was noted, attesting to no disruption in the NPY end-organ responsivity. We conclude that postnatal intracerebroventricular NPY has long-lasting effects that predetermine the resultant adult phenotype in a sex-specific manner.

scholarly journals Cooperative interaction between leptin and amylin signaling in the ventral tegmental area for the control of food intake

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (12) ◽  
pp. E1116-E1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth G. Mietlicki-Baase ◽  
Diana R. Olivos ◽  
Brianne A. Jeffrey ◽  
Matthew R. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Ventral Tegmental Area ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Cooperative Interaction ◽  
Cooperative Effects ◽  
Ventral Tegmental

Peripheral coadministration of amylin and leptin produces enhanced suppression of food intake and body weight, but the central nuclei mediating these effects remain unclear. Because each of these peptides controls feeding via actions at the ventral tegmental area (VTA), we tested the hypothesis that the VTA is a site of action for the cooperative effects of leptin and amylin on energy balance control. First, we show that intra-VTA injection of amylin and leptin at doses of each peptide that are effective in reducing food intake and body weight when administered separately produces an enhanced suppression of feeding when administered in combination. We also demonstrate that subthreshold doses of both amylin and leptin cause significant hypophagia and body weight loss when coadministered into the VTA. Additionally, we provide evidence that VTA amylin receptor blockade significantly attenuates the ability of intra-VTA leptin to reduce feeding and body weight gain. Together, these data provide the first evidence that the VTA mediates the interaction of amylin and leptin to cooperatively promote negative energy balance.

scholarly journals Dose-Response Effects of 2-Methoxyestradiol on Estrogen Target Tissues in the Ovariectomized Rat

Endocrinology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 785-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Sibonga ◽  
S. Lotinun ◽  
G. L. Evans ◽  
V. S. Pribluda ◽  
S. J. Green ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Bone Loss ◽  
Cancellous Bone ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Cell Height ◽  
Ovx Rats

In three experiments, we evaluated the pharmacological effects of 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) on several estrogen target tissues. Experiment 1: we gavaged recently ovariectomized (OVX) 9.5-wk-old rats with 2ME2 at doses of 0, 0.1, 1, 4, 20, and 75 mg/kg in a 21-d dose-response study. 2ME2 reduced body weight and serum cholesterol, increased uterine weight and epithelial cell height, and inhibited longitudinal and radial bone growth compared with values in the untreated OVX rat. All doses of 2ME2 maintained cancellous bone mass at the baseline level, the lowest effective dose being 20-fold less than a uterotrophic dose. Experiment 2: in an 8-wk experiment in adult OVX rats, a nonuterotrophic dose of 2ME2 (4 mg/kg·d) suppressed body weight gain, inhibited bone formation in cancellous bone and partially prevented bone loss in the tibial metaphysis. Experiment 3: in weanling rats, ICI 182,780 did not antagonize the effect of 2ME2. We conclude that 2ME2 antagonizes the skeletal changes that follow OVX at doses that have minimal or no effects in the uterus in both young and adult rats; 2ME2 does not appear to act via estrogen receptors and is active on bone at doses well below those required for tumor suppression in mice. 2ME2, through a novel pathway, may be a useful alternative to conventional hormone replacement therapy for prevention of postmenopausal bone loss.

Comparison between Parkinson's disease patients with body weight loss and those with body weight gain

2017 ◽  
Vol 381 ◽  
pp. 723
Author(s):  
T. Osada ◽  
T. Yoshizaki ◽  
K. Mashima ◽  
M. Tanikawa ◽  
E. Noguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Loss

scholarly journals Adeno-associated virus-mediated knockdown of melanocortin-4 receptor in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus promotes high-fat diet-induced hyperphagia and obesity

2008 ◽  
Vol 197 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob C Garza ◽  
Chung Sub Kim ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Xin-Yun Lu
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Melanocortin 4 Receptor ◽  
Key Enzyme

Pharmacological and genetic studies have suggested that melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) signaling in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) regulates appetite and energy balance. However, the specific role of MC4R signaling in PVN neurons in these processes remains to be further elucidated in normally developed animals. In the present study, we employed RNA interference to determine whether MC4R knockdown in the PVN modulates food intake and body weight in adult rats. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors encoding short hairpin RNAs targeting MC4R (AAV-shRNA-MC4R) were generated to induce MC4R knockdown in the PVN. By in situ hybridization, we detected a high-level expression of Dicer, a key enzyme required for shRNA-mediated gene silencing, along the entire rostrocaudal extent of the PVN. Bilateral injection of AAV-shRNA-MC4R vectors into the PVN of the adult rat resulted in significant and specific reduction of MC4R mRNA expression. Animals with MC4R knockdown exhibited an increase in food intake and excessive body weight gain when exposed to a high-fat diet. Our results provide evidence that AAV-mediated silencing of MC4R on PVN neurons promotes hyperphagia and obesity in response to the dietary challenge in the adult animal.

Factors Influencing Survival of Rats in Fasting

1957 ◽  
Vol 188 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Rixon ◽  
J. A. F. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Intact Rats

The individual duration of survival of adult rats in complete fasting varied considerably; the range at an environmental temperature of 22°C was 6–16 days, at 2–5°C, 1–7 days, and in thyroidectomized animals at 22°C, 15–25 days. This variation in survival was not closely related to the initial body weight but was related to the individual proportionate body weight loss per day and the total proportionate weight loss sustained before death. The individual proportionate rate of weight loss has been correlated with the metabolic rate indicating that the former reflected the metabolic rate of the animal. The duration of survival in fasting has been correlated with the individual metabolic rate, whether measured before or during fasting. Since fasting did not obliterate or reduce the individual differences in metabolic rate, it was possible to predict the individual duration of survival from knowledge of the prefasting metabolic rate. The total proportionate weight loss, which also influenced the survival time in fasting, was altered by changes in the environmental temperature and probably by other factors. The previous diet whether high in protein, fat or carbohydrate had little effect on the duration of survival. Fasting caused a decrease in the metabolic rate of intact rats at 22°C but no change in that of thyroidectomized rats or of rats living in the cold.

scholarly journals Milk Production and Energetic Metabolism of Heat-Stressed Dairy Goats Supplemented with Propylene Glycol

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2449
Author(s):  
Soufiane Hamzaoui ◽  
Gerardo Caja ◽  
Xavier Such ◽  
Elena Albanell ◽  
Ahmed A. K. Salama
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Milk Fat Depression

Heat-stressed dairy animals increase their reliance on glucose. This elevated glucose demand is partially met by increasing the conversion of glucogenic amino acids (AA) in the liver. Propylene glycol (PG) is a glucogenic precursor and was not tested in dairy goats under thermoneutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) conditions simultaneously. We hypothesize that if HS-goats are fed with PG, they would get more glucose and consequently spare more glucogenic AA for milk protein synthesis rather than gluconeogenesis. Eight multiparous dairy goats (40.8 ± 1.1 kg body weight; 84 ± 1 days in milk) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design of 4 periods; 21 d each (14 d adaptation, 5 d for measurements, and 2 d of transition). Goats were allocated to one of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were control (CO) without PG or 5% of PG, and thermoneutral (TN; 15 to 20 °C) or heat stress (HS; 12 h/d at 37 °C and 12 h/d at 30 °C) conditions. Feed intake, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, milk yield, milk composition, and blood metabolites were measured. Compared to TN, HS goats had lower (p < 0.01) feed intake (–34%), fat-corrected milk (–15%), and milk fat (–15%). Heat-stressed goats also tended (p < 0.10) to produce milk with lower protein (–11%) and lactose (–4%) contents. Propylene glycol increased blood glucose (+7%; p < 0.05), blood insulin (+37%; p < 0.10), and body weight gain (+68%; p < 0.05), but decreased feed intake (–9%; p < 0.10) and milk fat content (–23%; p < 0.01). Furthermore, blood non-esterified fatty acids (–49%) and β-hydroxybutyrate (–32%) decreased (p < 0.05) by PG. In conclusion, supplementation of heat-stressed dairy goats with propylene glycol caused milk fat depression syndrome, but reduced body weight loss that is typically observed under HS conditions. Supplementation with lower doses of PG would avoid the reduced feed intake and milk fat depression, but this should be tested.

Effects of anthelmintic treatment on ewe feed intake, digestion, milk production and lamb growth

2016 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Z. ZHONG ◽  
L. CHENG ◽  
Y. Q. WANG ◽  
X. Z. SUN ◽  
D. W. LUO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Anthelmintic Treatment ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Daily Body Weight

SUMMARYTwenty Small Tailed Han (STH) and 20 Ujumqin (UJU) ewes naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes were randomly assigned to one of four treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design, receiving anthelmintic treatment (AT) or non-anthelmintic treatment (NonAT) prior to lambing. After lambing, the effects of AT on feed intake, digestion and milk yield in ewes, and the growth rates of lambs fed their mother's milk were assessed for 28 days. Faecal samples were collected to determine faecal egg counts (FECs), milk was collected to measure milk yield and ewes and lambs were weighed to quantify daily body weight change. The results showed that AT significantly increased ewe dry matter intake (2411 g/d for AT and 2209 g/d for NonAT) and decreased FECs (50 eggs/g for AT and 2655 eggs/g for NonAT). All ewes lost weight after lambing, but body weight loss in the AT (43 g/d) was significantly less than in NonAT (84 g/d), and STH ewes (70 g/d) lost more weight than UJU ewes (58 g/d). Anthelmintic-treated ewes produced more milk for their lambs to consume. However, the extent of these positive effects of AT differed between STH and UJU ewes. The average daily body weight gain of lambs in AT was higher than those in NonAT. In conclusion, effective AT in ewes before lambing benefits subsequent lactation in ewes and growth rate in lambs.

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