scholarly journals The Adoption of Smoking and Its Effect on the Mortality Gender Gap in Netherlands: A Historical Perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Janssen ◽  
Frans van Poppel
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Specific Mortality

We examine in depth the effect of differences in the smoking adoption patterns of men and women on the mortality gender gap in Netherlands, employing a historical perspective. Using an indirect estimation technique based on observed lung cancer mortality from 1931 to 2012, we estimated lifetime smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable mortality. We decomposed the sex difference in life expectancy at birth into smoking-related and nonsmoking-related overall and cause-specific mortality. The smoking epidemic in Netherlands, which started among men born around 1850 and among women from birth cohort 1900 onwards, contributed substantially to the increasing sex difference in life expectancy at birth from 1931 (1.3 years) to 1982 (6.7 years), the subsequent decline to 3.7 years in 2012, and the high excess mortality among Dutch men born between 1895 and 1910. Smoking-related cancer mortality contributed most to the increase in the sex difference, whereas smoking-related cardiovascular disease mortality was mainly responsible for the decline from 1983 onwards. Examining nonsmoking-related (cause-specific) mortality shed new light on the mortality gender gap and revealed the important role of smoking-related cancers, the continuation of excess mortality among women aged 40–50, and a smaller role of biological factors in the sex difference than was previously estimated.

scholarly journals Changing contribution of smoking to the sex differences in life expectancy in Europe, 1950–2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 835-841
Author(s):  
Fanny Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Related Part

Abstract This article provides a detailed and overarching illustration of the contribution of smoking to sex differences in life expectancy at birth (e0) in Europe, focusing on changes over time and differences between both European countries and European regions. For this purpose, the sex difference in e0 for 31 European countries over the 1950–2014 period was decomposed into a smoking- and a non-smoking-related part, using all-cause mortality data and indirectly estimated smoking-attributable mortality rates by age and sex, and a formal decomposition analysis. It was found that smoking-attributable mortality contributed, on average, 3 years (43.5%) to the 7-year life expectancy difference between women and men in 2014. This contribution, was largest in 1995, at 5.2 out of 9.0 years, and subsequently declined in parallel with the average sex difference in life expectancy. The average contribution of smoking-attributable mortality was especially large in North-Western Europe around 1975; in Southern Europe around 1985; and in Eastern Europe around 1990–1995, when smoking-attributable mortality reached maximum levels among men, but was still low among women. The observed parallel decline from 1995 onwards in the sex differences in e0 and the absolute contribution of smoking to this sex difference suggests that this recent decline in the sex difference in e0 can be almost fully explained by historical changes in sex differences in smoking, and, consequently, smoking-attributable mortality. In line with the progression of the smoking epidemic, the sex differences in life expectancy in Europe are expected to further decline in the future.

Recent mortality in Britain: a review of trends and explanations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Percentage Improvement ◽  
Health And Social Care

Abstract The annual percentage improvement in standardised mortality rates in the period 2011–19 was the lowest for 70 years, whereas the 2001–10 value was the highest since records began in 1841. A similar slowdown occurred from around 2011 in most European Union countries, although this was generally less severe than in Britain. Life expectancy at birth actually fell in USA for three successive years in period 2014–17. The downturn in Britain since 2011 was wide-ranging, affecting young and old, women and men and the more and the less advantaged to a broadly similar extent. Year-to-year variation in mortality increased mainly due to increased volatility in winter excess mortality from 2011, but all seasons showed lower rates of improvement in underlying longer-term trends. Mortality had started to improve at the end of the decade and the 2019 value was the lowest-ever value in Britain. Two main explanations for these trends have been advanced: UK Government post-2008 austerity policies, especially in the health and social care sectors, and the role of seasonal influenza. However, the evidence for a dominant role for either of these is weak. Longer-term overall trends have been determined principally by trends in cardiovascular rather than non-cardiovascular causes of death, although recent changes in discovery and coding of dementias makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Healthy life expectancy trends are also affected by changes in data and methods, but the proportion of life spent in good health for both women and men over age 65 has increased slightly since 2010.

scholarly journals The Role of Smoking in Country Differences in Life Expectancy Across Europe, 1985–2014

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Country Differences

Abstract Introduction Smoking contributes substantially to mortality levels and trends. Its role in country differences in mortality has, however, hardly been quantified. The current study formally assesses the—so far unknown—changing contribution of smoking to country differences in life expectancy at birth (e0) across Europe. Methods Using all-cause mortality data and indirectly estimated smoking-attributable mortality rates by age and sex for 30 European countries from 1985 to 2014, the differences in e0 between each individual European country and the weighted average were decomposed into a smoking- and a nonsmoking-related part. Results In 2014, e0 ranged from 70.8 years in Russia to 83.1 years in Switzerland. Men exhibited larger country differences than women (variance of 21.9 and 7.0 years, respectively). Country differences in e0 increased up to 2005 and declined thereafter. Among men, the average contribution of smoking to the country differences in e0 was highest around 1990 (47%) and declined to 35% in 2014. Among women, the average relative contribution of smoking declined from 1991 to 2011, and smoking resulted in smaller differences with the average e0 level in the majority of European countries. For both sexes combined, the contribution of smoking to country differences in e0 was higher than 20% throughout the period. Conclusions Smoking contributed substantially to the country differences in e0 in Europe, their increases up to 1991, and their decreases since 2005, especially among men. Policies that discourage smoking can help to reduce inequalities in mortality levels across Europe in the long run. Implications Smoking contributes substantially to country differences in life expectancy at birth (e0) in Europe, particularly among men, for whom the contribution was highest around 1990 (47%) and declined to 35% in 2014. In line with the anticipated progression of the smoking epidemic, the differences between European countries in e0 due to smoking are expected to further decline among men, but to increase among women. The role of smoking in mortality convergence since 2005 illustrates that smoking policies can help to reduce inequalities in life expectancy levels across Europe, particularly when they target smoking in countries with low e0.

The influence of health on economic growth from the perspective of sustainable development: a case of OECD countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seda Yıldırım ◽  
Durmus Cagri Yildirim ◽  
Hande Calıskan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Lower Health

PurposeThis study aims to explain the role of health on economic growth for OECD countries in the context of sustainable development. Accordingly, the study investigates the relationship between health and economic growth in OECD countries.Design/methodology/approachThis study employed cluster analysis and econometric methods. By cluster analysis, 12 OECD countries (France, Germany, Finland, Slovenia, Belgium, Portugal, Estonia, Czech Republic, Hungary, South Korea, Poland and Slovakia) were classified into two clusters as high and low health status through health indicators. For panel threshold analysis, the data included growth rates, life expectancy at birth, export rates, population data, fixed capital investments, inflation and foreign direct investment for the period of 1999–2016.FindingsThe study determined two main clusters as countries with high health status (level) and low health status (level), but there was no threshold effect in clusters. It was concluded that an increase in the life expectancy at birth of countries with higher health status had no significant impact on economic growth. However, the increase in the life expectancy at birth of countries with lower health status influenced economic growth positively.Research limitations/implicationsThis study used data that including period of 1999–2016 for OECD countries. In addition, the study used cluster analysis to determine health status of countries, and then panel threshold analysis was preferred to explain significant relations.Originality/valueThis study showed that the role of health on economic growth can change toward country groups as higher and lower health status. It was proved that higher life expectancy can influence economic growth positively in countries with worse or low health status. In this context, developing countries, which try to achieve sustainable development, should improve their health status to achieve economic and social development at the same time.

scholarly journals Narrowing sex differences in life expectancy: regional variations, 1971-1991

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Trovato ◽  
N. M. Lalu
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Length Of Life

A number of industrialized nations have recently experienced some degrees of constriction in their long-standing sex differentials in life expectancy at birth. In this study we examine this phenomenon in the context of Canada’s regions between 1971 and 1991: Atlantic (Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island); Quebec, Ontario, and the West (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon and Northwest Territories). Decomposition analysis based on multiple decrement life tables is applied to address three questions: (1) Are there regional differentials in the degree of narrowing in the sex gap in life expectancy? (2) What is the relative contribution of major causes of death to observed sex differences in average length of life within and across regions? (3) How do the contributions of cause-of-death components vary across regions to either widen or narrow the sex gap in survival? It is shown that the magnitude of the sex gap is not uniform across the regions, though the differences are not large. The most important contributors to a narrowing of the sex gap in life expectancy are heart disease and external types of mortality (i.e., accidents, violence, and suicide), followed by lung cancer and other types of chronic conditions. In substantive terms these results indicate that over time men have been making sufficient gains in these causes of death as to narrow some of the gender gap in overall survival. Regions show similarity in these effects.

scholarly journals Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy in Madrid (Spain)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergi Trias-Llimós ◽  
Usama Bilal
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Daily Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The World ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mortality Surveillance ◽  
Annual Mortality

The COVID-19 pandemic is causing substantial increases in mortality across populations, potentially causing stagnation or decline in life expectancy. We explored this idea by examining the impact of excess mortality linked to the COVID-19 crisis on life expectancy in the region of Madrid (Spain). Using data from the Daily Mortality Surveillance System (MoMo), we calculated excess mortality (death counts) for the weeks 10th to 14th in 2020 using data on expected and observed mortality, assuming no further excess mortality during the rest of the year. The expected annual mortality variation was +6%, +21% and +25% among men aged under 65, between 65 and 74 and over 75, respectively, and +5%, +13%, and 18% for women, respectively. This excess mortality during weeks 10th to 14th resulted in a life expectancy at birth decline of 1.6 years among men and 1.1 years among women. These estimates confirm that Madrid and other severely hit regions in the world may face substantial life expectancy declines.

scholarly journals A first analysis of excess mortality in Switzerland in 2020

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253505
Author(s):  
Isabella Locatelli ◽  
Valentin Rousson
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Key Indicator ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Standardized Mortality Rate ◽  
Official Data

Objective To quantify excess all-cause mortality in Switzerland in 2020, a key indicator for assessing direct and indirect consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Using official data on deaths in Switzerland, all-cause mortality in 2020 was compared with that of previous years using directly standardized mortality rates, age- and sex-specific mortality rates, and life expectancy. Results The standardized mortality rate was 8.8% higher in 2020 than in 2019, returning to the level observed 5–6 years before, around the year 2015. This increase was greater for men (10.6%) than for women (7.2%) and was statistically significant only for men over 70 years of age, and for women over 75 years of age. The decrease in life expectancy in 2020 compared to 2019 was 0.7%, with a loss of 9.7 months for men and 5.3 months for women. Conclusions There was an excess mortality in Switzerland in 2020, linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, as this excess only concerned the elderly, the resulting loss of life expectancy was restricted to a few months, bringing the mortality level back to 2015.

scholarly journals Mortality Inequality: The Good News from a County-Level Approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Currie ◽  
Hannes Schwandt
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Good News ◽  
County Level ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Smoking Patterns ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Mortality Inequality

In this essay, we ask whether the distributions of life expectancy and mortality have become generally more unequal, as many seem to believe, and we report some good news. Focusing on groups of counties ranked by their poverty rates, we show that gains in life expectancy at birth have actually been relatively equally distributed between rich and poor areas. Analysts who have concluded that inequality in life expectancy is increasing have generally focused on life expectancy at age 40 to 50. This observation suggests that it is important to examine trends in mortality for younger and older ages separately. Turning to an analysis of age-specific mortality rates, we show that among adults age 50 and over, mortality has declined more quickly in richer areas than in poorer ones, resulting in increased inequality in mortality. This finding is consistent with previous research on the subject. However, among children, mortality has been falling more quickly in poorer areas with the result that inequality in mortality has fallen substantially over time. We also show that there have been stunning declines in mortality rates for African Americans between 1990 and 2010, especially for black men. Finally we offer some hypotheses about causes for the results we see, including a discussion of differential smoking patterns by age and socioeconomic status.

scholarly journals Excess mortality in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in Malaga (Spain): A cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berta Moreno-Küstner ◽  
Jose Guzman-Parra ◽  
Yolanda Pardo ◽  
Yolanda Sanchidrián ◽  
Sebastián Díaz-Ruiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Case Register ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

Abstract Aims There is evidence that patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders present higher mortality in comparison with the general population. The aim of this study was to analyse the causes of mortality and sociodemographic factors associated with mortality, standardised mortality ratios (SMRs), life expectancy and potential years of life lost (YLL) in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in Spain. Methods The study included a cohort of patients from the Malaga Schizophrenia Case Register (1418 patients; 907 males; average age 42.31 years) who were followed up for a minimum of 10 years (median = 13.43). The factors associated with mortality were analysed with a survival analysis using Cox's proportional hazards regression model. Results The main causes of mortality in the cohort were circulatory disease (21.45%), cancer (17.09%) and suicide (13.09%). The SMR of the cohort was more than threefold that of the population of Malaga (3.19). The life expectancy at birth was 67.11 years old, which is more than 13 years shorter than that of the population of Malaga. The YLL was 20.74. The variables associated with a higher risk of mortality were age [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 1.069, p < 0.001], male gender (AHR = 1.751, p < 0.001) and type of area of residence (p = 0.028; deprived urban zone v. non-deprived urban area, AHR = 1.460, p = 0.028). In addition, receiving welfare benefit status in comparison with employed status (AHR = 1.940, p = 0.008) was associated with increased mortality. Conclusions There is excess mortality in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and also an association with age, gender, socioeconomic inequalities and receiving welfare benefits. Efforts directed towards improved living conditions could have a positive effect on reducing mortality.

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