Performance of Sweet Potato’s Leaf-Derived Activated Carbon for Hydrogen Sulphide Removal from Biogas

In this study, sweet potato leaf activated carbon (SpLAC) was prepared by the chemical activation method using KOH and applied as an adsorbent for H2S removal from biogas. The study focused on the understanding of the effect of carbonization temperature (Tc), varying KOH : C activation ratio, flow rate (FR) of biogas, and mass of SpLAC on sample adsorption capacity. The BET analysis was performed for both fresh and spent activated carbons as well as for carbonized samples, which were not activated; also, the activated carbon was characterized by XRF and CHNS techniques. The results showed that removal efficiency (RE) of the SpLAC increased with increase carbonization temperature from 600 to 800°C and the mass of sorbent from 0.4 g to 1.0 g. The optimal test conditions were determined: 1.0 g of sorbent with a KOH : C ratio of 1 : 1, Tc=800°C, and FR=0.02 m3/h which resulted in a sorption capacity of about 3.7 g S/100 g of the SpLAC. Our findings corroborated that H2S removal was contributed not only by the adsorption process with the pore available but also by the presence of iron in the sample that reacted with H2S. Therefore, upon successful H2S sorption, SpLAC is suggested as a viable adsorbent for H2S removal from biogas.

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Preparation of Capacitor’s Electrode from Coconut Shell

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1585 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 875-877 ◽

pp. 1585-1589

Author(s):

Arenst Andreas Arie ◽

Joong Kee Lee

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Surface Area ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Coconut Shell ◽

Bet Surface Area ◽

Type I ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

Bet Analysis

Activated carbons were prepared from coconut shell by chemical activation method and utilized as electrode materials for electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLC). A preliminary characteristic of activated carbon from coconut shell includes the Brunnaeur Emmett Teller (BET) analysis and cyclic voltammetry measurements. The BET surface area is not affected by the variation of activation temperature as both of the samples showed BET surface area of about 850-870 m2g-1. The N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms showed that the sample exhibited type I characteristics according to IUPAC classification, which confirms its micro-porosity. Compared with the un-activated carbon samples, the activated ones exhibited the better electrochemical properties with a specific capacitance of 150 F g−1 at a scan rate of 2 mV s−1. The good performance of activated carbon is attributed to the enhancement of surface area due to the KOH pretreatment which can open new pores accessible for the ionic transport

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Thermodynamic Study of Adsorption of Phenol, 4-Chlorophenol, and 4-Nitrophenol on Activated Carbon Obtained from Eucalyptus Seed

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2015/569403 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Nelson Giovanny Rincón-Silva ◽

Juan Carlos Moreno-Piraján ◽

Liliana Giraldo Giraldo

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Adsorption Process ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Thermodynamic Study ◽

Point Of Zero Charge ◽

Surface Areas ◽

Great Association ◽

Energy Relations

Activated carbons from shell eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) were prepared by chemical activation through impregnation with solutions of two activators: sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide, the surface areas for activated carbons with base were 780 and 670 m2 g−1and the solids activated with acid were 150 and 80 m2 g−1. These were applying in adsorption of priority pollutants: phenol, 4-nitrophenol, and 4-chlorophenol from aqueous solution. Activated carbon with the highest adsorption capacity has values of 2.12, 2.57, and 3.89 on phenol, 4-nitrophenol, and 4-chlorophenol, respectively, and was activated with base. In general, all carbons adsorption capacity was given in the following order: 4-chlorophenol > 4-nitrophenol > phenol. Adsorption isotherms of phenols on activated carbons were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radusckevisch-Kanager models, finding great association between them and experimental data. A thermodynamic study was performed, the exothermic nature and spontaneous nature of the adsorption process were confirmed, and the favorability of adsorption on activated carbons with NaOH was confirmed by energy relations and concluded that the adsorption process of phenolic compounds from the activated carbon obtained is physical. The pH of solutions and pH at point of zero charge of the solid play an important role in the adsorption process.

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Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Poplar Sawdust by Chemical Activation: Comparison of Different Activating Agents and Carbonization Temperature

European Journal of Engineering Research and Science ◽

10.24018/ejers.2018.3.11.939 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (11) ◽

pp. 6-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Funda Ateş ◽

Öznur Özcan

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Surface Area ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Carbonization Temperature ◽

Bet Surface Area ◽

Koh Activation ◽

Chemical Agent ◽

Poplar Sawdust

Activated carbons were prepared from poplar sawdust by chemical activation using ZnCl2, H3PO4 or KOH. The influence of activating agents, carbonization temperatures ranging from 500 ºC to 800 ºC, and mass ratio of chemical agent to precursor (1:1 and 2:1) on the porosity of activated carbons were studied. The properties of the carbons were characterized by adsorption/desorption of nitrogen to determine the BET areas, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). It was determined that the surface morphology and textural characteristics of activated carbons vary depending on the carbonization temperature or chemical agent. Maximum surface areas were obtained at carbonization temperatures of 500, 700 and 800 ºC for H3PO4, KOH and ZnCl2 activation, respectively. The activated carbons prepared using ZnCl2 and H3PO4 activation had a higher BET surface area (nearly 1100 m2/g) than that of the KOH activation (761 m2/g). This study also presents a comparison of mechanisms of activating agents and carbonization temperature. As a result of the experimental studies, positive results were obtained, and the production of activated carbon with a high surface area was conducted.

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Activated Carbon from the Peelings of Cassava Tubers (Manihot esculenta) for the Removal of Nickel(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2021/5545110 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Brice Armel Ajouafeu Alongamo ◽

Lydie Dodo Ajifack ◽

Julius Numbonui Ghogomu ◽

Ndi Julius Nsami ◽

Joseph Mbadcam Ketcha

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solution ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Manihot Esculenta ◽

Adsorption Process ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Low Cost ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Zero Point ◽

Batch Adsorption ◽

Homogeneous Surface

Activated carbons were obtained from the peelings of cassava tubers (Manihot esculenta) by chemical activation using potassium hydroxide and phosphoric acid at impregnation ratios of 2 : 1 and 1 : 1, respectively, at 400°C for batch adsorption of nickel(II) ions from aqueous solution. Characterization of activated carbon samples was achieved via proximate analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, pH of zero-point charge, Boehm method, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and iodine number determination for each adsorbent. The effects of pH, contact time, initial adsorbate concentration, and adsorbent dose were studied at 27°C in order to optimize the conditions for maximum adsorption. Equilibrium was attained after 40 minutes of contact of both materials with activating solutions. Maximum adsorption capacities of 41.15 mg/g for ACPH, 47.39 mg/g for ACPA, 35.34 mg/g for NIC, and 34.48 mg/g for RM, respectively, were obtained at pH = 4. Equilibrium data showed that the Langmuir model best described the adsorption process with R2 closed to unity, indicative of monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption process is controlled by the pseudo-second-order model. These results show that activated carbon prepared from cassava peelings constitutes an effective low-cost material for the treatment of wastewater containing nickel(II) ions.

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Computer Analysis of the Effect of Activation Temperature on the Microporous Structure Development of Activated Carbon Derived from Common Polypody

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14112951 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 2951

Author(s):

Mirosław Kwiatkowski ◽

Jarosław Serafin ◽

Andy M. Booth ◽

Beata Michalkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Porous Structure ◽

Computer Analysis ◽

Density Functional ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Geometrical Parameters ◽

Activation Process ◽

Microporous Structure ◽

Activation Temperature

This paper presents the results of a computer analysis of the effect of activation process temperature on the development of the microporous structure of activated carbon derived from the leaves of common polypody (Polypodium vulgare) via chemical activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at activation temperatures of 700, 800, and 900 °C. An unconventional approach to porous structure analysis, using the new numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis (LBET) method together with the implemented unique gas state equation, was used in this study. The LBET method is based on unique mathematical models that take into account, in addition to surface heterogeneity, the possibility of molecule clusters branching and the geometric and energy limitations of adsorbate cluster formation. It enabled us to determine a set of parameters comprehensively and reliably describing the porous structure of carbon material on the basis of the determined adsorption isotherm. Porous structure analyses using the LBET method were based on nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) adsorption isotherms determined for individual activated carbon. The analyses carried out showed the highest CO2 adsorption capacity for activated carbon obtained was at an activation temperature of 900 °C, a value only slightly higher than that obtained for activated carbon prepared at 700 °C, but the values of geometrical parameters determined for these activated carbons showed significant differences. The results of the analyses obtained with the LBET method were also compared with the results of iodine number analysis and the results obtained with the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR), and quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) methods, demonstrating their complementarity.

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Development of Formaldehyde Adsorption using Modified Activated Carbon – A Review

International Journal of Renewable Energy Development ◽

10.14710/ijred.1.3.75-80 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 75 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W.D.P Rengga ◽

M. Sudibandriyo ◽

M Nasikin

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

High Energy ◽

Hydrogen Gas ◽

Agricultural Product ◽

Adsorption Method ◽

Modified Activated Carbon ◽

Nano Size ◽

Formaldehyde Adsorption

Gas storage is a technology developed with an adsorptive storage method, in which gases are stored as adsorbed components on the certain adsorbent. Formaldehyde is one of the major indoor gaseous pollutants. Depending on its concentration, formaldehyde may cause minor disorder symptoms to a serious injury. Some of the successful applications of technology for the removal of formaldehyde have been reported. However, this paper presents an overview of several studies on the elimination of formaldehyde that has been done by adsorption method because of its simplicity. The adsorption method does not require high energy and the adsorbent used can be obtained from inexpensive materials. Most researchers used activated carbon as an adsorbent for removal of formaldehyde because of its high adsorption capacity. Activated carbons can be produced from many materials such as coals, woods, or agricultural waste. Some of them were prepared by specific activation methods to improve the surface area. Some researchers also used modified activated carbon by adding specific additive to improve its performance in attracting formaldehyde molecules. Proposed modification methods on activation and additive impregnated carbon are thus discussed in this paper for future development and improvement of formaldehyde adsorption on activated carbon. Specifically, a waste agricultural product is chosen for activated carbon raw material because it is renewable and gives an added value to the materials. The study indicates that the performance of the adsorption of formaldehyde might be improved by using modified activated carbon. Bamboo seems to be the most appropriate raw materials to produce activated carbon combined with applying chemical activation method and addition of metal oxidative catalysts such as Cu or Ag in nano size particles. Bamboo activated carbon can be developed in addition to the capture of formaldehyde as well as the storage of adsorptive hydrogen gas that supports renewable energy. Keywords: adsorption; bamboo; formaldehyde; modified activated carbon; nano size particles

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PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH WASTES USING ZINC CHLORIDE

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v74.4876 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 74 (11) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Riry Wirasnita ◽

Tony Hadibarata ◽

Abdull Rahim Mohd Yusoff ◽

Zainab Mat Lazim

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Zinc Chloride ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Active Sites ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Infrared Spectrometry ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch

An oil palm empty fruit bunch-derived activated carbon has been successfully produced by chemical activation with zinc chloride and without chemical activation. The preparation was conducted in the tube furnace at 500oC for 1 h. The surface structure and active sites of activated carbons were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The proximate analysis including moisture content, ash content, bulk density, pH, and pH at zero charge was conducted to identify the psychochemical properties of the adsorbent. The results showed that the zinc chloride-activated carbon has better characteristics compared to the carbon without chemical activation.

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Preparation of Activated Carbon from Durian Shell and Seed

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.887 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 626 ◽

pp. 887-891 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mohd Fikri Mokhtar ◽

Erny Haslina Abd Latib ◽

Suriati Sufian ◽

Ku Zilati Ku Shaari

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Potassium Hydroxide ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Physical Characteristics ◽

Carbonization Temperature ◽

Nitrogen Flow ◽

Carbonization Process ◽

Duration Time ◽

Activating Agent ◽

Durian Seed

This study presents the preparation of activated carbon from durian shell (DShAC) and durian seed (DSeAC) based by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an activating agent under the nitrogen flow. In order to find the optimum physical characteristics, variation in concentration of KOH, carbonization temperature and duration time was employed. The result shows that activated carbon from durian waste is a promising activated carbon as the highest yield was obtained from the carbonization process that occurs at 400C for four hours with the KOH concentration is 0.6 M.

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Pinecone-Derived Activated Carbons as an Effective Medium for Hydrogen Storage

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13092237 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 2237

Author(s):

Sara Stelitano ◽

Giuseppe Conte ◽

Alfonso Policicchio ◽

Alfredo Aloise ◽

Giovanni Desiderio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Hydrogen Storage ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Surface Area ◽

Hydrogen Adsorption ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Textural Properties ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Wavelength Dispersive Spectrometry

Pinecones, a common biomass waste, has an interesting composition in terms of cellulose and lignine content that makes them excellent precursors in various activated carbon production processes. The synthesized, nanostructured, activated carbon materials show textural properties, a high specific surface area, and a large volume of micropores, which are all features that make them suitable for various applications ranging from the purification of water to energy storage. Amongst them, a very interesting application is hydrogen storage. For this purpose, activated carbon from pinecones were prepared using chemical activation with different KOH/precursor ratios, and their hydrogen adsorption capacity was evaluated at liquid nitrogen temperatures (77 K) at pressures of up to 80 bar using a Sievert’s type volumetric apparatus. Regarding the comprehensive characterization of the samples’ textural properties, the measurement of the surface area was carried out using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, the chemical composition was investigated using wavelength-dispersive spectrometry, and the topography and long-range order was estimated using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The hydrogen adsorption properties of the activated carbon samples were measured and then fitted using the Langmuir/ Töth isotherm model to estimate the adsorption capacity at higher pressures. The results showed that chemical activation induced the formation of an optimal pore size distribution for hydrogen adsorption centered at about 0.5 nm and the proportion of micropore volume was higher than 50%, which resulted in an adsorption capacity of 5.5 wt% at 77 K and 80 bar; this was an increase of as much as 150% relative to the one predicted by the Chahine rule.

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Synthesis of activated carbon doped with transition metals for hydrogen storage

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20199001016 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 90 ◽

pp. 01016 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nazlina Ya’aini ◽

Arjun Pillay A/L Gopala Krishnan ◽

Adnan Ripin

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Transition Metals ◽

Surface Area ◽

Hydrogen Adsorption ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

High Porosity ◽

Carbon Doped ◽

Copper Nickel ◽

Bet Analysis ◽

Oxygen Groups

Carbon materials with high porosity and surface area such as activated carbons with a combination of metal possess great materials to obtain maximum hydrogen adsorption via the hydrogen spillover effect. The properties of activated carbon doped with metals (copper, nickel and palladium) were studied to evaluate the capacity of hydrogen sorption on the materials. Characteristics of the activated carbon doped with copper (AC-Cu), nickel (AC-Ni) and palladium (AC-Pd) were evaluated using particle density test, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and surface and pore analysis (BET). The performance of hydrogen adsorption of the materials was carried out at different pressures of 50, 100 and 150 psi. Characterization of the materials shows that FTIR spectroscopy manage to detect surface functional groups meanwhile the carbon structure and metal content was determined using XRD. BET analysis shows the presence of oxygen groups was decrease the specific surface area whereas the presence of transition metals had increased the surface area. Hydrogen adsorption test at 150 psi indicates that oxygen groups are not a good adsorption characteristic with only a maximum of 0.39 wt% of hydrogen was adsorbed compared to pristine activated carbon’s 0.42 wt% at 150 psi. The presence of transition metals, copper, nickel and palladium increased the overall hydrogen uptake with 0.52 wt%, 0.44 wt% and 0.62 wt% respectively at 150 psi.

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