scholarly journals Analysis of Power Loss for Crystalline Silicon Solar Module during the Course of Encapsulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Yang ◽  
He Wang ◽  
Dingyue Cao ◽  
Dangmin Sun ◽  
Xiaobao Ju
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Power Loss ◽  
Crystalline Silicon ◽  
Maximum Output Power ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Solar Module ◽  
In Series ◽  
Encapsulation Process ◽  
First Time

During the course of solar module encapsulation, the output power of crystalline silicon solar module is less than the sum of the maximum output power of the constituents because of power loss. So it is very important to investigate the power loss caused by encapsulation materials and module production process. In this paper, the power loss of crystalline silicon solar module is investigated by experiments systematically for the first time. It is found that the power loss is mainly caused by the resistance of ribbon and mismatch of solar cells; the total power loss is as high as 3.93% for solar module composed of 72 cells (125 mm × 125 mm) connected in series. Analyzing and reducing the power losses are beneficial to optimizing encapsulation process for the solar module. The results presented in this study give out a direction to decreasing power loss and optimizing encapsulation process of crystalline silicon solar module.

LD-pumped high-power continuous-wave Pr3+:YLF deep red lasers at 718.5 and 720.8 nm

Laser Physics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 025801
Author(s):  
Xiangrui Liu ◽  
Zhuang Li ◽  
Chengkun Shi ◽  
Bo Xiao ◽  
Run Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
High Power ◽  
Slope Efficiency ◽  
Laser Emission ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Optical Glass ◽  
Maximum Output Power ◽  
Glass Plate ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
First Time

Abstract We demonstrated 22 W LD-pumped high-power continuous-wave (CW) deep red laser operations at 718.5 and 720.8 nm based on an a-cut Pr3+:YLF crystal. The output power of both polarized directions reached the watt-level without output power saturation. A single wavelength laser operated at 720.8 nm in the π-polarized direction was achieved, with a high output power of 4.5 W and high slope efficiency of approximately 41.5%. To the best of our knowledge, under LD-pumped conditions, the laser output power and slope efficiency are the highest at 721 nm. By using a compact optical glass plate as an intracavity etalon, we suppressed the π-polarized 720.8 nm laser emission. And σ-polarized single-wavelength laser emission at 718.5 nm was achieved, with a maximum output power of 1.45 W and a slope efficiency of approximately 17.8%. This is the first time that we have achieved the σ-polarized laser emission at 718.5 nm generated by Pr3+:YLF lasers.

Improvement in Power of Shingled Solar Cells for Photo-Voltaic Module

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 7096-7099
Author(s):  
Hongsub Jee ◽  
Jinho Song ◽  
Daehan Moon ◽  
Jaehyeong Lee ◽  
Chaehwan Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Output Power ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Power Loss ◽  
Maximum Output Power ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Conductive Adhesives ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Electrically Conductive Adhesives

This paper presents a study on the effects of heat treatment conditions on electrically conductive adhesives. Among the advantages of the shingled solar cells include larger active area and smaller current density since one of the main factors of the power loss is due to a decrease in current density. Therefore, when there is a small current, there is a benefit in regards to the power loss. The advantage of this new technique of developing photovoltaic modules is the increase of module power using the same installed area. Electrically conductive adhesives play an important role in the manufacture of shingled solar cells and understanding the effects of its curing condition is necessary to maximize its output power. Through changing the curing time and temperature, the optimized curing conditions for electrically conductive adhesives and fabricated shingled strings for development of a module could be established. Finally, we demonstrated a 500 mm × 500 mm photovoltaic module with a conventional and the other using the shingled method for purposes of comparison and a shingled module showed about 29% increase in maximum output power compared to a conventional module with the same installed area.

Minimising the power loss of solar photo voltaic array through efficient reconfiguration of panels

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (5) ◽  
pp. 690-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkata Madhava Ram Tatabhatla ◽  
Anshul Agarwal ◽  
Tirupathiraju Kanumuri
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Power Loss ◽  
Maximum Output Power ◽  
Global Maximum ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Maximum Power Point ◽  
Power Characteristics ◽  
Photo Voltaic ◽  
Power Point ◽  
Different Levels

The panels in the solar photo-voltaic array receive different levels of irradiation under shading conditions. This degrades the desired output power and results in multiple peaks within the voltage-power characteristics because of mismatch in row currents. Consequently, tracking of the global maximum power point seeks more complex algorithms. In order to mitigate the effects of shading, this work presents a novel reconfiguration technique that relocates the panels of conventional TCT configuration using TomTom puzzle pattern. In the proposed work, physical locations of shaded and unshaded panels are moved without altering the electrical circuitry. The proposed TomTom reconfiguration dilutes the concentrated shade, minimises the mismatch of row currents and yields maximum output power with less number of peaks in voltage-power characteristics. In addition to that, the behaviour of solar photo-voltaic array under moving shading conditions is also evaluated to highlight the potential of the proposed reconfiguration scheme.

scholarly journals Tunable and Passively Mode-Locking Nd0.01:Gd0.89La0.1NbO4 Picosecond Laser

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3179
Author(s):  
Shande Liu ◽  
Yuqing Zhao ◽  
Ke Zhang ◽  
Bo Chen ◽  
Ning Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Maximum Output Power ◽  
Picosecond Laser ◽  
Czochralski Method ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Mode Locking ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Ultrafast Laser Pulses ◽  
First Time

A high-quality Nd0.01:Gd0.89La0.1NbO4 (Nd:GLNO) crystal is grown by the Czochralski method, demonstrating wide absorption and fluorescence spectra and advantage for producing ultrafast laser pulses. In this paper, the tunable and passively mode-locking Nd:GLNO lasers are characterized for the first time. The tuning coverage is 34.87 nm ranging from 1058.05 to 1092.92 nm with a maximum output power of 4.6 W at 1065.29 nm. A stable continuous-wave (CW) passively mode-locking Nd:GLNO laser is achieved at 1065.26 nm, delivering a pulse width of 9.1 ps and a maximum CW mode-locking output power of 0.27 W.

scholarly journals The Impact of Air Mass on the Performance of a Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Module in Kakamega

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ligavo Margdaline Musanga ◽  
Mageto Maxwell ◽  
Wafula Henry Barasa ◽  
Emmanuel Yeri Kombe
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Maximum Output Power ◽  
Monocrystalline Silicon ◽  
Peak Performance ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Solar Module ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates the outdoor performance of a 20 W monocrystalline silicon solar module in relation to air mass (AM) in Kakamega. Direct measurement of air mass and module output parameters from experimental setup was done in Kakamega at a location 0.28270 N and 34.7519 E. Experimental results showed a decrease in ISC and VOC with increasing AM. The maximum output power produced by the module reduced with an increase in AM. Maximum power was therefore seen to be produced at noon in this region. VOC increased from 19.47 to 20.04 then decreased to 19.49 V while ISC increased from 0.36 to 1.19 then decreased to 0.48A.  It was observed that both the FF and   of a monocrystalline solar module increase with increase in air mass. The module performed better during the afternoon than morning and evening hours with the peak performance observed close to AM 1.

A 210 GHz Power-Combined Frequency Multiplying Source with Output Power of 23.8 mW

Frequenz ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (11-12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Changfei Yao ◽  
Xiang Wei ◽  
Yunsheng Luo ◽  
Ming Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Schottky Diode ◽  
Maximum Output Power ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Heterodyne Receiver ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Sufficient Power ◽  
In Series ◽  
And Performance

AbstractThis work presents the design and performance of a ×6×3 frequency multiplying chain which covers the frequency range from 207 to 220 GHz. The chain consists of an E-band sextupler, a four-way power-combined amplifier which delivers 300 mW output power and a 220 GHz balanced power-combined frequency tripler. Each way of the tripler circuit includes two anti-series mounted GaAs Schottky diode chips in which each diode has three anodes in series. The chain delivers maximum output power of 23.8 mW at 210 GHz with efficiency of 6.8 % and its output power is higher than 15 mW from 208.8 to 217.2 GHz. The chain has sufficient power to pump a 425 GHz heterodyne receiver and is possible to be used as a transmitting source for 220 GHz security detection systems.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Photovoltaic Modules by Combined Damp Heat and Temperature Cycle Test

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3328
Author(s):  
Hyeonwook Park ◽  
Wonshoup So ◽  
Wookyoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Maximum Output Power ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Temperature Cycling ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
In Series ◽  
Temperature Cycle Test ◽  
Module Performance

Standard damp heat (DH), temperature cycle (TC), and combined DH-TC tests were performed using monocrystalline Si 72-cell modules with a conventional ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulant, and their module performance and electroluminescence images were investigated. During the DH test, a significant drop (~20%) in the maximum output power of the module was noticed, primarily because of the degradation of fill factor and an increase in series resistance at 5500 h of DH testing (DH5500), presumably due to the corrosion of metal electrodes by moisture ingress. Conversely, it was revealed that temperature cycling did not seriously degrade module performance until 1400 cycles. However, the combined DH5000-TC600 test suggested in this study, with a sequence of DH1000-TC200-DH1000-TC200-DH1000-TC200-DH2000, was confirmed to provide harsher conditions than the DH-only test by causing a 20% decrease in maximum output power (Pmax) after DH3000/TC400. Promisingly, we confirmed that the module with a polyolefin elastomer encapsulant showed better durability than the module with EVA even in the combined DH-TC test, showing a limited decrease in Pmax (~10%) even after the DH5500/TC600 test.

scholarly journals One-Step Preparation of Biochar Electrodes and Their Applications in Sediment Microbial Electrochemical Systems

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 508
Author(s):  
Kui You ◽  
Zihan Zhou ◽  
Chao Gao ◽  
Qiao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Maximum Output Power ◽  
Composite Cathode ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Electrochemical Systems ◽  
Composite Cathodes ◽  
One Step ◽  
Microbial Electrochemical Systems ◽  
Hot Melt

Biochar is a kind of carbon-rich material formed by pyrolysis of biomass at high temperature in the absence or limitation of oxygen. It has abundant pore structure and a large surface area, which could be considered the beneficial characteristics for electrodes of microbial electrochemical systems. In this study, reed was used as the raw material of biochar and six biochar-based electrode materials were obtained by three methods, including one-step biochar cathodes (BC 800 and BC 700), biochar/polyethylene composite cathodes (BP 5:5 and BP 6:4), and biochar/polyaniline/hot-melt adhesive composite cathode (BPP 5:1:4 and BPP 4:1:5). The basic physical properties and electrochemical properties of the self-made biochar electrode materials were characterized. Selected biochar-based electrode materials were used as the cathode of sediment microbial electrochemical reactors. The reactor with pure biochar electrode (BC 800) achieves a maximum output power density of 9.15 ± 0.02 mW/m2, which increases the output power by nearly 80% compared with carbon felt. When using a biochar/polyaniline/hot-melt adhesive (BPP 5:1:4) composite cathode, the output power was increased by 2.33 times. Under the premise of ensuring the molding of the material, the higher the content of biochar, the better the electrochemical performance of the electrodes. The treatment of reed powder before pyrolysis is an important factor for the molding of biochar. The one-step molding biochar cathode had satisfactory performance in sediment microbial electrochemical systems. By exploring the biochar-based electrode, waste biomass could be reused, which is beneficial for the environment.

scholarly journals Study of the Properties of a Hybrid Piezoelectric and Electromagnetic Energy Harvester for a Civil Engineering Low-Frequency Sloshing Environment

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Nan Wu ◽  
Yuncheng He ◽  
Jiyang Fu ◽  
Peng Liao
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Maximum Output Power ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Electromagnetic Energy ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Piezoelectric Film ◽  
Hybrid Energy ◽  
Level Height

In this paper a novel hybrid piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy harvester for civil engineering low-frequency sloshing environment is reported. The architecture, fabrication and characterization of the harvester are discussed. The hybrid energy harvester is composed of a permanent magnet, copper coil, and PVDF(polyvinylidene difluoride) piezoelectric film, and the upper U-tube device containing a cylindrical fluid barrier is connected to the foundation support plate by a hinge and spring. The two primary means of energy collection were through the vortex street, which alternately impacted the PVDF piezoelectric film through fluid shedding, and the electromotive force (EMF) induced by changes in the magnetic field position in the conducting coil. Experimentally, the maximum output power of the piezoelectric transformer of the hybrid energy harvester was 2.47 μW (circuit load 270 kΩ; liquid level height 80 mm); and the maximum output power of the electromagnetic generator was 2.72 μW (circuit load 470 kΩ; liquid level height 60 mm). The low-frequency sloshing energy collected by this energy harvester can drive microsensors for civil engineering monitoring.

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