scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Modulation on Intestinal Mucosal Adaptive Immunity

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Wang ◽  
Limeng Zhu ◽  
Song Qin
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Proinflammatory Response ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Intestinal Immune System

The mammalian intestine harbors a remarkable number of microbes and their components and metabolites, which are fundamental for the instigation and development of the host immune system. The intestinal innate and adaptive immunity coordinate and interact with the symbionts contributing to the intestinal homeostasis through establishment of a mutually beneficial relationship by tolerating to symbiotic microbiota and retaining the ability to exert proinflammatory response towards invasive pathogens. Imbalance between the intestinal immune system and commensal organisms disrupts the intestinal microbiological homeostasis, leading to microbiota dysbiosis, compromised integrity of the intestinal barrier, and proinflammatory immune responses towards symbionts. This, in turn, exacerbates the degree of the imbalance. Intestinal adaptive immunity plays a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance towards symbionts and the integrity of intestinal barrier, while the innate immune system regulates the adaptive immune responses to intestinal commensal bacteria. In this review, we will summarize recent findings on the effects and mechanisms of gut microbiota on intestinal adaptive immunity and the plasticity of several immune cells under diverse microenvironmental settings.

scholarly journals Bacteriophages and the immune system of the macroorganism

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
I. A. Ivanovа ◽  
A. A. Trufanova ◽  
A. V. Filippenko ◽  
I. A. Bespalova ◽  
N. D. Omelchenko
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Biological Products ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Bacterial Viruses

Due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria in recent years, the treatment and prevention of various infections with bacteriophages have again become an important area of research. However, when using phages for this purpose, it is necessary to take into account the immune responses of a macroorganism to their introduction. The data about impact of bacterial viruses on the innate and adaptive immunity system of mammals in available literature are few and contradictory. This issue requires further detailed study, especially in the development of new therapeutic and prophylactic biological products based on bacteriophages.

Introduction to Clinical Immunology: Overview of the Immune Response, Autoimmune Conditions, and Immunosuppressive Therapeutics for Rheumatic Diseases

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven K. Lundy ◽  
Alison Gizinski ◽  
David A. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Immune

The immune system is a complex network of cells and mediators that must balance the task of protecting the host from invasive threats. From a clinical perspective, many diseases and conditions have an obvious link to improper functioning of the immune system, and insufficient immune responses can lead to uncontrolled acute and chronic infections. The immune system may also be important in tumor surveillance and control, cardiovascular disease, health complications related to obesity, neuromuscular diseases, depression, and dementia. Thus, a working knowledge of the role of immunity in disease processes is becoming increasingly important in almost all aspects of clinical practice. This review provides an overview of the immune response and discusses immune cell populations and major branches of immunity, compartmentalization and specialized immune niches, antigen recognition in innate and adaptive immunity, immune tolerance toward self antigens, inflammation and innate immune responses, adaptive immune responses and helper T (Th) cell subsets, components of the immune response that are important targets of treatment in autoimmune diseases, mechanisms of action of biologics used to treat autoimmune diseases and their approved uses, and mechanisms of other drugs commonly used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Figures show the development of erythrocytes, platelets, lymphocytes, and other immune system cells originating from hematopoietic stem cells that first reside in the fetal liver and later migrate to the bone marrow, antigen–major histocompatibility complex recognition by T cell receptor control of T cell survival and activation, and Th cells as central determinants of the adaptive immune response toward different stimuli. Tables list cell populations involved in innate and adaptive immunity, pattern recognition receptors with known ligands, autoantibody-mediated human diseases: examples of pathogenic mechanisms, selected Food and Drug Administration–approved autoimmune disease indications for biologics, and mechanism of action of biologics used to treat autoimmune diseases.   This review contains 3 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 64 references.

scholarly journals Mining the Gut Microbiota for Microbial-Based Therapeutic Strategies in Cancer Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bolei Li ◽  
Tao Gong ◽  
Yu Hao ◽  
Xuedong Zhou ◽  
Lei Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Promising Strategy

The past two decades witnessed a revolution in our understanding of host–microbiota interactions that led to the concept of the super-organism consisting of a eukaryotic part and a prokaryotic part. Owing to the critical role of gut microbiota in modulating the host immune system, it is not beyond all expectations that more and more evidence indicated that the shift of gut microbiota influenced responses to numerous forms of cancer immunotherapy. Therapy targeting gut microbiota is becoming a promising strategy to improve cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the role of the gut microbiota in response to cancer immunotherapy, the mechanisms that the gut microbiota influences cancer immunotherapy, and therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota to improve cancer immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Diet-Regulating Microbiota and Host Immune System in Liver Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6326
Author(s):  
Jung A. Eom ◽  
Goohyun Kwon ◽  
Nayeon Kim ◽  
Eunju Park ◽  
Sungmin Won ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Chronic Liver Disease ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Intestinal Immune System

The gut microbiota has been known to modulate the immune responses in chronic liver diseases. Recent evidence suggests that effects of dietary foods on health care and human diseases are related to both the immune reaction and the microbiome. The gut-microbiome and intestinal immune system play a central role in the control of bacterial translocation-induced liver disease. Dysbiosis, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, translocation, endotoxemia, and the direct effects of metabolites are the main events in the gut-liver axis, and immune responses act on every pathways of chronic liver disease. Microbiome-derived metabolites or bacteria themselves regulate immune cell functions such as recognition or activation of receptors, the control of gene expression by epigenetic change, activation of immune cells, and the integration of cellular metabolism. Here, we reviewed recent reports about the immunologic role of gut microbiotas in liver disease, highlighting the role of diet in chronic liver disease.

Introduction to Clinical Immunology: Overview of the Immune Response, Autoimmune Conditions, and Immunosuppressive Therapeutics for Rheumatic Diseases

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven K. Lundy ◽  
Alison Gizinski ◽  
David A. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Immune

The immune system is a complex network of cells and mediators that must balance the task of protecting the host from invasive threats. From a clinical perspective, many diseases and conditions have an obvious link to improper functioning of the immune system, and insufficient immune responses can lead to uncontrolled acute and chronic infections. The immune system may also be important in tumor surveillance and control, cardiovascular disease, health complications related to obesity, neuromuscular diseases, depression, and dementia. Thus, a working knowledge of the role of immunity in disease processes is becoming increasingly important in almost all aspects of clinical practice. This review provides an overview of the immune response and discusses immune cell populations and major branches of immunity, compartmentalization and specialized immune niches, antigen recognition in innate and adaptive immunity, immune tolerance toward self antigens, inflammation and innate immune responses, adaptive immune responses and helper T (Th) cell subsets, components of the immune response that are important targets of treatment in autoimmune diseases, mechanisms of action of biologics used to treat autoimmune diseases and their approved uses, and mechanisms of other drugs commonly used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Figures show the development of erythrocytes, platelets, lymphocytes, and other immune system cells originating from hematopoietic stem cells that first reside in the fetal liver and later migrate to the bone marrow, antigen–major histocompatibility complex recognition by T cell receptor control of T cell survival and activation, and Th cells as central determinants of the adaptive immune response toward different stimuli. Tables list cell populations involved in innate and adaptive immunity, pattern recognition receptors with known ligands, autoantibody-mediated human diseases: examples of pathogenic mechanisms, selected Food and Drug Administration–approved autoimmune disease indications for biologics, and mechanism of action of biologics used to treat autoimmune diseases.   This review contains 3 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 64 references.

scholarly journals Microbiome and Probiotics inHealth and HIV Infection

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara D'Angelo ◽  
Marcella Reale ◽  
Erica Costantini
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Mucus Layer ◽  
Intestinal Immune System ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Bowel Disorders

Microbiota plays a key role in various body’s functions, physiological, metabolic and immunological processes, through different mechanisms such as the regulation of the development and/or functions of different types of immune cells in the intestines. Several evidences indicate that alteration in the gut microbiota can influence infectious and non-infectious diseases. Bacteria that resides on the mucosal surface or within the mucus layer participate in interactions with the host immune system, and a healthy gut microbiota is essential for the development of mucosal immunity. The immunomodulatory activity of probiotics has been proposed in several bowel disorders or in aging-related dysfunctions. In HIV infected patients, the intestinal immune system is affected and inflammation persists during ART therapy too. Several studies are in progress to investigate the ability of probiotics to modulate epithelial barrier functions, microbiota composition and microbial translocation in HIV infection. This mini-review aims to suggest how the use of probiotics is beneficial not only in maintaining a healthy status but also to improve conditions in HIV subjects.

Microbiota-Immune System Interactions in Human Neurological Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 509-526
Author(s):  
Qin Huang ◽  
Fang Yu ◽  
Di Liao ◽  
Jian Xia
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies

: Recent studies implicate microbiota-brain communication as an essential factor for physiology and pathophysiology in brain function and neurodevelopment. One of the pivotal mechanisms about gut to brain communication is through the regulation and interaction of gut microbiota on the host immune system. In this review, we will discuss the role of microbiota-immune systeminteractions in human neurological disorders. The characteristic features in the development of neurological diseases include gut dysbiosis, the disturbed intestinal/Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability, the activated inflammatory response, and the changed microbial metabolites. Neurological disorders contribute to gut dysbiosis and some relevant metabolites in a top-down way. In turn, the activated immune system induced by the change of gut microbiota may deteriorate the development of neurological diseases through the disturbed gut/BBB barrier in a down-top way. Understanding the characterization and identification of microbiome-immune- brain signaling pathways will help us to yield novel therapeutic strategies by targeting the gut microbiome in neurological disease.

scholarly journals The DNA Sensor AIM2 Protects against Streptozotocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetes by Regulating Intestinal Homeostasis via the IL-18 Pathway

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson Antônio Leite ◽  
Gabriela Pessenda ◽  
Isabel C. Guerra-Gomes ◽  
Alynne Karen Mendonça de Santana ◽  
Camila André Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Translocation ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Dna Sensor ◽  
Proinflammatory Response

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Nod2, Nlrp3, Tlr2, Trl4, and Tlr9, are directly involved in type 1 diabetes (T1D) susceptibility. However, the role of the cytosolic DNA sensor, AIM2, in T1D pathogenesis is still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that C57BL/6 mice lacking AIM2 (AIM2−/−) are prone to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1D, compared to WT C57BL/6 mice. The AIM2−/− mice phenotype is associated with a greater proinflammatory response in pancreatic tissues, alterations in gut microbiota and bacterial translocation to pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs). These alterations are related to an increased intestinal permeability mediated by tight-junction disruption. Notably, AIM2−/− mice treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics (ABX) are protected from STZ-induced T1D and display a lower pancreatic proinflammatory response. Mechanistically, the AIM2 inflammasome is activated in vivo, leading to an IL-18 release in the ileum at 15 days after an STZ injection. IL-18 favors RegIIIγ production, thus mitigating gut microbiota alterations and reinforcing the intestinal barrier function. Together, our findings show a regulatory role of AIM2, mediated by IL-18, in shaping gut microbiota and reducing bacterial translocation and proinflammatory response against insulin-producing β cells, which ultimately results in protection against T1D onset in an STZ-induced diabetes model.

scholarly journals The Microbiotic Highway to Health—New Perspective on Food Structure, Gut Microbiota, and Host Inflammation

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Hansen ◽  
Anette Sams
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Food Structure ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

This review provides evidence that not only the content of nutrients but indeed the structural organization of nutrients is a major determinant of human health. The gut microbiota provides nutrients for the host by digesting food structures otherwise indigestible by human enzymes, thereby simultaneously harvesting energy and delivering nutrients and metabolites for the nutritional and biological benefit of the host. Microbiota-derived nutrients, metabolites, and antigens promote the development and function of the host immune system both directly by activating cells of the adaptive and innate immune system and indirectly by sustaining release of monosaccharides, stimulating intestinal receptors and secreting gut hormones. Multiple indirect microbiota-dependent biological responses contribute to glucose homeostasis, which prevents hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory conditions. The composition and function of the gut microbiota vary between individuals and whereas dietary habits influence the gut microbiota, the gut microbiota influences both the nutritional and biological homeostasis of the host. A healthy gut microbiota requires the presence of beneficial microbiotic species as well as vital food structures to ensure appropriate feeding of the microbiota. This review focuses on the impact of plant-based food structures, the “fiber-encapsulated nutrient formulation”, and on the direct and indirect mechanisms by which the gut microbiota participate in host immune function.

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