scholarly journals Short-Term Influence of Caffeine and Medium-Chain Triglycerides on Ketogenesis: A Controlled Double-Blind Intervention Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Anna Baumeister ◽  
Joachim Gardemann ◽  
Manfred Fobker ◽  
Verena Spiegler ◽  
Tobias Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Intervention Study ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Medium Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Decaffeinated Coffee

Background. Ketone bodies are a highly relevant topic in nutrition and medicine. The influence of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) on ketogenesis is well known and has been successfully used in ketogenic diets for many years. Nevertheless, the effects of MCTs and coconut oil on the production of ketone bodies have only partially been investigated. Furthermore, the increased mobilisation of free fatty acids and release of catabolic hormones by caffeine suggest an influence of caffeine on ketogenesis. Methods. In a controlled, double-blind intervention study, seven young healthy subjects received 10 mL of tricaprylin (C8), tricaprin (C10), C8/C10 (50% C8, 50% C10), or coconut oil with or without 150 mg of caffeine, in 250 mL of decaffeinated coffee, over ten interventions. At baseline and after every 40 minutes, for 4 h, ßHB and glucose in capillary blood as well as caffeine in saliva were measured. Furthermore, questionnaires were used to survey sensory properties, side effects, and awareness of hunger and satiety. Results. The interventions with caffeine caused an increase in ßHB levels—in particular, the interventions with C8 highly impacted ketogenesis. The effect decreased with increased chain lengths. All interventions showed a continuous increase in hunger and diminishing satiety. Mild side effects (total = 12) occurred during the interventions. Conclusions. The present study demonstrated an influence of caffeine and MCT on ketogenesis. The addition of caffeine showed an additive effect on the ketogenic potential of MCT and coconut oil. C8 showed the highest ketogenicity.

scholarly journals Coconut Oil and its Constituents as a Treatment for Alzheimer's Dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney Guttmann ◽  
Peyton Sims ◽  
Catherine Churchill ◽  
Caitlyn Waters ◽  
Bailey Berry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Ketone Body ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Medium Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Cellular Processes

In recent years, there has been an increased number of studies focusing on the properties of coconut oil as a therapeutic supplement for patients with Alzheimer's disease.  Primarily, benefits of coconut oil are attributed to the presence of medium-chain triglycerides, lauric acid, or ketone bodies found in the oil. Research of these constituents within coconut oil has been shown to cause the onset of cellular processes such as autophagy, ketone body regulation, and the reduction of oxidative stress, among other nonspecific pathways.  A discussion of the potential for coconut oil within the context of these theoretical mechanisms to impact Alzheimer's disease is provided, suggesting that the validity of coconut oil claims should be viewed with skepticism.

scholarly journals Exploring the Viability of Exogenous Ketones as Weight Loss Supplements (P21-017-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Poff ◽  
Andrew Koutnik ◽  
Sara Moss ◽  
Sahith Mandala ◽  
Dominic D'Agostino
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Medium Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate ◽  
Main Strategy

Abstract Objectives 70.7% of Americans over 20 years of age are overweight or obese. Currently, the main strategy for weight loss is caloric restriction. Ketone bodies have been shown to facilitate voluntary caloric restriction through altering the appetite stimulating hormone ghrelin. However, these non-toxic ketone bodies have not been evaluated as weight loss supplements. C57BL6J mice were used to determine the weight loss efficacy of exogenous ketones by adding synthetic (R/S 1,3-Butanediol Acetoacetate Diester and 1,3-Butanediol) and natural (Beta-hydroxybutyrate and Beta-hydroxybutyrate + Medium Chain Triglycerides) ketogenic agents to standard rodent chow ab-libitum. Methods Six groups (R/S 1,3-butanediol acetoacetate diester, 1,3-butanediol, beta-hydroxybutyrate, beta-hydroxybutyrate + medium chain triglycerides, caloric restriction, standard diet ad-libitum) were housed 2–5 animals per cage and monitored to ensure appropriate acclimation prior to intervention. Mice were treated for two weeks with ketogenic agents, adjusting % of agent daily to ensure 20% weight loss was achieved. Results All ketogenic agents induced weight loss and voluntary caloric restriction. Weight loss for beta-hydroxybutyrate and beta-hydroxybutyrate + medium chain triglycerides was explained by caloric restriction alone. However, R/S 1,3-butanediol acetoacetate diester induced weight loss at lower dosages which could not be explained by caloric restriction alone. Conclusions Taken together, all ketogenic agents may assist in weight loss. However, R/S 1,3-butanediol acetoacetate diester appears to be a more potent non-toxic ketogenic supplement that facilitates weight loss via both voluntary caloric restriction and caloric restriction-independent mechanisms. Future studies should explore caloric-restriction independent weight loss mechanisms of R/S 1,3-butanediol acetoacetate diester. Funding Sources Disruptive Nutrition.

scholarly journals Tricaprylin Alone Increases Plasma Ketone Response More Than Coconut Oil or Other Medium-Chain Triglycerides: An Acute Crossover Study in Healthy Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. e000257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Vandenberghe ◽  
Valérie St-Pierre ◽  
Tyler Pierotti ◽  
Mélanie Fortier ◽  
Christian-Alexandre Castellano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crossover Study ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Medium Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Medium Chain

scholarly journals 1562 MEDIUM-CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES IN FORMULAS AND PLASMA KETONE BODIES IN PRETERM INFANTS

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 371A-371A
Author(s):  
Paul Y K Wu ◽  
John Edmond ◽  
Nancy Auestad ◽  
Savitri Rambatla
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Medium Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Medium Chain

scholarly journals Inhibition of cancer cells in culture. The effects of treatment with ketone bodies and/or rapamycin treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Miller ◽  
Bo Lin ◽  
Matthew R Pincus ◽  
Eugene J Fine ◽  
Richard D Feinman
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Similar Treatment ◽  
Cells In Culture ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Sw480 Cells

Background: The potential for ketogenic diets or administration of exogenous ketone bodies to treat or prevent to cancer remains encouraging. Of particular interest is the possibility that, whatever the effect of a nutritional intervention alone, the diet might enhance the effect of existing cancer drugs, thereby requiring lower doses and a reduction in toxicity and side effects. Methods: SW480, a human cell line derived from colon, was treated with ketone bodies (sodium 3-hydroxy butyrate (common name, β-hydroxy butyrate) or with sodium acetoacetate in the presence or absence of rapamycin. Cells were incubated for 96 hours in DMEM with 10 mM glucose medium. HSF2617, a human epithelial fibroblast line served as control and cells were subjected to similar treatment as the SW480 cells. Cell proliferation and glucose consumption were determined with standard reagents. Results: The ketone bodies inhibited proliferation of SW480 cells in culture. Rapamycin also inhibited proliferation and its action was enhanced by the ketone bodies although there was little synergistic effect under these conditions. Human fibroblast controls were not inhibited by the ketone bodies. Both SW480 and control lines showed consumption of glucose during a 96 hour incubation period, suggesting that normal controls can switch to ketogenic metabolism while the cancer cells, which proliferate poorly, cannot. Results are consistent with recent reports of a mouse model showing the synergy of rapamycin and a ketogenic diet (Zou Y, et al. (2020) PLoS ONE 15 (5)) as well as earlier publications describing additive or synergistic effects of ketogenic diets with other modalities of cancer treatment. Conclusions: The results show that the growth of a cancer cell line in culture can be inhibited by the addition of ketone bodies or rapamycin to the growth medium. The combination of treatments was found to be additive, consistent with results from a previously published mouse model. The data demonstrate the potential for a strategy whereby doses of anti-cancer agents that have detrimental or toxic side-effects can be reduced if coupled to an appropriate source of ketone bodies.

scholarly journals Serum metabolomic analysis of men on a low-carbohydrate diet for biochemically recurrent prostate cancer reveal the potential role of ketogenesis to slow tumor growth: A secondary analysis of the CAPS2 diet trial

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jen-Tsan Ashley Chi ◽  
Pao-Hwa Lin ◽  
Vladimir Tolstikov ◽  
Lauren Howard ◽  
Emily Y. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Metabolomic Analysis ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Metabolic Basis

Background: Systemic treatments for prostate cancer (PC) have significant side effects. Thus, newer alternatives with fewer side effects are urgently needed. Animal and human studies suggest the therapeutic potential of low carbohydrate diet (LCD) for PC. To test this possibility, Carbohydrate and Prostate Study 2 (CAPS2) trial was conducted in PC patients with biochemical recurrence (BCR) after local treatment to determine the effect of a 6-month LCD intervention vs. usual care control on PC growth as measured by PSA doubling time (PSADT). We previously reported the LCD intervention led to significant weight loss, higher HDL, and lower triglycerides and HbA1c with a suggested longer PSADT. However, the metabolic basis of these effects are unknown. Methods: To identify the potential metabolic basis of effects of LCD on PSADT, serum metabolomic analysis was performed using baseline, month 3, and month 6 banked sera to identify the metabolites significantly altered by LCD and that correlated with varying PSADT. Results: LCD increased the serum levels of ketone bodies, glycine and hydroxyisocaproic acid. Reciprocally, LCD reduced the serum levels of alanine, cytidine, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and 2-oxobutanoate. As high ADMA level is shown to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) signaling and contribute to various cardiovascular diseases, the ADMA repression under LCD may contribute to the LCD-associated health benefit. Regression analysis of the PSADT revealed a correlation between longer PSADT with higher level of 2-hydroxybutyric acids, ketone bodies, citrate and malate. Longer PSADT was also associated with LCD reduced nicotinamide, fructose-1, 6-biphosphate (FBP) and 2-oxobutanoate. Conclusion: These results suggest a potential association of ketogenesis and TCA metabolites with slower PC growth and conversely glycolysis with faster PC growth. The link of high ketone bodies with longer PSADT supports future studies of ketogenic diets to slow PC growth.

scholarly journals An fMRI Investigation into the Effects of Ketogenic Medium-Chain Triglycerides on Cognitive Function in Elderly Adults: A Pilot Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2134
Author(s):  
Yukihito Yomogida ◽  
Junko Matsuo ◽  
Ikki Ishida ◽  
Miho Ota ◽  
Kentaro Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Medium Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Back Task

Evidence suggests that oral intake of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), which promote the production of ketone bodies, may improve cognitive functions in elderly people; however, the underlying brain mechanisms remain elusive. We tested the hypothesis that cognitive improvement accompanies physiological changes in the brain and reflects the use of ketone bodies as an extra energy source. To this end, by using functional magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals were measured while 20 healthy elderly subjects (14 females and 6 males; mean age: 65.7 ± 3.9 years) were engaged in executive function tasks (N-back and Go-Nogo) after ingesting a single MCT meal (Ketonformula®) or placebo meal in a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled design (UMIN000031539). Morphological characteristics of the brain were also examined in relation to the effects of an MCT meal. The MCT meal improved N-back task performance, and this was prominent in subjects who had reduced grey matter volume in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a region known to promote executive functions. When the participants were dichotomized into high/low level groups of global cognitive function at baseline, the high group showed improved N-back task performance, while the low group showed improved Go-Nogo task performance. This was accompanied by decreased BOLD signals in the DLPFC, indicative of the consumption of ketone bodies as an extra energy source.

scholarly journals FRAKSINASI KERING MINYAK KELAPA MENGGUNAKAN KRISTALISATOR SKALA 120 KG UNTUK MENGHASILKAN FRAKSI MINYAK KAYA TRIASILGLISER0L RANTAI MENENGAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
MURSALIN MURSALIN ◽  
PURWIYATNO HARIYADI ◽  
EKO HARI PURNOMO ◽  
NURI ANDARWULAN ◽  
DEDI FARDIAZ
Keyword(s):  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Crystallization Temperature ◽  
Crystallization Process ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Medium Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Vacuum Filtration ◽  
Critical Cooling Rate ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Oil Fraction ◽  
Olein Fraction

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Minyak kelapa merupakan sumber medium chain triglycerides<br />(MCT) utama. Melalui proses fraksinasi dapat dihasilkan fraksi minyak<br />dengan kandungan MCT tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari<br />pengaruh berbagai faktor perlakuan dingin terhadap kristalisasi dan<br />fraksinasi minyak kelapa, serta untuk menetapkan prosedur pendinginan<br />yang efektif dalam menghasilkan fraksi minyak dengan kandungan MCT<br />tinggi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium SEAFAST CENTER IPB<br />dari bulan Maret 2012 sampai bulan Februari 2013. Fraksinasi dilakukan<br />dengan memanaskan minyak pada suhu 70°C lalu didinginkan pada<br />berbagai laju pendinginan untuk mencapai beberapa variasi suhu<br />kristalisasi, diaduk dengan kecepatan 15 rpm, dibiarkan mengkristal pada<br />lama waktu yang berbeda (hingga 900 menit), serta difraksinasi dengan<br />penyaringan vakum menggunakan kertas Whatman 40. Tiga tahap<br />pendinginan yang merupakan faktor kunci keberhasilan proses kristalisasi<br />minyak kelapa yaitu tahap pendinginan awal dari suhu 70 hingga 29°C;<br />tahap pendinginan kritis 29°C hingga suhu kristalisasi; dan tahap<br />kristalisasi itu sendiri. Pada tahap pertama minyak kelapa didinginkan<br />secepat mungkin untuk menurunkan waktu proses, tetapi pada tahap kedua<br />harus dilaksanakan dengan laju pendinginan lambat (kurang dari 0,176°C/<br />menit) untuk menghasilkan kristal yang berukuran besar dan tidak mudah<br />meleleh. Minyak dengan kandungan triasilgliserol tinggi dapat diperoleh<br />dari fraksi olein minyak kelapa. Pada perlakuan suhu kristalisasi 21,30-<br />21,73°C untuk laju pendinginan kritis antara 0,013 hingga 0,176°C/menit,<br />semakin rendah laju pendinginan kritis dan semakin lama proses<br />kristalisasi maka kandungan MCT fraksi olein yang dihasilkan akan<br />semakin tinggi.<br />Kata kunci: minyak kelapa, laju pendinginan, kristalisasi, fraksinasi, MCT</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Coconut oil is the main source of medium chain triglycerides<br />(MCT). Fractionation produce oil fraction containing MCT concentrate.<br />This research aims to study the influence of various factors of cooling<br />treatment on the crystallization and fractionation of coconut oil, and to<br />establish effective cooling procedure to produce oil fraction with high<br />MCT content. The research was conducted in Laboratorium of SEAFAST<br />CENTER IPB from March 2012 to February 2013. Coconut oil was<br />heated at 70°C then cooled at different cooling rate to reach various<br />crystalization temperatures. The oil was then stirred at 15 rpm and allow to<br />crystallized at different period of time (up to 900 min), and finally<br />fractionated by vacuum filtration using Whatman #40 paper. Fractionation<br />temperatures was the same as crystalization temperature. The results<br />showed that there were three distinct cooling regimes critical to<br />crystallization process, i.e temperature range from 70 to 29°C; 29°C to<br />crystallization temperature; and crystallization temperature. In the first<br />regime, melted coconut oil might be cooled quickly to save time, but in the<br />second regime need be done with a cooling rate of less than 0.176°C/min<br />to produce physically stable crystal. Oil with high triacylglycerol content<br />could be obtained from olein fraction of coconut oil. At the crystallization<br />temperature 21.30-21.73°C for the critical cooling rate between 0.013 to<br />0.176°C/min, the higher MCT content of olein fraction were produced by<br />the lower critical cooling rate and the longer crystallization process.<br />Keywords: fractionation, crystallization, MCT, coconut oil, cooling rate.</p>

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