Using RFLP-PCR Technique in Determining Genotypes of Giardia lamblia from Diarrhea Cases in Children in AL-Diwaniyah City, Iraq

Introduction: Giardia lamblia is one of the most prevalent intestinal protozoa in the world, which affect children in both undeveloped and developing countries. This study aimed to determine genotypes of the Giardia lamblia using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-PCR techniques. Additionally, the relationship between genotype patterns and their geographical distribution, gender, and age was investigated. Methods: The current study included 926 samples of faeces of children suffering from diarrhoea, who visits the internal clinics at Teaching Hospital, and Child Hospital in AL- Diwaniyah City from November 2012 - Jun 2013. For age groups of 1-12 years exclusively. The samples were examined using a direct mount wet smear, The positive samples were preserved without adding preservatives at a temperature of -20°C until the DNA extraction for G. lamblia genotyping by using PCR and RFLP-PCR technique. Results: Giardia lamblia was detected in 2.15% (20/926) of samples from diarrhea cases in children by amplification of glutamate dehydrogenase gene (gdh) using two specific primers GDHiR and GDHiF. It was revealed that 7 samples belonged to genotype A (35%) and 13 samples belonged to genotype B (65%). All genotype A samples belonged to subgenotype AII (100%), while genotype B samples belonged to subgenotypes BIII (53.61 %) and BIV (47.38 %). Genotype A was detected in children of 1-6 years of age while B genotype was detected in all age groups. Both of the genotypes have been detected in both genders (male and female) and genotype B was found in both urban and rural areas; however, its prevalence was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (100% and 30%, respectively). Conclusion: There are two genotypes of Giardia lamblia, genotype A and genotype B, each of which has secondary genetic patterns which include AII, BIII, and BIV.

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An Epidemiological, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Study of Giardia lamblia in Anbar Province – Iraq

International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology ◽

10.25258/ijddt.9.1.7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (01) ◽

pp. 39-45

Author(s):

Suad Shallal Shahatha

Keyword(s):

Teaching Hospital ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Giardia Lamblia ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Culture Media ◽

Age Groups ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Women And Children ◽

Teucrium Polium L ◽

Therapeutic Study

This study was carried out to investigate the epidemiology of Giardia lamblia parasites in patients who visited some of the hospitals in Anbar province, which included (Fallujah Teaching Hospital, Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Ramadi Teaching Hospital for Women and Children and Hit Hospital) during by examining 864 stool samples in a direct examination method, The results revealed the infection rate was 41.7 % and the percentage of infection among males 47.8% is higher than that of females 35.4% with significant differences (p≤0.05). The age groups (1-9) years recorded the highest rates 55.4% and the lowest rate 13.6% in the age group (40-49) years. The highest rate of infection was 62.5% during the month of June, while the month of October was the lowest rate 5% and significant differences. The incidence rate in rural areas was 50.6% higher than in the urban areas 32.5%. The study also included the effect of Teucrium polium L. on the parasite in the culture media HSP-1, the concentrations of 0.5-3 mg / mL significantly affected Giardia, it was noted whenever the greater the concentration, the greater the effect during different treatment periods (1-4) days, as the highest concentration 3 mg/ml killed all Giardia parasites on the fourth day of treatment.

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Anisometropia in the 5th and 6th school years

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa040.060 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

A F Nunes ◽

A S Nunes ◽

P Monteiro ◽

C R Martins ◽

H Forte

Keyword(s):

Binocular Vision ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Basic Education ◽

Age Groups ◽

Separate Analysis ◽

Chi Square ◽

Screening Programs ◽

The Difference ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Introduction Anisometropia is characterized by a refractive inter ocular difference greater than 1.00 dioptre (D). It is the main cause of amblyopia and loss of binocular vision. Its prevalence depends on several factors, being different values in different geographical areas of the world and in different age groups. Objectives To estimate the frequency of anisometropia in children of the 2nd cycle of Basic Education. Methodology A total of 519 children attending the 5th and 6th school years, from Covilhã schools, from urban and rural areas, aged between 9 and 14 years (10.8 ± 0.8 years) were enrolled in the study. The refractive error was measured with a paediatric auto refractometer (Plusoptix), without cycloplegic and in binocular conditions. Anisometropia was defined as the inter ocular difference in spherical equivalent or cylindrical, greater than 1.00 D and a separate analysis for values greater than 2.00 D. Results The sample was symmetrically divided into genders (50.9% Male), between school grade (53% 5th year) and higher in urban areas (70.1%). The prevalence of anisometropia with cut-off points of 1.00 D and 2.00 D was 12.3% and 5.0%, respectively. There was a higher prevalence among males, in rural areas and in 6th grade. The Chi-square test (□2) shows that the difference is statistically significant only between years of schooling, with a higher prevalence in the 6th grade (p = 0.001). Conclusion There was a slightly higher prevalence of spherical and cylindrical anisometropia (5% and 12.3%) than is reported in the literature (rates between 4.4% and 9.4%). The 6th school year presented rates significantly higher than the 5th year, which points out that anisometropia increases with age, as was also advocated by other authors. Visual screening programs in adolescence for the detection of anisometropia are fundamental, since their timely correction allows to safeguard the binocular vision.

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The Comparison of Twinning Rates Between Urban and Rural Areas in China

Twin Research and Human Genetics ◽

10.1375/twin.10.4.633 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 633-637 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Jian-Ping Gan ◽

Zhong-Hua Wu ◽

Zhi-Ming Tu ◽

Jian Zheng

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Maternal Age ◽

Age Groups ◽

Vital Statistics ◽

Differential Method ◽

Age Group ◽

Vitro Fertilization ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractBased on the birth record data from the National Vital Statistics in the 1990 Census of China, the present study analyzed the differences between urban and rural areas on monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin rates by maternal age in 1989. The twins by zygosity were calculated with Weinberg's differential method. Results show that the MZ and DZ twinning rates in China were associated with maternal age and that there were substantial differences between urban and rural areas. The MZ twinning rates in urban and rural areas were 2.36 pairs and 2.11 pairs per 1000 deliveries respectively, significantly lower than that in most studied populations. Furthermore, our analysis indicated that MZ twinning rates remained relatively constant for mothers under the age group of 36 to 38 years, but rose over this age group in both areas, albeit with a different slope. The DZ twinning rates were strikingly affected by maternal age, but the age for peak DZ rates was found within the age group of 33 to 35 years. In all maternal age groups except for 24 to 26 years, the DZ twinning rates in urban areas were higher than in rural areas. It remains unclear as to why the DZ twinning rates reversed to reach higher values within the older maternal age groups in China, but it is almost certain that the high twinning rates had nothing to do with in vitro fertilization.

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Prevalence of Smear-Positive Tuberculosis among Patients Who Visited Saint Paul’s Specialized Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2017/6325484 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Dinna Abera Nugussie ◽

Getachew Ali Mohammed ◽

Anteneh Tesfaye Tefera

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Age Groups ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Age Group ◽

Hiv Status ◽

Specialized Hospital ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Hiv Negative

Background. Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a health problem in both developed and developing countries, including Ethiopia. Objective. In this study, the prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis among presumptive TB cases who visited the hospital was assessed. Method. Acid fast bacilli (AFB) test was performed on samples collected from 200 presumptive TB cases. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. Result. Among 200 presumptive TB cases, 10% (20 individuals) (60% were male and 40% were female) were found to be positive for the AFB. Of these AFB positive subjects, 11.2% and 6.3% were from urban and rural areas, respectively. Among 20 AFB positive cases, 45% (9), 45% (9), and 10% (2) were HIV positive, HIV negative, and with HIV status unknown, respectively. The highest AFB positive cases were found within age group between 25 and 44 years (70%) and followed by age above 40 years (30%). It was found out that 75% (15), 15% (3), 5% (1), and 5% (1) were unemployed, government employed, student, and nongovernment employed, accordingly. Conclusion. This study indicated higher level of AFB positive cases within age groups of 25–44 and 65–74 years and also exhibited higher prevalence of TB cases from urban areas.

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Active Ageing Index in Siberian Regions

Economy of region ◽

10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-1-16 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 209-222

Author(s):

Elena A. Frolova ◽

Veronika A. Malanina

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Age Groups ◽

Federal District ◽

Active Ageing ◽

Rural Settlements ◽

Siberian Federal District ◽

Percentage Points ◽

Study Results ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Considerable inequality among Russian regions is rooted in social and economic disparities, territorial distribution of production and resources, fiscal capacity and ethno-cultural characteristics. Th e Siberia n Federa l Distric t include s regions with pronounced industry and demographic specificity, causing significant differences in the quality of life of the population in different age groups. We assess the parameters of active ageing depending on regional and territorial aspects to develop measures for establishing the active ageing policy, equalising the opportunities for the older generation to lead a productive life after reaching retirement age. We hypothesise that the differences in individual and social conditions shape the activities of older adults in urban and rural settlements. Based on the international methodology of the Active Ageing Index, we assessed the indicators of active ageing for urban and rural areas of the Siberian Federal District. We revealed some shortcomings of the original methodology and suggested relevant proxy indicators, compensating for the lack of data in Russian statistics. The mean Active Ageing Index for the Siberian Federal district is 26.41 for urban and 23.91 for rural areas. The maximum value of the Active Ageing Index among macro-regions of Russia is 32.2 in the Northwestern Federal District; the maximum among European countries is 44.9 in Sweden. The value of employment indicator in urban areas in Siberia exceeds the rural one by 8 percentage points. However, the parameter of participation in society is lower by 3.5 percentage points. In terms of opportunities for active ageing, this indicator is higher by 7 percentage points in urban areas, while values of the indicator of independent and secure living are almost the same in both areas. The study results may be applicable in the development of social policies promoting active ageing among rural population.

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Food consumption and nutritional and biochemical status of 0·5–12-year-old Indonesian children: the SEANUTS study

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114513002109 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 110 (S3) ◽

pp. S11-S20 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Sandjaja Sandjaja ◽

Basuki Budiman ◽

Heryudarini Harahap ◽

Fitrah Ernawati ◽

Moesijanti Soekatri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Consumption ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Age Groups ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Double Burden ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Indonesia is currently facing the double burden of malnutrition. While undernutrition is still a major public health problem, the prevalence of overnutrition is increasing. The objective of the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS) was to provide up-to-date data on nutritional status, food consumption and biochemical parameters related to nutrition for children aged 0·5–12 years. The SEANUTS study in Indonesia was conducted in a nationwide representative sample of 7·211 children using multistage cluster sampling based on probability proportional to size, stratified for geographical location, in forty-eight out of 440 districts/cities. The results show that the growth (weight for age, height for age, weight for height and BMI for age) of Indonesian pre-school- and school-aged children is below the WHO standards. The older the children, the more the deviation from the WHO standard curves. Underweight was more prevalent in rural areas (28·9 v. 19·2 %) and overweight/obesity was observed to be more widespread in urban areas (5·6 v. 3·2 %). The prevalence varied with age groups and sexes. The overall prevalence of stunting was 25·2 and 39·2 % in urban and rural areas, respectively. The prevalence of anaemia was nearly 55 % in children aged 0·5–1·9 years and ranged from 10·6 to 15·5 % in children aged 2–12 years. Fe deficiency was observed in 4·1–8·8 % of the children. The percentage of children with dietary intakes of energy, protein, and vitamins A and C below the Indonesian RDA was high and differed across urban and rural areas and age groups.

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Trends in prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Zhejiang Province, China, 2016–2018

Nutrition & Metabolism ◽

10.1186/s12986-020-00539-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Meng Wang ◽

Ru-Ying Hu ◽

Wei-Wei Gong ◽

Jin Pan ◽

Fang-Rong Fei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Age Groups ◽

Zhejiang Province ◽

Advanced Age ◽

Female Population ◽

Annual Prevalence

Abstract Background Limited population-based studies have investigated the secular trend of prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in mainland China. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of GDM and time trends in Chinese female population. Methods Based on Diabetes Surveillance System of Zhejiang Province, 97,063 diagnosed GDM cases aged 20–50 years were identified from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2018. Annual prevalence, prevalence rate ratios (PRRs) and average annual percentage change with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. Results The age-standardized overall prevalence of GDM was reported to be 7.30% (95% CI 7.27–7.33%); 9.13% (95% CI 9.07–9.19%) in urban areas and 6.24% (95% CI 6.21–6.27%) in rural areas. Compared with 20–24 years age group, women in advanced age groups (25–50 years) were at higher risk for GDM (PRRs ranged from 1.37 to 8.95 and the 95% CIs did not include the null). Compared with rural areas, the risk for GDM was higher in urban areas (PRR: 1.69, 95% CI 1.67–1.72). The standardized annual prevalence increased from 6.02% in 2016 to 7.94% in 2018, with an average annual increase of 5.48%, and grew more rapidly in rural than urban areas (11.28% vs. 0.00%). Conclusions This study suggested a significant increase in the prevalence of GDM among Chinese female population in Zhejiang province during 2016–2018, especially in women characterized by advanced age and rural areas.

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Patterns of Alcohol Consumption in the PURE Poland Cohort Study and Their Relationship with Health Problems

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18084185 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 4185

Author(s):

Katarzyna Zatońska ◽

Piotr Psikus ◽

Alicja Basiak-Rasała ◽

Zuzanna Stępnicka ◽

Maria Wołyniec ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Adult Participants ◽

Frequent Consumption ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Socio Demographic Factors ◽

High Level

(1) Background: Alcohol is a leading risk factor of premature morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to investigate the patterns of alcohol consumption in the PURE Poland cohort study baseline. (2) Methods: A Polish cohort was enrolled in the baseline study in 2007–2010. The study group consisted of 2021 adult participants of urban and rural areas from the Lower Silesia voivodeship in Poland (747 men and 1274 women). (3) Results: In the overall study population, 67.3% were current drinkers, 10.3% were former drinkers, and 22.4% were abstainers. Current use of alcohol products was more prevalent in men (77.2%), people living in urban areas (73.0%), and people with a higher level of education (78.0%). The percentage of current drinkers decreased with increasing age (from 73.4% in 30- to 44-year-olds to 48.8% in participants aged 64 and more). The majority of participants (89.2%) declared a low level of alcohol intake. The chance of high level of intake of alcohol was four times higher in men than in women (OR 4.17; CI 1.64–10.6). The majority of participants (54.6%) declared most frequent consumption of low-alcohol drinks (beer, wine) and 21% declared most frequent consumption of spirits. Current drinkers had almost 1.5-fold higher odds of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) than never drinkers (OR 1.49, CI 1.03–2.17; OR 1.66, CI 1.27–2.18, respectively). Former drinkers had higher odds for hypertension and CVD than never drinkers (1.73, CI 1.05–2.85; OR 1.76, CI 1.22–2.53, respectively). (4) Conclusions: In our cohort study, we observed several socio-demographic factors differentiating the patterns of alcohol consumption. The preventive programs should focus predominantly on men, people aged <45 years, and those with a higher level of education.

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The Rural-Urban Continuum of Polarization: Understanding the Geography of the 2018 Midterms

The Forum ◽

10.1515/for-2020-2102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Kenneth M. Johnson ◽

Dante J. Scala

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Metropolitan Areas ◽

Political Attitudes ◽

The United States ◽

Rural America ◽

Rural Regions ◽

Urban America ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Continuum

Abstract This study of the 2018 congressional midterms demonstrates how voting patterns and political attitudes vary across a spectrum of urban and rural areas in the United States. Rural America is no more a monolith than is urban America. The rural-urban gradient is better represented by a continuum than a dichotomy. This is evident in the voting results in 2018, just as it was in 2016. We found that the political tipping point lies beyond major metropolitan areas, in the suburban counties of smaller metropolitan areas. Democrats enjoyed even greater success in densely populated urban areas in 2018 than in 2016. Residents of these urban areas display distinctive and consistent social and political attitudes across a range of scales. At the other end of the continuum in remote rural areas, Republican candidates continued to command voter support despite the challenging national political environment. Voters in these rural regions expressed social and political attitudes diametrically opposed to their counterparts in large urban cores.

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Breastfeeding practice in China from 2013 to 2018: a study from a national dynamic follow-up surveillance

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10211-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Leni Kang ◽

Juan Liang ◽

Chunhua He ◽

Lei Miao ◽

Xiaohong Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Psychological Health ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Child Nutrition ◽

Central Area ◽

Mother And Child ◽

Physical And Psychological Health ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Log Linear ◽

Breastfeeding Practice

Abstract Background Breastfeeding is important for the physical and psychological health of the mother and child. Basic data on breastfeeding practice in China are out-of-date and vary widely. This study aimed to evaluate the progress of breastfeeding practice in China, as well as to explore the bottlenecks in driving better practice. Methods This was an observational study. We used data from the Under-5 Child Nutrition and Health Surveillance System in China for the period 2013–2018. The prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) were calculated for each year for subgroups of China. The Cochran-Armitage test was used to explore the time trends. The annual percent of change (APC) were calculated by log-linear regression followed by exp transformation. Results The prevalence of EIBF increased significantly from 44.57% (95% CI: 44.07, 45.07) in 2013 to 55.84% (95% CI: 55.29, 56.38) in 2018 (Ptrend < 0.001), with an APC of 4.67% (95% CI: 3.51, 5.85). And the prevalence of EBF increased rapidly from 16.14% (95% CI: 15.10, 17.18) to 34.90% (95% CI: 33.54, 36.26) (Ptrend < 0.001), with an APC of 14.90% (95% CI: 9.97, 20.04). Increases were observed in both urban and rural areas, with urban areas showing greater APCs for EIBF (6.05%; 95% CI: 4.22, 7.92 v.s. 2.26%; 95% CI: 1.40, 3.12) and EBF (18.21%; 95% CI: 11.53, 25.29 v.s. 9.43%; 95% CI: 5.52, 13.49). The highest EBF prevalence was observed in the East, but the Central area showed the highest APC. The prevalence of EBF decreased with increasing age within the first 6 months, especially after 3 months. Conclusion The prevalence of both EIBF and EBF in China are improving in recent years. The rural and West China could be the key areas in the future actions. More efforts should be made to protect and promote breastfeeding to achieve near- and long-term goals for child health.

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