Effects of Processing (Boiling and Roasting) on the Nutritional and Antinutritional Properties of Bambara Groundnuts (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) from Southern Kaduna, Nigeria

This research analyzed the effect of processing (boiling and roasting) on the proximate, antinutrient, and mineral composition of Vigna subterranea seeds. The proximate composition analysis showed significant difference (P<0.05) between the levels of crude lipid, crude fiber, gross energy, carbohydrate, and moisture content in the raw and processed V. subterranea. However, no significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in protein content of processed V. subterranea as compared to the raw seeds. Analyses of antinutrient composition show that processing significantly reduced the levels of oxalate, tannins, phytate, trypsin inhibitor, and hydrogen cyanide contents of V. subterranea. While magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus were the most abundant macrominerals in V. subterranea, zinc was the most abundant micromineral. Correlation analysis revealed that the levels of crude protein, ash, moisture, and lipid were negatively affected by phytate, tannins, and oxalate. The results, therefore, suggest that processing significantly lowered the levels of antinutrients in V. subterranea, thereby making it safer for consumption.

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Proximate, Antinutrients and Mineral Composition of Raw and Processed (Boiled and Roasted) Sphenostylis stenocarpa Seeds from Southern Kaduna, Northwest Nigeria

ISRN Nutrition ◽

10.1155/2014/280837 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Uche Samuel Ndidi ◽

Charity Unekwuojo Ndidi ◽

Abbas Olagunju ◽

Aliyu Muhammad ◽

Francis Graham Billy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mineral Composition ◽

Proximate Composition ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Crude Lipid ◽

Nitrogen Free Extract ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Gross Energy ◽

Copper Zinc ◽

True Protein ◽

Sphenostylis Stenocarpa

This research was aimed at evaluating the proximate composition, level of anti-nutrients, and the mineral composition of raw and processed Sphenostylis stenocarpa seeds and at examining the effect of processing on the parameters. From the proximate composition analysis, the ash content showed no significant difference (P>0.05) between the processed and unprocessed (raw) samples. However, there was significant difference (P<0.05) in the levels of moisture, crude lipid, nitrogen-free extract, gross energy, true protein, and crude fiber between the processed and unprocessed S. stenocarpa. Analyses of the antinutrient composition show that the processed S. stenocarpa registered significant reduction in levels of hydrogen cyanide, trypsin inhibitor, phytate, oxalate, and tannins compared to the unprocessed. Evaluation of the mineral composition showed that the level of sodium, calcium, and potassium was high in both the processed and unprocessed sample (150–400 mg/100 g). However, the level of iron, copper, zinc, and magnesium was low in both processed and unprocessed samples (2–45 mg/100 g). The correlation analysis showed that tannins and oxalate affected the levels of ash and nitrogen-free extract of processed and unprocessed seeds. These results suggest that the consumption of S. stenocarpa will go a long way in reducing the level of malnutrition in northern Nigeria.

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Nutritional value of breast and thigh muscle of chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) under intensive fattening conditions

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb201281030251 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 81 (3) ◽

pp. 251-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Radovan Jůzl ◽

Pavel Suchý ◽

Eva Straková ◽

Lucie Rusníková ◽

Miroslav Macháček ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Analysis ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Live Weight ◽

Thigh Muscle ◽

Carcass Yield ◽

Alectoris Chukar ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Gross Energy ◽

Chukar Partridge

The aim of our study was to evaluate the nutritional value of the breast and thigh muscle of chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) under intensive fattening conditions. Commercial feeding mixtures for broilers were used. Live weight of 60 partridges (birds were not sexed) was controlled during 90 days of fattening. After the fattening was finished, 30 birds were selected to monitor the carcass yield. Breast and thigh muscle were used for chemical analysis of crude protein (Kjeldahl method), total lipids (fat analyser ANKOMXT10), ash (Muffle furnace - 550° C) and gross energy (calorimetry). Average values of live weight were increasing in the course of fattening; at the end of fattening the live weight reached 0.452 kg. The carcass yield, breast muscle yield and thigh yield were evaluated (73.72%, 18.09%, 20.80%, respectively). Chemical analysis showed a highly significant difference (P ≤ 0.01) between the breast and thigh muscle for crude protein, fat, ash and gross energy. The ash content demonstrated a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between the breast and thigh muscle. This study brings new data on the nutritional value of the meat of chukar partridge that can be used for reccomendation of a suitable feeding mixture.

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Apparent digestibility of nutrients and energy of conventional ingredients for the silver mojarra, Diapterus rhombeus

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n3p1655 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 1655

Author(s):

Francisco Oliveira de Magalhães Júnior ◽

Ricardo Henrique Bastos de Souza ◽

Érica Bevitório Passinato ◽

Filipe Dos Santos Cipriano ◽

Kauana Santos Lima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Fish Meal ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Corn Meal ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Corn Gluten ◽

Gross Energy ◽

Maize Meal

Knowledge on the nutritional value of feed ingredient is an important step in the formulation of diets in order to maximize animal productivity. Thus a study was conducted to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter (ADCDM), crude protein (ADCCP), gross energy (ADCGE) and amino acids (ADCAA) of conventional feed ingredients for juvenile silver mojarra (13.0 ± 3.23 g). The study was conducted in the laboratory for nutrition and feeding of fish (AQUANUT), using 80 silver mojarra collected in nature, which were kept in digestibility aquaria for a period of 21 days. The following ingredients were evaluated: fish meal, soybean meal, corn meal, corn gluten meal, rice bran, wheat bran and starch, which substituted 30% of a reference pelletized diet with 325.00 g kg-1 crude protein and 3,692 Kcal kg-1 gross energy. Additionally 1.0 g kg-1 chrome oxide was added to each diet as a marker. The excreta were obtained using three repetitions for each tested ingredient, which were dried for further analyses. The soybean meal showed the best ADCDM value (67.45%), followed by the other ingredients. There was no significant difference between the soybean meal (95.16%), fish meal (92.97%) and the corn meal (91.90%) for the best ADCCP coefficients. The ADCGE for soybean meal and maize meal were 65.23% and 60.31%, respectively, followed by fish meal (51.85%). The results demonstrate that silver mojarra can digest animal protein as well as that of vegetal origin. Silver mojarra can also efficiently digest and absorb some of the main amino acids of fish, such as lysine, methionine and threonine, from the same studied ingredients.

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COEFFICIENTS OF ENERGY AND NUTRIENT APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY OF THREE RAW AND COOKED ALTERNATIVE PLANT INGREDIENTS FOR Colossoma macropomum AND Piaractus brachypomus (SERRASALMIDAE)

Folia Amazónica ◽

10.24841/fa.v25i1.389 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 83 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fred William CHU-KOO ◽

William N. CAMARGO ◽

Miriam Adriana ALVÁN-AGUILAR ◽

Jesse TRUSHENSKI ◽

Christopher C. KOHLER

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Low Cost ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Test Diet ◽

Crude Lipid ◽

Peach Palm ◽

Gross Energy ◽

Adc Values ◽

Good Potential ◽

Cassava Root Meal

The coefficients of the apparent digestibility for dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid and gross energy in cooked and raw green plantain meal (GPM), cassava root meal (CRM), and peach palm meal (PPM) were determined for juveniles of black pacu (60.8 ± 6.4 g) and red pacu (76.3 ± 5.0 g). The ADC of each alternative ingredient was determined by comparison of the digestibility (based on recovery of 1% chromic oxide as an inert marker) of a reference diet (consisting of 70% of test diet and 30% of the feedstuff) against with a test diet (24.5% of crude protein). Fish were bred in a recirculation system including 42, 110-L glass aquaria (21 tanks per species) at a density of five fish per tank, and fed their respective diets to apparent satiety, twice a day. Feces were collected after 10 days in plexiglass fecal collectors. Apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein, crude lipid and gross energy from raw and cooked GPM and CRM were low compared to values to other common vegetal ingredients like corn and wheat. Conversely, ADC values for raw and cooked PPM were, in most cases, higher than those reported in raw or cooked GPM and CRM. In comparison with other traditional feedstuffs, apparent utilization of PPM was similar to corn and higher than reported for soybean meal and wheat bran in these fish species. Peach palm meal appears to have good potential as a feed ingredient in low-cost diets for pacu species.

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Dynamical Hybrid System for Optimizing and Controlling Efficacy of Plant-Based Protein in Aquafeeds

Complexity ◽

10.1155/2021/9957723 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Serge Dossou ◽

Mahmoud A. O. Dawood ◽

Amr I. Zaineldin ◽

Ibrahim A. Abouelsaad ◽

Kumbukani Mzengereza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hybrid System ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Paralichthys Olivaceus ◽

Protein Digestibility ◽

Rapeseed Meal ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Olive Flounder ◽

Crude Lipid ◽

Gross Energy

In this paper, a mathematical model was used to evaluate a dynamical hybrid system for optimizing and controlling the efficacy of plant-based protein in aquafeeds. Fishmeal (FM), raw rapeseed meal (RM), and a fermented meal with yeast (RM-Yeast) and fungi (Aspergillus oryzae RM-Koji) were used as test ingredients for the determination of apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, energy, and essential amino acids (EAA) for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus, 7 ± 0.02 g) using diets containing 0.5% Cr2O3 as an inert indicator. Among all ingredients tested, FM had the maximum ADC of dry matter ( P < 0.05 ), protein ( P < 0.05 ), lipid ( P > 0.05 ), and energy ( P > 0.05 ). Fermented meals (RM-Yeast and RM-Koji) showed higher ADC ( P < 0.05 ) of crude protein compared with RM, while there was no significance in ADCs of crude lipid and energy among different forms of rapeseed meal. Besides, ADC of crude lipid for RM-Yeast and RM-Koji, on the one hand, and ADC of gross energy for RM-Yeast, on the other hand, were not varied from that for FM ( P > 0.05 ). Amino acid digestibility reflects protein digestibility in most cases. Interestingly, protease, lipase, and amylase activities were better expressed in RM-Koji, RM-Yeast, and FM over RM, respectively. The current results deliver important information on nutrients and energy bioavailability in raw and fermented RM, which can be implemented to accurately formulate applied feeds for olive flounder. Compared with other applicable systems, the complexity of the approach implemented has been considerably reduced.

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Determining the Importance of Macro and Trace Dietary Minerals on Growth and Nutrient Retention in Juvenile Penaeus monodon

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10112086 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2086

Author(s):

Ha H. Truong ◽

Amy F. Moss ◽

Nicholas A. Bourne ◽

Cedric J. Simon

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Penaeus Monodon ◽

Nutrient Retention ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Crude Lipid ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Energy Retention ◽

Gross Energy ◽

Dietary Minerals ◽

Dietary Treatments

Twelve minerals were screened to identify key dietary minerals important for Penaeus monodon growth. The minerals selected included boron, calcium plus phosphorus (assessed in tandem at a 1:1 ratio), cobalt, copper, magnesium, manganese, potassium, selenium, sodium, strontium and zinc. Twelve purified casein/gelatin-based diets were formulated and contained minerals at two levels: below expected requirements, as attributed by the basal formulation (−) and above expected requirements by adding inorganic minerals (+). The two levels were allocated to dietary treatments in juvenile prawns in accordance with the PB design. A two-level screening analysis was employed where effect of each mineral at level − or + across twelve diets were compared to identify the minerals of importance for culture performance of juvenile prawns. Calcium plus phosphorus (at a 1:1 ratio), magnesium, boron, manganese, selenium and zinc produced the greatest positive effects on weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, biomass gain and nutrient/energy retention. Particularly, boron and manganese significantly increased retention of key macronutrients and energy including gross energy, crude protein and crude lipid. Our study demonstrates the importance of several macro and trace minerals in prawn diets and the pressing need to refine their requirements for P. monodon.

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Chemical composition of Manihot esculentum crantz (var. umucass 36)

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v44i3.596 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 270-281

Author(s):

O. O. Adedokun ◽

G. S. Ojewola ◽

F. O. Ahamefule ◽

A. H. Akinmutimi

Keyword(s):

Energy Source ◽

Amino Acids ◽

Trypsin Inhibitor ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Hydrocyanic Acid ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Nutritional Factors ◽

Cassava Root ◽

Gross Energy ◽

Cassava Root Meal

Cassava (Manihot esculentum) is one of the most drought tolerant crops, adapted to varying agro-ecological zones and has a high potential for livestock and poultry production in Nigeria. Thus, proximate, macro and micro minerals, anti-nutrients, gross energy and amino acid profile of cassava (Manihot esculentum crantz var. UMUCASS 36) were carried out jusing freshly harvested cassava. The cassava root was washed, peeled and chopped into small pieces. This was oven dried and milled to form cassava root meal (CRM). The harvested leaf and petiole was chopped, oven dried and milled as cassava foliage meal (CFM). The tender, green apical part of the stem was equally harvested, chopped, oven dried and milled as cassava tender stem meal (CTSM) while the cassava composite meal(CCM) was a mixture of the root meal, foliage meal and the tender stem meal at the ratio of 10:4:1 respectively. The proximate, gross energy, macro (Na, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micro (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) minerals, anti nutritional factors (hydrocyanic acid, tannin and trypsin inhibitor) and the amino acids were determined in line with the internationally accepted standard. There were significant (P<0.05) differences among various parts of the UMUCASS 36 cassava for all the parameters considered. The crude protein was least in cassava root meal (2.29%) and best in cassava foliage meal (21.79%). CCM had the highest (P<0.05) gross energy of 3.77kcal/g. CFM had the best contents of sodium (0.27%), potassium (0.88%) and phosphorous (0.38%).CRM had the highest value of calcium (0.29%), CTSM (potassium, 0.88%) and CCM (magnesium, 0.34%). In micro mineral contents, significant(P<0.05) differences existed across the parts examined. CFM was superior in both iron and zinc contents while CTSM had best values of copper and manganese. Hydrocyanic acid value ranged from 1.26mg/kg in CFM to 6.57mg/kg in CCM while trypsin inhibitor had highest value of 9.62TIU/mg in CRM and CFM had tannin value to be 0.086% being the highest. All the anti-nutritional factors measured were at tolerable levels to broiler chicken. Percentages of amino acids like arginine, cysteine, histidine, phenylalanine and valine in leaf meal were high with these values 6.46, 3.09, 1.34, 3.14, and 8.27% respectively. The nutritive contents of UMUCASS 36 revealed that the root meal with gross energy of 3.66Kcal/g is a potential energy source and therefore can be used as an energy source in poultry ration. The high content of crude protein and its attendant amino acids in the UMUCASS 36 foliage meal placed it at a better level for consideration as replacement for the expensive soybean.

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Length-weight relationship and condition factor as an indicator of growth and feeding intensity of Sea bream (Sparus aurata L, 1758) given feed with different protein contents

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-998 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Ysun Kop Ali Yýldýrým Korkut ◽

Sule Gurkan

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Condition Factor ◽

Sparus Aurata ◽

Protein A ◽

Mean Value ◽

Sea Bream ◽

Feeding Intensity ◽

Crude Lipid ◽

Weight Relationship ◽

Significant Difference

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the length-weight and the condition factor of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.,1758) fed with three types of feed with different levels of crude protein (A: 38% Crude Protein (CP) and 18% Crude Lipid (CL); B: 42% CP and 18% CL; and C: 45% CP and 18% CL). The length-weight relationship of the fish in groups A, B and C was determined as W=0.051*TL2.63, W=0.046*TL2.67 and W=0.046*TL 2.68 respectively and there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). There was negative allometric growth in all experimental groups. The lowest mean value in the groups according to Fulton’s condition factor (CF) was found in group B (1.66±0.17), and the highest mean value was found in group C (1.71±0.18). It was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p>0.05).

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Apparent nutrient digestibility of carbohydrate (corn) in Cirrhinus mrigala under the influence of chromium chloride hexahydrate

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/1519-6984.214176 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 80 (3) ◽

pp. 518-522

Author(s):

Farkhanda Asad ◽

Samina Qamer ◽

Asma Ashraf ◽

Azhar Rafique ◽

Zunaira Shaheen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Test Diet ◽

Feeding Trial ◽

Crude Lipid ◽

Cirrhinus Mrigala ◽

Chromium Chloride ◽

Apparent Digestibility Coefficient ◽

Chloride Hexahydrate ◽

Gross Energy

Abstract A feeding trial was carried out to assess the effect of dietary chromium supplementation on apparent nutrient digestibility coefficient (%) of gelatinized and non-gelatinized corn in Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings for 90 days. Using various levels of chromium chloride hexahydrate six test diets designated as T1 (G/0.0 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1), T2 (NG/0.0 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1), T3 (G/0.2 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1), T4 (NG/0.2 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1), T5 (G/0.4 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1) and T6 (NG/0.4 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1) were prepared. Results showed highest apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of nutrients dry matter, crude lipid and gross energy in test diet T5 that was gelatinized and supplemented with chromium 0.4 mg/Kg while, for crude protein higher value of nutrient digestibility was recorded in T3 test diet (G/0.2 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg/Kg). It was concluded that chromium supplementation with gelatinized corn in fish (Cirrhinus mrigala) diet can improve the nutrients digestibility more efficiently.

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Determination of Moisture and Oil Concentrations in Feedstuffs by Four Different Methods

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/54.4.756 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 756-759

Author(s):

Lynn Crook ◽

W P Williams

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Ethyl Ether ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Oil Content ◽

Direct Extraction ◽

Constant Weight ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference

Abstract The moisture content of feedstuffs was determined by 4 methods: drying (1) over sulfuric acid to constant weight and (2) in vacuo 5 hr at 95°C, and direct extraction with (3) ethyl and (4) petroleum ether, assuming that the difference between weight loss of the moist sample upon extraction and the oil recovered represented the moisture content. Statistical analysis (P <0.5) indicated that 1 > 2 > 4 ⊁ 3. The oil content of feedstuffs was determined by petroleum and ethyl ether extractions of moist samples and samples dried by 1 and 2. No significant difference existed between the corresponding petroleum and ethyl ether extractions. However, the oil extracted from samples dried by 2 was significantly less than that extracted from moist samples or samples dried by 1. The quantity of nitrogen extracted was not significantly different for petroleum and ethyl ether extractions, but may be large enough to significantly affect crude protein or amino acid analysis.

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