scholarly journals Amphiregulin Regulates Phagocytosis-Induced Cell Death in Monocytes via EGFR and the Bcl-2 Protein Family

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Platen ◽  
Stephan Dreschers ◽  
Jessica Wappler ◽  
Andreas Ludwig ◽  
Stefan Düsterhöft ◽  
...  

Neonates are extremely susceptible to bacterial infections, and evidences suggest that phagocytosis-induced cell death (PICD) is less frequently triggered in neonatal monocytes than in monocytes from adult donors. An insufficient termination of the inflammatory response, leading to a prolonged survival of neonatal monocytes with ongoing proinflammatory cytokine release, could be associated with the progression of various inflammatory diseases in neonates. Our previous data indicate that amphiregulin (AREG) is increasingly expressed on the cell surface of neonatal monocytes, resulting in remarkably higher soluble AREG levels after proteolytic shedding. In this study, we found that E. coli-infected neonatal monocytes show an increased phosphorylation of ERK, increased expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, and reduced levels of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 compared to adult monocytes. In both cell types, additional stimulation with soluble AREG further increased ERK activation and expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL and reduced levels of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 in an EGFR-dependent manner. These data suggest that reduced PICD of neonatal monocytes could be due to reduced intrinsic apoptosis and that AREG can promote protection against PICD. This reduction of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in neonatal monocytes could be relevant for severely prolonged inflammatory responses of neonates.

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Bidula ◽  
Kshitija Dhuna ◽  
Ray Helliwell ◽  
Leanne Stokes

AbstractP2X7 is an ATP-gated ion channel that is highly expressed by leukocytes, such as macrophages. Here, P2X7 has been demonstrated to be involved in the regulation of various cell death pathways; including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. However, cell death induction via P2X7 is complex and is reliant upon the nature of the stimulus, the duration of the stimulus, and the cell type investigated. Previous reports state that high extracellular ATP concentrations promote osmotic lysis, but whether positive allosteric modulation of P2X7 in the presence of lower concentrations of ATP condemns cells to the same fate is unknown. In this study, we compared cell death induced by high ATP concentrations, to cell death induced by compound K, a recently identified and potent positive allosteric modulator of P2X7. Based on our observations, we propose that high ATP concentrations induce early cell swelling, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, plasma membrane rupture, and LDH release. Conversely, positive allosteric modulation of P2X7 primarily promotes an intrinsic apoptosis pathway. This was characterised by an increase in mitochondrial Ca2+, accelerated production of mitochondrial ROS, loss of mitochondrial membrane permeability in a Bax-dependent manner, the potential involvement of caspase-1, and caspase-3, and significantly accelerated kinetics of caspase-3 activation. This study highlights the ability of positive allosteric modulators to calibrate P2X7-dependent cell death pathways and may have important implications in modulating the antimicrobial immune response and in the resolution of inflammation.


Tumor Biology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 101042831773145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Abdelmutaal Ahmed Omer ◽  
Najihah Binti Mohd Hashim ◽  
Mohamed Yousif Ibrahim ◽  
Firouzeh Dehghan ◽  
Maizatulakmal Yahayu ◽  
...  

Xanthones are phytochemical compounds found in a number of fruits and vegetables. Characteristically, they are noted to be made of diverse properties based on their biological, biochemical, and pharmacological actions. Accordingly, the apoptosis mechanisms induced by beta-mangostin, a xanthone compound isolated from Cratoxylum arborescens in the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL60) in vitro, were examined in this study. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was done to estimate the cytotoxicity effect of β-mangostin on the HL60 cell line. Acridine orange/propidium iodide and Hoechst 33342 dyes and Annexin V tests were conducted to detect the apoptosis features. Caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities; reactive oxygen species; real-time polymerase chain reaction for Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 Hsp70 genes; and western blot for p53, cytochrome c, and pro- and cleavage-caspase-3 and caspase-9 were assessed to examine the apoptosis mechanism. Cell-cycle analysis conducted revealed that β-mangostin inhibited the growth of HL60 at 58 µM in 24 h. The administration of β-mangostin with HL60 caused cell morphological changes related to apoptosis which increased the number of early and late apoptotic cells. The β-mangostin-catalyzed apoptosis action through caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-9 activation overproduced reactive oxygen species which downregulated the expression of antiapoptotic genes Bcl-2 and HSP70. Conversely, the expression of the apoptotic genes Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 were upregulated. Meanwhile, at the protein level, β-mangostin activated the formation of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 and also upregulated the p53. β-mangostin arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. Overall, the results for β-mangostin showed an antiproliferative effect in HL60 via stopping the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and prompted the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.


2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 5896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishino ◽  
Hayashi ◽  
Maeda ◽  
Jike ◽  
Hidai ◽  
...  

The aim of this study is to elucidate the detailed mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced auditory cell death based on the function of the initiator caspases and molecular complex of necroptosis. Here, we demonstrated that ER stress initiates not only caspase-9-dependent intrinsic apoptosis along with caspase-3, but also receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase (RIPK)1-dependent necroptosis in auditory cells. We observed the ultrastructural characteristics of both apoptosis and necroptosis in tunicamycin-treated cells under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We demonstrated that ER stress-induced necroptosis was dependent on the induction of RIPK1, negatively regulated by caspase-8 in auditory cells. Our data suggested that ER stress-induced intrinsic apoptosis depends on the induction of caspase-9 along with caspase-3 in auditory cells. The results of this study reveal that necroptosis could exist for the alternative backup cell death route of apoptosis in auditory cells under ER stress. Interestingly, our data results in a surge in the recognition that therapies aimed at the inner ear protection effect by caspase inhibitors like zVAD-fmk might arrest apoptosis but can also have the unanticipated effect of promoting necroptosis. Thus, RIPK1-dependent necroptosis would be a new therapeutic target for the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss due to ER stress.


2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl R. Walkley ◽  
Benjamin T. Kile

AbstractModifications of RNA, collectively termed as the epitranscriptome, are widespread, evolutionarily conserved and contribute to gene regulation and protein diversity in healthy and disease states. There are >160 RNA modifications described, greatly exceeding the number of modifications to DNA. Of these, adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is one of the most common. There are tens of thousands of A-to-I editing sites in mouse, and millions in humans. Upon translation or sequencing an inosine base is decoded as guanosine, leading to A-to-G mismatches between the RNA and DNA. Inosine has different base pairing properties to adenosine and as a result editing not only alters the RNA code but can also change the RNA structure. In mammals A-to-I editing is performed by ADAR1 and ADAR2. A feature of murine loss of function ADAR1 alleles is cell death and a failure to survive embryogenesis. Adar1−/− and editing deficient (Adar1E861A/E861A) mice die between E11.75–13.5 of failed hematopoiesis. Strikingly this phenotype is rescued by the deletion of the cytosolic dsRNA sensor MDA5 or its downstream adaptor MAVS, a mechanism conserved in human and mouse. Current literature indicates that the loss of ADAR1 leads to cell death via apoptosis, yet this has not been genetically established. We report that blockade of the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptosis pathway, through the loss of both BAK and BAX, does not rescue or modify the cellular phenotype of the fetal liver or extend the lifespan of ADAR1 editing deficient embryos. We had anticipated that the loss of BAK and BAX would rescue, or at least significantly extend, the gestational viability of Adar1E861A/E861A embryos. However, the triple mutant Adar1E861A/E861ABak−/−Bax−/− embryos that were recovered at E13.5 were indistinguishable from the Adar1E861A/E861A embryos with BAK and BAX. The results indicate that cell death processes not requiring the intrinsic apoptosis pathway are triggered by MDA5 following the loss of ADAR1.


2017 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Pretti da Cunha Tirapelli ◽  
Sarah Bomfim Menezes ◽  
Indira Maynart Franco ◽  
Isis Lacrose Lustosa ◽  
Andressa Romualdo Rodrigues ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT One of the different genetic mechanisms involved in the carcinogenesis of meningiomas is influenced by interactions between proteins that induce and inhibit apoptosis. Objective To evaluate the expression of c-FLIP, XIAP, Bcl-2, caspase 3, 8 and 9, cytochrome c, APAF 1 and Smac/DIABLO genes related to apoptosis pathways. Methods The gene expression was evaluated in 30 meningiomas (WHO grades I and II) and in 10 normal samples (from arachnoid tissue) through PCR-RT. Results The results showed higher expression of anti-apoptotic genes in meningiomas when compared to the control group, which had a low expression of pro-apoptotic genes. Conclusion There is a possible block in the activation of caspases through the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in meningiomas. c-FLIP modulates caspase 8 and, by inhibiting its activation due to the lack of connection with the receiver, there is a block to the FAS activation of apoptosis by its extrinsic pathway.


Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dahae Lee ◽  
Yong Hoon Lee ◽  
Kwang Ho Lee ◽  
Bum Soo Lee ◽  
Akida Alishir ◽  
...  

The global incidence of breast cancer has increased. However, there are many impediments to the development of safe and effective anticancer drugs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of aviculin isolated from Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don. (Fabaceae) on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and determine the underlying mechanism. Using the bioassay-guided isolation by water soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1)-based Ez-Cytox assay, nine compounds (four lignan glycosides (1–4), three flavonoid glycosides (5–7), and two phenolic compounds (8 and 9)) were isolated from the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of the L. cuneata methanolic extract. Of these, aviculin (2), a lignan glycoside, was the only compound that reduced metabolic activity on MCF-7 cells below 50% (IC50: 75.47 ± 2.23 μM). The underlying mechanism was analyzed using the annexin V Alexa Fluor 488 binding assay and Western blotting. Aviculin (2) was found to induce apoptotic cell death through the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, as indicated by the increased expression of initiator caspase-9, executioner caspase-7, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Aviculin (2)-induced apoptotic cell death was accompanied by an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. These findings demonstrated that aviculin (2) could induce breast cancer cell apoptosis through the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, and it can therefore be considered an excellent candidate for herbal treatment of breast cancer.


Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. sci-40-sci-40
Author(s):  
Emma C. Josefsson ◽  
Simone Schoenwaelder ◽  
Michael White ◽  
Matthew Goschnick ◽  
Andrew W. Roberts ◽  
...  

Abstract Human platelets exhibit a circulating lifespan of ~10 days, mouse platelets ~5 days. This finite existence is circumscribed by members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, which control the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Pro-survival Bcl-xL is the critical regulator of platelet lifespan, functioning to keep pro-death Bak and Bax in check, thereby maintaining platelet viability. After 5–10 days in the circulation, platelets not consumed in hemostatic processes initiate a Bak and Bax-dependent cell death program and clearance from the bloodstream. Mutations in Bcl-xL reduce platelet lifespan in a dose-dependent fashion, while deletion of Bak and Bax extend it. Studies with the BH3 mimetic compound ABT-737, which inhibits pro-survival Bcl-xL, have shown that platelets induced to undergo cell death in vitro exhibit many of the hallmarks of apoptosis in nucleated cells, including mitochondrial damage, caspase activation and externalization of membrane phosphatidylserine (PS). Whether any of these features occur during physiological platelet clearance remains unclear. Certainly, mitochondrial damage can reduce the recovery of transfused platelets, but whether PS – which is known to promote the pro-coagulant activity of agonist-activated platelets – also acts as a clearance signal for dying platelets in vivo is yet to be established. Conversely, Bak and Bax may play a role in mediating PS exposure triggered by activation. Supporting the idea that there may be crosstalk between classical platelet signaling pathways and the intrinsic apoptosis pathway is recent evidence that platelet agonists can also activate caspases. Intriguingly, elements of the intrinsic pathway may also contribute to the generation of platelets by megakaryocytes. Several groups have demonstrated that megakaryocytes contain activated caspases and that their inhibition can block platelet shedding by cultured cells. Preliminary evidence we have generated suggests that Bcl-2 family proteins may be required for platelet production in vivo. Thus, it appears that there is much to be understood about the role of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in the regulation of platelet biogenesis, function, and death.


2006 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Goga ◽  
M. Chiba ◽  
Y. Shimizu ◽  
H. Mitani

Periodontal remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement is a result of mechanical stresses. The application of excessive orthodontic force induces cell death. However, the nature of compressive force-induced cell death is unclear. We examined whether the in vitro application of continuous compressive force would induce apoptosis in human osteoblast-like cells (MG-63 cells), and investigated the mechanism by which apoptosis was initiated. The cells became aligned irregularly, and cell viability decreased, indicating that the compressive force caused cell death. According to the TUNEL analysis, the number of apoptotic cells increased significantly in a time-and force-dependent manner. Caspase-3 activity increased with the magnitude of the compressive force, and this effect was reduced significantly by a caspase-8 inhibitor, whereas a caspase-9 inhibitor had no such effect. We conclude that the in vitro application of compressive force can induce apoptosis in MG-63 cells through the activation of caspase-3 via the caspase-8 signaling cascade.


Author(s):  
В.Е. Маркова ◽  
Д.К. Шишкова ◽  
А.Г. Кутихин

Актуальность. Формирующиеся при перенасыщении крови ионами кальция и фосфора и циркулирующие в кровотоке кальций-фосфатные бионы (КФБ) вызывают дисфункцию эндотелия вследствие гибели части артериальных эндотелиальных клеток (ЭК). Цель исследования. Оценить типы гибели первичных артериальных ЭК человека под воздействием физиологических и супрафизиологических концентраций сферических КФБ (СКФБ) и игольчатых КФБ (ИКФБ). Материалы и методы. К конфлюэнтным культурам первичных ЭК коронарной и внутренней грудной артерии человека в 96-луночных планшетах были добавлены равные объемы (10 мкл на лунку) суспензий СКФБ и ИКФБ с оптической плотностью 0,08-0,10 (физиологическая концентрация) или 0,42-0,45 (супрафизиологическая концентрация) на длине волны 650 нм. Во всех экспериментальных группах также производилось селективное ингибирование каспазы-3 (Z-D(OMe)E(OMe)VD(OMe)-FMK, 100 мкмоль/л) или ингибирование всех каспаз (Z-VAD(OMe)-FMK, 100 мкмоль/л) для оценки типа клеточной гибели (регулируемая или моментальная). Жизнеспособность клеток определялась посредством последовательного колориметрического определения их метаболической активности через 4, 24 и 48 часов после добавления КФБ. Результаты. При добавлении супрафизиологических концентраций КФБ уже на первой временной точке большинство (60-85%) эндотелиальных клеток погибало вне зависимости от типа добавленных КФБ и воздействия ингибиторов каспаз, при этом через 24 и 48 часов экспозиции ингибиторы каспаз оказывали некоторое цитопротективное действие на незначительное количество выживших клеток. При добавлении физиологических концентраций КФБ ингибиторы каспаз оказывали выраженное цитопротективное действие через 24 и 48 часов экспозиции, при этом ИКФБ демонстрировали существенно более высокую токсичность для ЭК в сравнении с СКФБ. Независимо от временной точки пан-каспазный ингибитор оказывал значительно более выраженное цитопротективное действие по сравнению с селективным ингибитором каспазы-3, что свидетельствует о кумулятивном эффекте ингибирования каспаз, возникающем, вероятно, вследствие запуска внутреннего пути апоптоза. Заключение. В супрафизиологических концентрациях КФБ вызывают моментальную гибель абсолютного большинства ЭК, однако в физиологических концентрациях ингибиторы каспаз существенно повышают выживаемость ЭК, что свидетельствует о регулируемом направлении их клеточной гибели. Дальнейшие исследования в этом направлении должны расшифровать молекулярные пути регулируемой клеточной гибели ЭК под воздействием физиологических концентраций КФБ. Background. Calcium phosphate bions (CPB) formed and circulating in the blood at its supersaturation with calcium and phosphate provoke endothelial dysfunction by causing the demise of arterial endothelial cells (ECs). Aim. To examine cell death subroutines of human primary arterial ECs exposed to physiological and supraphysiological concentrations of spherical CPB (CPB-S) and needle-shaped CPB (CPB-N). Materials and methods. Equal volumes (10 μL) of CPB-S and CPB-N at physiological concentration (optical density at 650 nm wavelength = 0.08-0.10) or supraphysiological amounts (optical density at 650 nm wavelength = 0.42-0.45) were added to the confluent primary human coronary artery and internal thoracic artery ECs cultured in 96-well plates. In all experimental groups, we selectively inhibited caspase-3 by adding Z-D(OMe)E(OMe)VD(OMe)-FMK (100 μmol/L) or all caspases (Z-VAD(OMe)-FMK, 100 μmol/L) to assess whether the CPB-induced cell death is regulated or accidental. Cell viability was evaluated by sequential colorimetric determination of metabolic activity at 4, 24, and 48 hours of incubation with CPB. Results. At supraphysiological CPB concentrations, the majority (60-85%) of ECs died regardless of CPB type and caspase inhibitors, albeit at 24- and 48-hour time points the latter had minor cytoprotective action. However at physiological CPB levels, caspase inhibitors rescued a considerable proportion of ECs after 24 or 48 hours of exposure, and CPB-N had significantly higher toxicity than CPB-S. Regardless of the time point, the cytoprotective effect of the pan-caspase inhibitor was significantly higher than that of the selective caspase-3 inhibitor indicating a cumulative caspase inhibition and suggesting that cell death was precipitated by an intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Conclusion. At supraphysiological concentrations, CPB cause instant cell death; yet at physiological amounts, caspase inhibitors rescue the majority of ECs testifying to the regulated cell death. Further studies in this field should decipher the molecular pathways of CPB-induced regulated cell death of ECs.


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