scholarly journals The Immunogenicity of the C Fragment of Tetanus Neurotoxin in Production of Tetanus Antitoxin

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Yu ◽  
Chong Ji ◽  
Junjie Xu ◽  
Denghai Wang ◽  
Ting Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tetanus Toxin ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Tetanus Antitoxin ◽  
Tetanus Neurotoxin ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Two Stages

The demand of tetanus antitoxin (TAT) as tetanus treatment in developing and underdeveloped countries is still great since it is relatively easy to achieve and affordable. However, there are still issues in the preparation of highly effective TAT with tetanus toxoid (TT) as the immunogen. The tetanus toxin native C-fragment (TeNT-Hc) retains many properties and it is a very promising candidate for the development of tetanus human vaccine. In this study, we tested the immunogenicity of TeNT-Hc in the preparation of tetanus antibodies, by TeNT-Hc alone or in different combinations with TT. The antibody titers and components in horse serum or plasma in different groups were analyzed and compared with those immunized by the conventional TT and it showed comparability with the results of traditional methods. The plasma efficacy and in vivo tetanus toxin neutralization were also tested. After two stages of immunizations, the average potency in plasma of all groups reached more than 1,000 IU / mL except that in group 4. In group 5, the first two basic immunizations with TT and the subsequent immunizations with TeNT-Hc, it showed slightly higher antibody titers and potency. This study demonstrated that TeNT-Hc is a safe, effective, and yet easy-to-produce low-cost immunogen and suitable for TT replacement in tetanus antitoxin production.

scholarly journals Standardised Models for Inducing Experimental Peritoneal Adhesions in Female Rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Kraemer ◽  
Christian Wallwiener ◽  
Taufiek K. Rajab ◽  
Christoph Brochhausen ◽  
Markus Wallwiener ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Peritoneum ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Peritoneal Adhesions ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 6 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Animal models for adhesion induction are heterogeneous and often poorly described. We compare and discuss different models to induce peritoneal adhesions in a randomized, experimental in vivo animal study with 72 female Wistar rats. Six different standardized techniques for peritoneal trauma were used: brushing of peritoneal sidewall and uterine horns (group 1), brushing of parietal peritoneum only (group 2), sharp excision of parietal peritoneum closed with interrupted sutures (group 3), ischemic buttons by grasping the parietal peritoneum and ligating the base with Vicryl suture (group 4), bipolar electrocoagulation of the peritoneum (group 5), and traumatisation by electrocoagulation followed by closure of the resulting peritoneal defect using Vicryl sutures (group 6). Upon second look, there were significant differences in the adhesion incidence between the groups (P<0.01). Analysis of the fraction of adhesions showed that groups 2 (0%) and 5 (4%) were significantly less than the other groups (P<0.01). Furthermore, group 6 (69%) was significantly higher than group 1 (48%) (P<0.05) and group 4 (47%) (P<0.05). There was no difference between group 3 (60%) and group 6 (P=0.2). From a clinical viewpoint, comparison of different electrocoagulation modes and pharmaceutical adhesion barriers is possible with standardised models.

Effect of simultaneous blockade of androgen and estrogen receptors on prostate cancer: In vivo study.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 214-214
Author(s):  
Rafael Nunez-Nateras ◽  
Erin N. Ferrigni ◽  
Naomi M. Gades ◽  
Erik P. Castle
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Combined Administration ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Castrate Resistant ◽  
Group 1

214 Background: In our preliminary in vitro studies, we have demonstrated evidence of enhanced apoptosis and inhibition of cellular proliferation in both hormone sensitive and castrate resistant prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines using a combination of an antiandrogen (Bicalutamide) and a selective estrogen receptor modulator (Raloxifene). The aim of this study was to study the effect of the administration of these two drugs in in vivo models of castrate resistant PCa. Methods: In vivo model consisted on NCr Nude: Mice bearing s.c. human prostate (PC3 cell line) xenografts. Based on the treatment received, mice were divided into 5 groups as follows: Group 1: No drugs (control); Group 2: Bicalutamide 50mg; Group 3: Raloxifene 60 mg; Group 4: Combined administration of Bicalutamide 50 mg and Raloxifene 60 mg; Group 5 Combined administration of Bicalutamide 150 mg and Raloxifene 120 mg. A total of 10 mice where included in each group. All drugs dosages were converted to their equivalent in the mice. Drugs were administered by gavage technique to the mice once per day for a total of 14 days. Results: As expected, Bicalutamide administered alone causes minimal inhibition without reaching statistical significance (Group 2: 0.34 g Vs Group 1: 0.40 g; p=0.073). Although Raloxifene causes some marked growth inhibition, its effect is not statistically significant (Group 3: 0.31 Vs Group 1: 0.40 g; p=0.062). Bicalutamide and Raloxifene, when administered in combination, induced prominent growth inhibition in PC3 tumors when compared to the control group (Group 4: 0.26 g Vs Group 1: 0.40 g; p=0.038). Growth inhibition is significantly more evident when the drugs dosages are increased (Group 5: 0.17 g Vs Group 1: 0.40 g; p=0.024). Conclusions: The simultaneous administration of Bicalutamide and Raloxifene appears to have a synergistic effect on tumor growth inhibition in PC3 xenografts. The pathway(s) responsible for this observation may be independent of the androgen receptor as PC3 cells are AR negative and still affected by the combination over the drugs administered alone. Research is warranted to identify these potential pathways.

scholarly journals Elucidating the Efficacy of Vaccination against Vibriosis in Lates calcarifer Using Two Recombinant Protein Vaccines Containing the Outer Membrane Protein K (r-OmpK) of Vibrio alginolyticus and the DNA Chaperone J (r-DnaJ) of Vibrio harveyi

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 660
Author(s):  
Santha Silvaraj ◽  
Ina Salwany Md Yasin ◽  
Murni Marlina A. Karim ◽  
Mohd Zamri Saad
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Recombinant Cells ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Recombinant Cell ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Gut Lavage

Recombinant cell vaccines expressing the OmpK and DnaJ of Vibrio were developed and subsequently, a vaccination efficacy trial was carried out on juvenile seabass (~5 cm; ~20 g). The fish were divided into 5 groups of 50 fish per group, kept in triplicate. Groups 1 and 2 were injected with 107 CFU/mL of the inactivated recombinant cells vaccines, the pET-32/LIC-OmpK and pET-32/LIC-DnaJ, respectively. Group 3 was similarly injected with 107 CFU/mL of inactivated E. coli BL21 (DE3), Group 4 with 107 CFU/mL of formalin killed whole cells V. harveyi, and Group 5 with PBS solution. Serum, mucus, and gut lavage were used to determine the antibody levels before all fish were challenged with V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus, and V. parahemolyticus, respectively on day 15 post-vaccination. There was significant increase in the serum and gut lavage antibody titers in the juvenile seabass vaccinated with r-OmpK vaccine. In addition, there was an up-regulation for TLR2, MyD88, and MHCI genes in the kidney and intestinal tissues of r-OmpK vaccinated fish. At the same time, r-OmpK triggered higher expression level of interleukin IL-10, IL-8, IL-1ß in the spleen, intestine, and kidney compared to r-DnaJ. Overall, r-OmpK and r-DnaJ triggered protection by curbing inflammation and strengthening the adaptive immune response. Vaccinated fish also demonstrated strong cross protection against heterologous of Vibrio isolates, the V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus, and V. parahaemolyticus. The fish vaccinated with r-OmpK protein were completely protected with a relative per cent of survival (RPS) of 90 percent against V. harveyi and 100 percent against V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus. A semi-quantitative PCR detection of Vibrio spp. from the seawater containing the seabass also revealed that vaccination resulted in reduction of pathogen shedding. In conclusion, our results suggest r-OmpK as a candidate vaccine molecule against multiple Vibrio strain to prevent vibriosis in marine fish.

scholarly journals In Vivo Characterization of the Murine Intranasal Model for Assessing the Immunogenicity of Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Strains as Live Mucosal Vaccines and as Live Vectors

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thames E. Pickett ◽  
Marcela F. Pasetti ◽  
James E. Galen ◽  
Marcelo B. Sztein ◽  
Myron M. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Tetanus Toxin ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Tetanus Antitoxin ◽  
Heterologous Antigen ◽  
Intranasal Inoculation ◽  
Vector Vaccine ◽  
Serum Igg ◽  
Redox Responsive ◽  
In Vivo Characterization

ABSTRACT Attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi live vector vaccine strains are highly immunogenic in mice following intranasal but not orogastric inoculation. To elucidate the relationship between organs within which vaccine organisms are found and the induction of specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, we examined the in vivo distribution of serovar Typhi vaccine strain CVD 908-htrA following intranasal administration. Vaccine organisms were cultured from the nasal lymphoid tissue (NALT), lungs, and Peyer's patches 2 min after intranasal inoculation. Vaccine organisms persisted longer in NALT than in other organs. By decreasing the volume of intranasal inoculum containing 109 CFU (from a single 30- or 10-μl dose to four 2.5-μl doses given over the course of 1 h), we were able to significantly reduce the number of vaccine organisms isolated from the lungs (P < 0.05) without reducing the number of vaccine organisms in NALT. Reducing the number of vaccine organisms in the lungs resulted in a significant decrease in the serum tetanus antitoxin response elicited by CVD 908-htrA expressing tetanus toxin fragment C under the control of the redox-responsive nir15 promoter. In contrast, a similar construct expressing tetanus toxin fragment C under control of the constitutive lpp promoter stimulated a strong serum IgG tetanus antitoxin response with both inoculation regimens. The data suggest that following intranasal inoculation, NALT is a sufficient inductive site for elicitation of an immune response against both the live vector and heterologous antigen and, as occurs following oral inoculation of humans, attenuated serovar Typhi vaccine organisms elicit serum IgG responses.

scholarly journals Standardized in vivo Evaluation of Biocompatibility and Bioresorption of a New Synthetic Membrane for Guided Bone Regeneration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lívia da Costa Pereira ◽  
Carlos Fernando de Almeida Barros Mourão ◽  
Adriana Terezinha Neves Novellino Alves ◽  
Rodrigo Figueiredo de Brito Resende ◽  
Marcelo José Pinheiro Guedes de Uzeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Tissue Reaction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Tissue Reactions

This study aimed to evaluate the physico-chemical properties, biocompatibility and bioabsorption of 3 different new membranes for bone guided regeneration (PLGA associated with hydroxyapatite and beta-TCP) with three thicknesses (200, 500 and 700 &micro;m) implanted in mice subcutaneously. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the quantification of Carbon, Hidrogen and Nitrogen were used to characterize the physico-chemical properties. One hundred Balb-C mice were divided into 5 experimental groups: Group 1 - Sham (without implantation); Group 2 - 200 &mu;m; Group 3 - 500 &mu;m; Group 4 - 700 &mu;m; and Group 5 - Pratix&reg;. Each group was subdivided into four experimental periods (7, 30, 60 and 90 days). Samples were collected and processed for histological and histomorphometrical evaluation. The membranes showed no moderate or severe tissue reactions in the experimental periods studied. The 500 &mu;m membrane did not show tissue reaction for any experimental periods studied. The 200 &mu;m membrane membranes began to exhibit fragmentation after 30- day, while the 500 and 700 &micro;m membranes started the fragmentation at 90-day. All membranes studied were biocompatible, and the 500&micro;m membrane showed the best results being a promissory membrane for bone guided regeneration.

The Antitumor Activity of a Novel Fluorobenzamidine against Dimethylhydrazine- Induced Colorectal Cancer in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 450-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abdel-Rasol ◽  
Nadia M. El-Beih ◽  
Shaymaa M.M. Yahya ◽  
Mohamed A. Ismail ◽  
Wael M. El-Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Antitumor Activity ◽  
Antiproliferative Activity ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Extrinsic Apoptosis ◽  
Hct 116 ◽  
Group 5

Background: Colorectal cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide. The incidence of deaths is expected to be 11.4 million in 2030. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and antitumor activities of a novel Bithiophene- Fluorobenzamidine (BFB) against DMH-induced colorectal cancer in rats. Methods: The antiproliferative activity of BFB against HCT-116 colon cancer cells and apoptotic genes was assessed. In vivo study was also conducted in which 80 adult male rats were divided into 5 groups; control, BFB, and the other 3 groups were injected with DMH (20mg/kg, s.c., for 9 weeks). Group 4 was injected with 5 doses of cisplatin (2.5mg/kg, i.p over 21 weeks) and group 5 was injected with 3 doses/week of BFB (2.5mg/kg, i.p, for 21 weeks). Results: BFB exhibited weak to moderate in vitro antioxidant activity. It had a strong antiproliferative activity with IC50 ~0.3µg/ml. BFB induced extrinsic apoptosis through the upregulation of FasL, TRAL, p53 and caspase-8, and intrinsic apoptosis through the downregulation of Bcl-2 and survivin. BFB decreased the tumor incidence, multiplicity and size and improved the decreased body weight. BFB also ameliorated the functions of kidney and liver and antioxidants deteriorated by DMH. BFB significantly improved the pathological changes caused by DMH in colon tissues. Conclusion: BFB showed a very promising antitumor activity against colorectal cancer induced by DMH in rats without causing hepato- or nephrotoxicity.

scholarly journals The In vivo Trend Analysis of Kidney Function Indices and Lipid Profile of Albino Rats Administered Palm-Wine

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
G. S. Haruna ◽  
M. O. Enemali ◽  
O. B. Asogwa ◽  
M. H. Sani ◽  
B. A. James
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Palm Wine ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2

The present study evaluated the dynamics of kidney function indices and lipid profile of albino rats after administration of palm-wine to them. The fresh palm-wine was collected from a local palm-wine tapper on daily basis and divided in to two portions. The first portion was labelled “Fresh palm-wine” and administered (15 ml/kg) to group 2 and (30 ml/kg) to group 4, the second portion was allowed to ferment for additional ten hours and labelled “prolonged-fermented palm-wine” and administered (15 ml/kg) to group 3 and (30 ml/kg) to group 5. Group one served as the control and received distilled water, all for 28 days. Each group was randomly allocated four rats. Results (mmol/ml) revealed a significantly(p<0.05) lower concentration of urea (10.21±0.40), higher creatinine (0.37±0.17), K+ (4.06±0.06) and Cl- (86.12±4.61) in group 2 when compared to the control; 11.035±.110, 0.395±0.06, 3.945±.064, 80.090±0.25 respectively. In group 3, the concentrations of urea (11.70±0.35), creatinine (0.42±0.12) and Cl- (88.57±0.50) were significantly (p<0.05) higher when compared to the control. Na+ (120.09±10.40) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in group 4 when compared to the control (100.065±0.75). TAG (in mg/dL) (2.18±0.10) was significantly(p<0.05) higher in group 2 compared to control (1.96±0.023). T. cholesterol (3.125±0.27) and LDL-C (1.64±0.47) were significantly (p<0.05) lower in group 3 compared to the control; 1.99±0.052, respectively with significantly(p<0.05) elevated HDL (1.11±0.22) compared to control (0.840±0.092). TAG (2.190±0.25) and HDL-C (1.15±0.23) increased significantly(p<0.05) while LDL-C (1.58±0.14) decreased significantly (p<0.05) in group 4 compared to control; 1.960±0.023, 0.840±0.092, 1.985±0.052 respectively. T. cholesterol (2.93±0.08) and LDL-C (1.56±0.03) decreased significantly(p<0.05) with significant(p<0.05) increase in HDL-C (0.99±0.10) in group 5 compared to the control. Fresh and prolonged-fermented palm-wine may adversely affect kidney function indices and lipid profile.

Morphological Changes in the Rat Granulosa Cell Surface During Differentiation Induced by Estradiol and Gonadotropins

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 484-485
Author(s):  
P. Bagavandoss ◽  
JoAnne S. Richards ◽  
A. Rees Midgley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Granulosa Cell ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2

During follicular development in the mammalian ovary, several functional changes occur in the granulosa cells in response to steroid hormones and gonadotropins (1,2). In particular, marked changes in the content of membrane-associated receptors for the gonadotropins have been observed (1).We report here scanning electron microscope observations of morphological changes that occur on the granulosa cell surface in response to the administration of estradiol, human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).Immature female rats that were hypophysectcmized on day 24 of age were treated in the following manner. Group 1: control groups were injected once a day with 0.1 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 3 days; group 2: estradiol (1.5 mg/0.2 ml propylene glycol) once a day for 3 days; group 3: estradiol for 3 days followed by 2 days of hFSH (1 μg/0.1 ml) twice daily, group 4: same as in group 3; group 5: same as in group 3 with a final injection of hCG (5 IU/0.1 ml) on the fifth day.

A technique for protecting delicate specimens during processing

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 982-983
Author(s):  
R.J. Mount ◽  
R.V. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Basilar Membrane ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Organ Of Corti ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Sensory Epithelium ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Specimen Handling ◽  
Two Component

The sensory end organ of the ear, the organ of Corti, rests on a thin basilar membrane which lies between the bone of the central modiolus and the bony wall of the cochlea. In vivo, the organ of Corti is protected by the bony wall which totally surrounds it. In order to examine the sensory epithelium by scanning electron microscopy it is necessary to dissect away the protective bone and expose the region of interest (Fig. 1). This leaves the fragile organ of Corti susceptible to physical damage during subsequent handling. In our laboratory cochlear specimens, after dissection, are routinely prepared by the O-T- O-T-O technique, critical point dried and then lightly sputter coated with gold. This processing involves considerable specimen handling including several hours on a rotator during which the organ of Corti is at risk of being physically damaged. The following procedure uses low cost, readily available materials to hold the specimen during processing ,preventing physical damage while allowing an unhindered exchange of fluids.Following fixation, the cochlea is dehydrated to 70% ethanol then dissected under ethanol to prevent air drying. The holder is prepared by punching a hole in the flexible snap cap of a Wheaton vial with a paper hole punch. A small amount of two component epoxy putty is well mixed then pushed through the hole in the cap. The putty on the inner cap is formed into a “cup” to hold the specimen (Fig. 2), the putty on the outside is smoothed into a “button” to give good attachment even when the cap is flexed during handling (Fig. 3). The cap is submerged in the 70% ethanol, the bone at the base of the cochlea is seated into the cup and the sides of the cup squeezed with forceps to grip it (Fig.4). Several types of epoxy putty have been tried, most are either soluble in ethanol to some degree or do not set in ethanol. The only putty we find successful is “DUROtm MASTERMENDtm Epoxy Extra Strength Ribbon” (Loctite Corp., Cleveland, Ohio), this is a blue and yellow ribbon which is kneaded to form a green putty, it is available at many hardware stores.

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