scholarly journals Effect of Baicalin on Bacterial Secondary Infection and Inflammation Caused by H9N2 AIV Infection in Chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Xinheng Zhang ◽  
Qiqi Zhao ◽  
Xiaotong Ci ◽  
Sheng Chen ◽  
Liyi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Secondary Bacterial Infection ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Pathogenic Virus ◽  
Infection And Inflammation ◽  
Clinical Prevention ◽  
And Control

H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (H9N2 AIV) is a low pathogenic virus that is widely prevalent all over the world. H9N2 AIV causes immunosuppression in the host and often leads to high rates of mortality due to secondary infection with Escherichia. Due to the drug resistance of bacteria, many antibiotics are not effective in the treatment of secondary bacterial infection. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find effective nonantibiotic drugs for the treatment of H9N2 AIV infection-induced secondary bacterial infection and inflammation. This study proves, for the first time, that baicalin, a Chinese herbal medicine, can regulate Lactobacillus to replace Escherichia induced by H9N2 AIV, so as to resolve the intestinal flora disorder. In addition, baicalin can effectively prevent intestinal bacterial translocation of SPF chickens’ post-H9N2 AIV infection, thus inhibiting secondary bacterial infection. Furthermore, baicalin can effectively treat H9N2 AIV-induced inflammation by inhibiting intestinal structural damage, inhibiting damage to ileal mucus layer construction and tight junctions, improving antioxidant capacity, affecting blood biochemical indexes, and inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these results provide a new theoretical basis for clinical prevention and control of H9N2 AIV infection-induced secondary bacterial infection and inflammation.

Is There Evidence That Antibiotics Prevent Oral Infections?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-294
Author(s):  
William T. Speck
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Secondary Bacterial Infection ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
Herpetic Gingivostomatitis

Dr. Alan M. Polson's article on gingival and periodontal problems in children was most informative.1 However, I found the last sentence somewhat puzzling, i.e., "Antibiotics are a help in preventing secondary infection." I wonder if the author could (1) provide evidence to substantiate his suggestion that secondary bacterial infection occur with acute herpetic gingivostomatitis and (2) substantiate his claim that antibiotics prevent such a complication?

scholarly journals Procalcitonin Increase Is Associated with the Development of Critical Care-Acquired Infections in COVID-19 ARDS

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1425
Author(s):  
Owen Richards ◽  
Philip Pallmann ◽  
Charles King ◽  
Yusuf Cheema ◽  
Charlotte Killick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Comparative Efficacy ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Single Centre ◽  
Secondary Bacterial Infection ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Insight Into

Secondary bacterial infection in COVID-19 patients is associated with increased mortality and disproportionately affects critically ill patients. This single-centre retrospective observational study investigates the comparative efficacy of change in procalcitonin (PCT) and other commonly available biomarkers in revealing or predicting microbiologically proven secondary infection in critical COVID-19 patients. Adult patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between 9 March 2020 and 5 June 2020 were recruited to the study. For daily biomarker and secondary infection, laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection (LCBI) and ventilator-associated pneumonia/tracheobronchitis (VAP/VAT) data were collected. We observed a PCT rise in 53 (81.5%) of the patients, a C-reactive protein (CRP) rise in 55 (84.6%) and a white blood cell count (WBC) rise in 61 (93.8%). Secondary infection was confirmed in 33 (50.8%) of the patients. A PCT rise was present in 97.0% of patients with at least one confirmed VAP/VAT and/or LCBI event. CRP and WBC rises occurred in 93.9% and 97.0% of patients with confirmed VAP/VAT and/or LCBI, respectively. Logistic regression analysis found that, when including all biomarkers in the same model, there was a significant association between PCT rise and the occurrence of LCBI and/or VAP/VAT (OR = 14.86 95%CI: 2.20, 342.53; p = 0.021). Conversely, no statistically significant relationship was found between either a CRP rise (p = 0.167) or a WBC rise (p = 0.855) and the occurrence of VAP/VAT and/or LCBI. These findings provide a promising insight into the usefulness of PCT measurement in predicting the emergence of secondary bacterial infection in ICU.

PREVALENCE OF PSEUDOMONAS CAUSING SECONDARY INFECTION IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 229-230
Author(s):  
Manoj Saini ◽  
Chand Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Single Centre ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients ◽  
Secondary Bacterial Infection ◽  
Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Pseudomonas Species ◽  
Centre Hospital

Background: Secondary bacterial infection is one of the most common complications in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients. Gram negative bacteria were commonly isolated from from adults hospitalized with secondary bacterial infection. So we conducted this study to assess the prevalence of secondary infection caused by Pseudomonas among active pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Materials and Method: It is a single centre hospital based observational study. 115 pulmonary tuberculosis patients aged above 14 years, with suspicion of secondary infection clinically or having complaints of fever, productive cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and increased sputum purulence, inspite of taking antitubercular therapy or pulmonary tuberculosis patients with high total leucocyte counts were included. Results: Out of 115 samples sent for sputum pyogenic culture, approximately one fth (17.39%) were positive for Pseudomonas. Mean age was 46.69 ± 16.40 years in our study. Conclusion: Pseudomonas species are a major cause of secondary bacterial infection in patients with PTB on treatment.

scholarly journals C-reactive protein and procalcitonin for antimicrobial stewardship in COVID-19

Infection ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabell Pink ◽  
David Raupach ◽  
Jan Fuge ◽  
Ralf-Peter Vonberg ◽  
Marius M. Hoeper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Roc Analysis ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Secondary Bacterial Infection ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Purpose Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread around the world. Differentiation between pure viral COVID-19 pneumonia and secondary infection can be challenging. In patients with elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) on admission physicians often decide to prescribe antibiotic therapy. However, overuse of anti-infective therapy in the pandemic should be avoided to prevent increasing antimicrobial resistance. Procalcitonin (PCT) and CRP have proven useful in other lower respiratory tract infections and might help to differentiate between pure viral or secondary infection. Methods We performed a retrospective study of patients admitted with COVID-19 between 6th March and 30th October 2020. Patient background, clinical course, laboratory findings with focus on PCT and CRP levels and microbiology results were evaluated. Patients with and without secondary bacterial infection in relation to PCT and CRP were compared. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the best discriminating cut-off value of PCT and CRP with the corresponding sensitivity and specificity was calculated. Results Out of 99 inpatients (52 ICU, 47 Non-ICU) with COVID-19, 32 (32%) presented with secondary bacterial infection during hospitalization. Patients with secondary bacterial infection had higher PCT (0.4 versus 0.1 ng/mL; p = 0.016) and CRP (131 versus 73 mg/L; p = 0.001) levels at admission and during the hospital stay (2.9 versus 0.1 ng/mL; p < 0.001 resp. 293 versus 94 mg/L; p < 0.001). The majority of patients on general ward had no secondary bacterial infection (93%). More than half of patients admitted to the ICU developed secondary bacterial infection (56%). ROC analysis of highest PCT resp. CRP and secondary infection yielded AUCs of 0.88 (p < 0.001) resp. 0.86 (p < 0.001) for the entire cohort. With a PCT cut-off value at 0.55 ng/mL, the sensitivity was 91% with a specificity of 81%; a CRP cut-off value at 172 mg/L yielded a sensitivity of 81% with a specificity of 76%. Conclusion PCT and CRP measurement on admission and during the course of the disease in patients with COVID-19 may be helpful in identifying secondary bacterial infections and guiding the use of antibiotic therapy.

scholarly journals Effective therapy of atopic dermatitis in children complicated by secondary infection

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-167
Author(s):  
I. A. Larkova
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Standard Therapy ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Effective Therapy ◽  
Relevant Factor ◽  
Secondary Bacterial Infection

Atopic dermatitis (AtD) is one of chronic recurrent diseases. One of the most frequent complications of atopic dermatitis in children is secondary bacterial infection which plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of AtD and is a relevant factor for its aggravation. It is recurrent bacterial infection that often causes AtD refractory to standard therapy. Early effective etiotropic treatment of bacterial complications with baneocin is the key to achieving remission of AtD in children.

scholarly journals Secondary bacterial infection in COVID-19 patients is a stronger predictor for death compared to influenza patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noa Shafran ◽  
Inbal Shafran ◽  
Haim Ben-Zvi ◽  
Summer Sofer ◽  
Liron Sheena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Clinical Parameters ◽  
Secondary Bacterial Infection ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Tertiary Center ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSecondary bacterial infections are a potentially fatal complication of influenza infection. We aimed to define the impact of secondary bacterial infections on the clinical course and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients by comparison with influenza patients. COVID-19 (n = 642) and influenza (n = 742) patients, admitted to a large tertiary center in Israel and for whom blood or sputum culture had been taken were selected for this study. Bacterial culture results, clinical parameters, and death rates were compared. COVID-19 patients had higher rates of bacterial infections than influenza patients (12.6% vs. 8.7%). Notably, the time from admission to bacterial growth was longer in COVID-19 compared to influenza patients (4 (1–8) vs. 1 (1–3) days). Late infections (> 48 h after admission) with gram-positive bacteria were more common in COVID-19 patients (28% vs. 9.5%). Secondary infection was associated with a higher risk of death in both patient groups 2.7-fold (1.22–5.83) for COVID-19, and 3.09-fold (1.11–7.38) for Influenza). The association with death remained significant upon adjustment to age and clinical parameters in COVID-19 but not in influenza infection. Secondary bacterial infection is a notable complication associated with worse outcomes in COVID-19 than influenza patients. Careful surveillance and prompt antibiotic treatment may benefit selected patients.

Herpetic Whitlow of the Hand in Infants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad M. Al-Qattan ◽  
Nada G. AlQadri ◽  
Ghada AlHayaza
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Senior Author ◽  
Secondary Bacterial Infection ◽  
Clinical Appearance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Time Of Presentation

Abstract Introduction Herpetic whitlows in infants are rare. Previous authors only reported individual case reports. We present a case series of six infants. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective study of six cases of herpetic whitlows in infants seen by the senior author (MMA) over the past 23 years (1995–2017 inclusive). The following data were collected: age, sex, digit involved in the hand, mode of transmission, time of presentation to the author, clinical appearance, presence of secondary bacterial infection, presence of other lesions outside the hand, method of diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Results All six infants initially presented with classic multiple vesicles of the digital pulp. In all cases, there was a history of active herpes labialis in the mother. Incision and drainage or deroofing of the vesicles (for diagnostic purposes) resulted in secondary bacterial infection. Conclusion The current report is the first series in the literature on herpetic whitlows in infants. We stress on the mode of transmission (from the mother) and establishing the diagnosis clinically. In these cases, no need for obtaining viral cultures or polymerase chain reaction; and no medications are required. Once the vesicles are disrupted, secondary bacterial infection is frequent and a combination of oral acyclovir and intravenous antibiotics will be required.

scholarly journals Integrity Management of Marine Structures; With Emphasis on Design for Structural Robustness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torgeir Moan
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Fabrication Errors ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Operational Errors ◽  
And Control

Based on relevant accident experiences with oil and gas platforms, a brief overview of structural integrity management of offshore structures is given; including an account of adequate design criteria, inspection, repair and maintenance as well as quality assurance and control of the engineering processes. The focus is on developing research based design standards for Accidental Collapse Limit States to ensure robustness or damage tolerance in view damage caused by accidental loads due to operational errors and to some extent abnormal structural damage due to fabrication errors. Moreover, it is suggested to provide robustness in cases where the structural performance is sensitive to uncertain parameters. The use of risk assessment to aid decisions in lieu of uncertainties affecting the performance of novel and existing offshore structures, is briefly addressed.

scholarly journals Is Topical or Systemic Antimicrobial Therapy More Effective for the Treatment of Feline Acne With Secondary Bacterial Infection?

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Kwok ◽  
Kate Charlotte Mellor
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Systemic Treatment ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Secondary Bacterial Infection

<strong>PICO question</strong><br /><p>In cats with feline acne and secondary bacterial folliculitis or furunculosis, is topical or systemic antimicrobial therapy superior for reducing time to resolution and severity of clinical signs?</p><strong>Clinical bottom line</strong><br /><p>There is no sufficient evidence to compare topical versus systemic treatment in feline acne with secondary folliculitis/furunculosis.</p><br /> <img src="https://www.veterinaryevidence.org/rcvskmod/icons/oa-icon.jpg" alt="Open Access" /> <img src="https://www.veterinaryevidence.org/rcvskmod/icons/pr-icon.jpg" alt="Peer Reviewed" />

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