scholarly journals Biliary Microbiota and Bile Acid Composition in Cholelithiasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav A. Petrov ◽  
María A. Fernández-Peralbo ◽  
Rico Derks ◽  
Elena M. Knyazeva ◽  
Nikolay V. Merzlikin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Gallstone Disease ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Taurocholic Acid ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Opisthorchis Felineus ◽  
Taxonomic Profile

Background. A functional interplay between BAs and microbial composition in gut is a well-documented phenomenon. In bile, this phenomenon is far less studied, and with this report, we describe the interactions between the BAs and microbiota in this complex biological matrix. Methodology. Thirty-seven gallstone disease patients of which twenty-one with Opisthorchis felineus infection were enrolled in the study. The bile samples were obtained during laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallstone disease operative treatment. Common bile acid composition was measured by LC-MS/MS. Gallbladder microbiota were previously analyzed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing on Illumina MiSeq platform. The associations between bile acid composition and microbiota were analyzed. Results. Bile acid signature and Opisthorchis felineus infection status exert influence on beta-diversity of bile microbial community. Direct correlations were found between taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid concentrations, and alpha-diversity of bile microbiota. Taurocholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid both show positive associations with the presence of Chitinophagaceae family, Microbacterium and Lutibacterium genera, and Prevotella intermedia. Also, direct associations were identified for taurocholic acid concentration and the presence of Actinomycetales and Bacteroidales orders, Lautropia genus, Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus, and Haemophilus parainfluenzae as well as for taurochenodeoxycholic acid and Acetobacteraceae family and Sphingomonas genus. There were no differences in bile acid concentrations between O. felineus-infected and noninfected patients. Conclusions/Significance. Associations between diversity, taxonomic profile of bile microbiota, and bile acid levels were evidenced in patients with cholelithiasis. Increase of taurochenodeoxycholic acid and taurocholic acid concentration correlates with bile microbiota alpha-diversity and appearance of opportunistic pathogens.

scholarly journals Biliary microbiota and bile acids composition in cholelithiasis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav A. Petrov ◽  
María A. Fernández-Peralbo ◽  
Rico Derks ◽  
Elena M. Knyazeva ◽  
Nikolay V. Merzlikin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Gallstone Disease ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Taurocholic Acid ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Taxonomic Profile

AbstractBackgroundA functional interplay between BAs and microbial composition in gut is a well-documented phenomenon. In bile this phenomenon is far less studied and with this report we describe the interactions between the BAs and microbiota in this complex biological matrix.MethodologyThirty-seven gallstone disease patients of which twenty-one withOpisthorchis felineusinfection were enrolled in the study. The bile samples were obtained during laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallstone disease operative treatment. Common bile acids composition were measured by LC-MS/MS using a column in reverse phase. For all patients gallbladder microbiota was previously analyzed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing on Illumina MiSeq platform. The associations between bile acids composition and microbiota were analysed.Principal findingsBile acids signature andO. felineusinfection status exerts influence on beta-diversity of bile microbial community. Direct correlations were found between taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid concentrations and alpha-diversity of bile microbiota. Taurocholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid both shows positive associations with the presence of Chitinophagaceae family,MicrobacteriumandLutibacteriumgenera andPrevotella intermedia. Also direct associations were identified for taurocholic acid concentration and the presence of Actinomycetales and Bacteroidales orders,Lautropiagenus,Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilusandHaemophilus parainfluenzaeas well as for taurochenodeoxycholic acid and Acetobacteraceae family and Sphingomonas genus. There were no differences in bile acids concentrations between O.felineusinfected and non-infected patients.Conclusions/SignificanceAssociations between diversity, taxonomic profile of bile microbiota and bile acids levels were evidenced in patients with cholelithiasis. Increase of taurochenodeoxycholic acid and taurocholic acid concentration correlates with bile microbiota alpha-diversity and appearance of opportunistic pathogens. Alteration of bile acids signature could cause shifts in bile microbial community structure.

scholarly journals The Effects of Genetic Relatedness on the Preterm Infant Gut Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 278
Author(s):  
Shen Jean Lim ◽  
Miriam Aguilar-Lopez ◽  
Christine Wetzel ◽  
Samia V. O. Dutra ◽  
Vanessa Bray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Preterm Infant ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care Units ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units

The preterm infant gut microbiota is influenced by environmental, endogenous, maternal, and genetic factors. Although siblings share similar gut microbial composition, it is not known how genetic relatedness affects alpha diversity and specific taxa abundances in preterm infants. We analyzed the 16S rRNA gene content of stool samples, ≤ and >3 weeks postnatal age, and clinical data from preterm multiplets and singletons at two Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs), Tampa General Hospital (TGH; FL, USA) and Carle Hospital (IL, USA). Weeks on bovine milk-based fortifier (BMF) and weight gain velocity were significant predictors of alpha diversity. Alpha diversity between siblings were significantly correlated, particularly at ≤3 weeks postnatal age and in the TGH NICU, after controlling for clinical factors. Siblings shared higher gut microbial composition similarity compared to unrelated individuals. After residualizing against clinical covariates, 30 common operational taxonomic units were correlated between siblings across time points. These belonged to the bacterial classes Actinobacteria, Bacilli, Bacteroidia, Clostridia, Erysipelotrichia, and Negativicutes. Besides the influence of BMF and weight variables on the gut microbial diversity, our study identified gut microbial similarities between siblings that suggest genetic or shared maternal and environmental effects on the preterm infant gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Probiotic Supplementation in a Clostridium difficile-Infected Gastrointestinal Model Is Associated with Restoring Metabolic Function of Microbiota

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Mohd Baasir Gaisawat ◽  
Chad W. MacPherson ◽  
Julien Tremblay ◽  
Amanda Piano ◽  
Michèle M. Iskandar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorder ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Metabolic Function ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Metabolic Functions

Clostridium (C.) difficile-infection (CDI), a nosocomial gastrointestinal disorder, is of growing concern due to its rapid rise in recent years. Antibiotic therapy of CDI is associated with disrupted metabolic function and altered gut microbiota. The use of probiotics as an adjunct is being studied extensively due to their potential to modulate metabolic functions and the gut microbiota. In the present study, we assessed the ability of several single strain probiotics and a probiotic mixture to change the metabolic functions of normal and C. difficile-infected fecal samples. The production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and ammonia was measured, and changes in microbial composition were assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The C. difficile-infection in fecal samples resulted in a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in SCFA and H2S production, with a lower microbial alpha diversity. All probiotic treatments were associated with significantly increased (p < 0.05) levels of SCFAs and restored H2S levels. Probiotics showed no effect on microbial composition of either normal or C. difficile-infected fecal samples. These findings indicate that probiotics may be useful to improve the metabolic dysregulation associated with C. difficile infection.

Effect of rice bran fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus plantarum on gut microbiome of mice fed high-sucrose diet

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 811-821
Author(s):  
J. Shibayama ◽  
M. Goto ◽  
T. Kuda ◽  
M. Fukunaga ◽  
H. Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Unit ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
High Sucrose

To clarify the effect of rice bran (RB) and fermented RB (FRB) in a high-sucrose and low-dietary fibre diet on the gut microbiome, the in vitro bile acid-lowering capacity and caecal microbiota of ICR mice fed with 20% RB or FRB diets for two weeks were determined. The caecal microbiome was analysed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The in vitro bile acid-lowering capacity was high for FRB. In mouse experiments, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol were generally lower with FRB, although the faecal frequency was highest in mice fed with RB. The Shannon-Wiener and Simpson’s indices for alpha-diversity in the microbiome of mice fed with RB and FRB, were higher than mice fed the control diet. At the phylum level in the caecal microbiome, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were high with FRB and RB, respectively. At the operational taxonomic unit level, some bacterial groups related to diabetes and gut toxicity, such as Lachnospiraceae and Enterorhabdus mucosicola, were high for RB but not for FRB diets. These results suggest that FRB, rather than RB, intake improve the intestinal environment and blood lipid condition.

Alterations of gut microbiome in autoimmune hepatitis

Gut ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiran Wei ◽  
Yanmei Li ◽  
Li Yan ◽  
Chunyan Sun ◽  
Qi Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Hepatitis ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Treatment Naïve

ObjectiveThe significance of the liver-microbiome axis has been increasingly recognised as a major modulator of autoimmunity. The aim of this study was to take advantage of a large well-defined corticosteroids treatment-naïve group of patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) to rigorously characterise gut dysbiosis compared with healthy controls.DesignWe performed a cross-sectional study of individuals with AIH (n=91) and matched healthy controls (n=98) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. An independent cohort of 28 patients and 34 controls was analysed to validate the results. All the patients were collected before corticosteroids therapy.ResultsThe gut microbiome of steroid treatment-naïve AIH was characterised with lower alpha-diversity (Shannon and observed operational taxonomic units, both p<0.01) and distinct overall microbial composition compared with healthy controls (p=0.002). Depletion of obligate anaerobes and expansion of potential pathobionts including Veillonella were associated with disease status. Of note, Veillonella dispar, the most strongly disease-associated taxa (p=8.85E–8), positively correlated with serum level of aspartate aminotransferase and liver inflammation. Furthermore, the combination of four patients with AIH-associated genera distinguished AIH from controls with an area under curves of approximately 0.8 in both exploration and validation cohorts. In addition, multiple predicted functional modules were altered in the AIH gut microbiome, including lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis as well as metabolism of amino acids that can be processed by bacteria to produce immunomodulatory metabolites.ConclusionOur study establishes compositional and functional alterations of gut microbiome in AIH and suggests the potential for using gut microbiota as non-invasive biomarkers to assess disease activity.

EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY ON BILE ACIDS IN RATS

1964 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Telkkä ◽  
Toini Lahikainen ◽  
A. N. Kuusisto
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Taurocholic Acid ◽  
Ductus Choledochus ◽  
Layer Chromatography

ABSTRACT The effect of adrenalectomy on taurocholic acid, the main bile acid of the rat, was studied. The bile was obtained by cannulation from the ductus choledochus. The concentration of taurocholic acid in the bile was determined using thin-layer chromatography. The taurocholic acid concentration in the bile of the adrenalectomized animals was significantly decreased, being about a half that of the control rats. The results are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Comparison of targeted metagenomics and IS-Pro methods for analysing the lung microbiome

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Goolam Mahomed ◽  
RPH Peters ◽  
GHJ Pretorius ◽  
A Goolam Mahomed ◽  
V Ueckermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Laboratory Cost ◽  
Diversity Measure ◽  
Lung Microbiome ◽  
Copd Patients ◽  
The Many

Abstract Background Targeted metagenomics and IS-Pro method are two of the many methods that have been used to study the microbiome. The two methods target different regions of the 16 S rRNA gene. The aim of this study was to compare targeted metagenomics and IS-Pro methods for the ability to discern the microbial composition of the lung microbiome of COPD patients. Methods Spontaneously expectorated sputum specimens were collected from COPD patients. Bacterial DNA was extracted and used for targeted metagenomics and IS-Pro method. The analysis was performed using QIIME2 (targeted metagenomics) and IS-Pro software (IS-Pro method). Additionally, a laboratory cost per isolate and time analysis was performed for each method. Results Statistically significant differences were observed in alpha diversity when targeted metagenomics and IS-Pro methods’ data were compared using the Shannon diversity measure (p-value = 0.0006) but not with the Simpson diversity measure (p-value = 0.84). Distinct clusters with no overlap between the two technologies were observed for beta diversity. Targeted metagenomics had a lower relative abundance of phyla, such as the Proteobacteria, and higher relative abundance of phyla, such as Firmicutes when compared to the IS-Pro method. Haemophilus, Prevotella and Streptococcus were most prevalent genera across both methods. Targeted metagenomics classified 23 % (144/631) of OTUs to a species level, whereas IS-Pro method classified 86 % (55/64) of OTUs to a species level. However, unclassified OTUs accounted for a higher relative abundance when using the IS-Pro method (35 %) compared to targeted metagenomics (5 %). The two methods performed comparably in terms of cost and time; however, the IS-Pro method was more user-friendly. Conclusions It is essential to understand the value of different methods for characterisation of the microbiome. Targeted metagenomics and IS-Pro methods showed differences in ability in identifying and characterising OTUs, diversity and microbial composition of the lung microbiome. The IS-Pro method might miss relevant species and could inflate the abundance of Proteobacteria. However, the IS-Pro kit identified most of the important lung pathogens, such as Burkholderia and Pseudomonas and may work in a more diagnostics-orientated setting. Both methods were comparable in terms of cost and time; however, the IS-Pro method was easier to use.

scholarly journals Fiber-Rich Barley Increases Butyric Acid-Producing Bacteria in the Human Gut Microbiota

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 559
Author(s):  
Shohei Akagawa ◽  
Yuko Akagawa ◽  
Yoko Nakai ◽  
Mitsuru Yamagishi ◽  
Sohsaku Yamanouchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Acid Producing Bacteria ◽  
Excessive Inflammatory Response

Butyric acid produced in the intestine by butyric acid-producing bacteria (BAPB) is known to suppress excessive inflammatory response and may prevent chronic disease development. We evaluated whether fiber-rich barley intake increases BAPB in the gut and concomitantly butyric acid in feces. Eighteen healthy adults received granola containing functional barley (BARLEYmax®) once daily for four weeks. Fecal DNA before intake, after intake, and one month after intake was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to assess microbial diversity, microbial composition at the order level, and the proportion of BAPB. Fecal butyric acid concentration was also measured. There were no significant differences in diversities and microbial composition between samples. The proportion of BAPB increased significantly after the intake (from 5.9% to 8.2%). However, one month after stopping the intake, the proportion of BAPB returned to the original value (5.4%). Fecal butyric acid concentration increased significantly from 0.99 mg/g feces before intake to 1.43 mg/g after intake (p = 0.028), which decreased significantly to 0.87 mg/g after stopping intake (p = 0.008). As BAPB produce butyric acid by degrading dietary fiber, functional barley may act as a prebiotic, increasing BAPB and consequently butyric acid in the intestine.

scholarly journals Effect of Nicotine on Gallbladder Bile

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anglo-Dutch Nicotine Intestinal Study Group ◽  
Michael Rhodes ◽  
Freek J Zijlastra ◽  
D Michael Bradburn ◽  
Emmanuel D Srivastava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Gallstone Disease ◽  
Gallbladder Bile ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Bile Acid Concentration ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Cholesterol Saturation ◽  
Mucin Synthesis

Several studies have shown that symptomatic gallstones are largely a disease of nonsmokers, which raises the possibility that nicotine may protect against the formation of gallstones. To examine the effect of nicotine on the gallbladder, 32 rabbits were allocated to four groups: controls and three treatment groups in which nicotine tartarate at low, medium and high doses was administered subcutaneously via an osmotic minipump. After 14 days’ treatment the gallbladder was removed and measurements made of gallbladder mucin synthesis, bile mucin concentration, bile acid concentration and cholesterol saturation. Serum nicotine concentrations (ng/mL) were (± SE) 0.4±0.1, 3.5±0.4, 8.8±0.8 and 16.2±1.8 in the controls and three treatment groups, respectively. Total bile acid concentration increased significantly in all three treated groups with the greatest increase in the group given low dose nicotine (P<0.001). Cholesterol saturation did not differ significantly in any group but soluble mucin concentration in gallbladder bile was significantly reduced (P=0.013, 95% CI: 16 to 111) with high dose nicotine. Gallbladder mucin synthesis, measured by3H-glucosamine incorporation, did not change significantly with nicotine treatment. Subcutaneous nicotine 2.0 mg/kg/day for 14 days significantly reduced the concentration of biliary mucin, which could potentially reduce cholesterol nucleation and subsequent gallstone formation. This may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the relative reduction in gallstone disease among smokers.

scholarly journals Vaginal bacterial community composition and concentrations of estradiol at the time of artificial insemination in Brangus heifers

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riley D Messman ◽  
Zully E Contreras-Correa ◽  
Henry A Paz ◽  
George Perry ◽  
Caleb O Lemley
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Vaginal Tract

Abstract The knowledge surrounding the bovine vaginal microbiota and its implications on fertility and reproductive traits remains incomplete. The objective of the current study was to characterize the bovine vaginal bacterial community and estradiol concentrations at the time of artificial insemination (AI). Brangus heifers (n = 78) underwent a 7-d Co-Synch + controlled internal drug release estrus synchronization protocol. At AI, a double-guarded uterine culture swab was used to sample the anterior vaginal tract. Immediately after swabbing the vaginal tract, blood samples were collected by coccygeal venipuncture to determine concentrations of estradiol. Heifers were retrospectively classified as pregnant (n = 29) vs. nonpregnant (n = 49) between 41 and 57 d post-AI. Additionally, heifers were classified into low (1.1 to 2.5 pg/mL; n = 21), medium (2.6 to 6.7 pg/mL; n = 30), and high (7.2 to 17.6 pg/mL; n = 27) concentration of estradiol. The vaginal bacterial community composition was determined through sequencing of the V4 region from the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina Miseq platform. Alpha diversity was compared via ANOVA and beta diversity was compared via PERMANOVA. There were no differences in the Shannon diversity index (alpha diversity; P = 0.336) or Bray–Curtis dissimilarity (beta diversity; P = 0.744) of pregnant vs. nonpregnant heifers. Overall, bacterial community composition in heifers with high, medium, or low concentrations of estradiol did not differ (P = 0.512). While no overall compositional differences were observed, species-level differences were present within pregnancy status and estradiol concentration groups. The implications of these species-level differences are unknown, but these differences could alter the vaginal environment thereby influencing fertility and vaginal health. Therefore, species-level changes could provide better insight rather than overall microbial composition in relation to an animal’s reproductive health.

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