scholarly journals Salivary Biomarkers (Opiorphin, Cortisol, Amylase, and IgA) Related to Age, Sex, and Stress Perception in a Prospective Cohort of Healthy Schoolchildren

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Anna Krahel ◽  
Elzbieta Paszynska ◽  
Justyna Otulakowska-Skrzynska ◽  
Szymon Rzatowski ◽  
Amadeusz Hernik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Patients ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Hip Circumference ◽  
Stress Perception ◽  
Welch Test ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Immune Biomarkers ◽  
Free Cortisol ◽  
Unstimulated Saliva ◽  
Prior Stress

Background. The use of easily accessible biomarkers for assessing young patients’ health is weighty. This cohort study is aimed at measuring stress/immune biomarkers in the saliva of healthy school-age children and comparing subgroups according to age, sex, and stress perception. Material and Methods. 503 children under 12 years old ( 8.7 ± 1.3 ) were included with anthropometric evaluation (height, waist, hip circumference, body weight, and body mass index (BMI)). Levels of opiorphin (OPI), free cortisol, alpha-amylase (sAA), and secreted immunoglobulin (sIgA) were determined by quantitative assays (ELISA) in unstimulated saliva. Unpaired t -test, Welch test, and Mann–Whitney U test were applied for appropriate group comparisons, and the correlation between variables was analyzed with Spearman’s rank coefficient. Results were considered significant at p < 0.05 . Results. sIgA and sAA exhibited significant differences depending on age and sex: IgA (ng/mL): 86 ± 68.6 vs. 104.9 ± 72.1 for (6-7 y.o.) and (8-11 y.o.), respectively, and 108.1 ± 80.1 vs. 94.6 ± 62.2 for male and females, respectively; sAA (U/mL): 78.9 ± 54.4 vs. 100.5 ± 81.2 for (6-7 y.o.) and (8-11 y.o.). No difference related to age or sex between groups was observed for cortisol and OPI. However, OPI levels were higher and correlated to prior stress exposure in children ( 0.31 ± 0.4 vs. 0.26 ± 0.5   ng / mL , p = 0.031 ). sAA was negatively correlated to low mood self-declaration in children in the last two weeks ( r = − 0.10 , p = 0.045 ). Conclusions. sIgA and sAA can be used as sex- and age-related biomarkers in children 6-12 y.o., which is not the case for free cortisol and opiorphin. However, OPI reflected previous exposure to stress, suggesting its use for evaluating stress-related changes in children

scholarly journals Stress/Immune Biomarkers in Saliva among Children with ADHD Status

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 769
Author(s):  
Anna Krahel ◽  
Elzbieta Paszynska ◽  
Agnieszka Slopien ◽  
Maria Gawriolek ◽  
Justyna Otulakowska-Skrzynska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Hip Circumference ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Immune Biomarkers ◽  
Free Cortisol ◽  
Adhd Children

Background. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate stress and immune biomarkers in saliva samples of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD compared to healthy non-ADHD children. Material and methods. A total of 132 children under 11 years old (8.5 ± 1.1) enrolled in a cross-sectional study: with confirmed ADHD (n = 60) and healthy controls (n = 72). The clinical evaluation included physical measurements (height, waist, hip circumference, body weight, body mass index BMI, BMI z-score) and unstimulated saliva collection and measurements of free cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), and secreted immunoglobulins (sIgA, IgG, and IgM) with quantitative assay (ELISA) analysis. Unpaired t-test, Welch test, or Mann–Whitney U test were applied for group comparisons when appropriate, and the correlation between variables was analyzed with Spearman’s rank coefficient. Results were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results. In the ADHD group, body weight (p ≤ 0.01), BMI (p ≤ 0.009), and hip circumference (p ≤ 0.001) significantly differed, while waist size and BMI z-score did not (p > 0.05). Significant elevation of the salivary sAA (p = 0.03), sIgA (p = 0.02), and IgM (p ≤ 0.001) biomarkers were detected, without differences in the morning cortisol (p > 0.05). Significant correlations between cortisol and BMI, hip size, and IgA, as well as between IgG and sAA and IgA were obtained. Conclusions. Saliva can be used to monitor ADHD status with regard to biomarkers indicating the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, as HPA axis, and sympathetic activity. The results indicate that morning collection of saliva in contrast to unchanged salivary cortisol, may evaluate mentioned above system dysregulations by measurements of sAA and immunoglobulins among ADHD children.

Association of plaque echostructure and cardiovascular risk factors with symptomatic carotid artery disease

VASA ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giannoukas ◽  
Sfyroeras ◽  
Griffin ◽  
Saleptsis ◽  
Antoniou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Carotid Plaque ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Symptomatic Disease ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Ica Stenosis

Background: Severity of stenosis remains the main factor for assessing risk of stroke in patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) disease. This study was conducted to investigate the association of plaque echostructure and other established and emerging cardiovascular risk factors with symptomatic ICA disease. Design: Cross-sectional study of consecutive patients with significant (> 50 %) ICA stenosis. Patients and methods: Carotid plaque echostructure, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, serum lipoprotein (a), homocysteine, vitamin B12, folate, cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and the Framingham risk score were assessed in 124 consecutive patients (70 asymptomatic; 54 symptomatic) with significant (> 50 %) ICA stenosis. Results: The asymptomatic and symptomatic groups did not differ in terms of gender distribution (p = 0.76) and severity of stenosis (p = 0.62). Echolucent plaques (type 1 and 2) were more predominant in patients with symptomatic disease (p = 0.004, OR = 2.13, 95 % CI = 1.26-3.6). Patients with plaques type 1 were relatively younger than those with type 4 (p = 0.02). None of the other factors assessed had any significant association with symptomatic disease and any type of carotid plaque. Conclusions: Besides the severity of carotid stenosis, the presence of an echolucent plaque appears as an important factor associated with symptomatic ICA disease. Also, young patients are more likely to have an echolucent plaque suggesting an age-related association with plaque maturation.

AUDIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF AGE-RELATED MANIFESTATIONS OF AUDITORY DISORDERS

2020 ◽  
pp. 549-554
Author(s):  
Л. Е. Голованова ◽  
Е. А. Огородникова ◽  
Н. С. Белокурова ◽  
Е. С. Лаптева ◽  
М. Ю. Бобошко
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Pure Tone Audiometry ◽  
Sound Field ◽  
Speech Audiometry ◽  
Central Auditory Processing ◽  
Central Auditory Processing Disorder ◽  
Age Related

Целью исследования был сравнительный анализ жалоб и аудиологических показателей у пациентов сурдологического центра в зависимости от возраста. Представлены результаты обследования 300 первичных пациентов (случайная выборка), обратившихся к сурдологу-оториноларингологу в течение 1 мес. В группу молодых пациентов (19-44 года) вошли 40 человек; в группу среднего возраста (45- 59 лет) - 62 человека; в группу пожилых (60-74 года) - 100 человек; в группу старческого возраста (75-90 лет) - 98 человек. Обследование включало сбор жалоб и анамнеза, ЛОР-осмотр, тональную пороговую аудиометрию, импедансометрию, речевую аудиометрию в наушниках для выявления признаков центральных слуховых расстройств или в свободном звуковом поле для оценки эффективности слухопротезирования. Установлено, что для ранней диагностики тугоухости и профилактики возрастных сенсорнокогнитивных дисфункций целесообразно использовать не только результаты тональной пороговой аудиометрии, но и данные речевой аудиометрии, а также анализ субъективных жалоб. Результаты работы свидетельствуют о необходимости организации скрининга состояния слуха в рамках диспансеризации населения старше 60 лет. The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of complaints and audiological findings in patients of the audiological center depending on their age. The results of the examination of 300 fi rstly consulted patients (random sample) are presented. The group of young patients (19-44 years) included 40 people; middle age (45-59 years) - 62 people; elderly (60-74 years) - 100 people; senile age (75-90 years) - 98 people. The survey included the collection of complaints and anamnesis, ENT checkup, pure tone audiometry, impedancemetry, speech audiometry in headphones to detect the signs of Central Auditory Processing Disorder or in the free sound field to assess the effectiveness of hearing aids. It was found that for early diagnosis of hearing loss and prevention of age-related sensory-cognitive dysfunction, it is advisable to use not only the results of pure tone audiometry, but also the data of speech audiometry, as well as the analysis of subjective complaints. The results of the work indicate the need for hearing screening in the population over 60 years old.

What colour is the car? Implicit memory for colour information in children

2001 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 1069-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Mecklenbräuker ◽  
Almut Hupbach ◽  
Werner Wippich
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Perceptual Task ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Elementary School Age ◽  
Age Related

Three experiments were conducted to examine age-related differences in colour memory. In Experiment 1, preschool age and elementary school age children were given a conceptual test of implicit colour memory (a colour-choice task). They were presented with the names or achromatic versions of previously studied coloured line drawings and asked to select an appropriate colour. Significant priming could be demonstrated: The children chose the previously seen colours more often than was expected by chance. Equivalent priming was found for both versions (pictorial and verbal) suggesting that colour priming may be conceptually mediated. Moreover, colour priming proved to be age invariant. Experiment 2 replicated and extended this finding by using a wider age group (preschool, elementary school, and young adults) and by giving a perceptual implicit task (picture identification) in addition to a verbal colour-choice task. Colour did not affect priming in the perceptual task. Whereas priming showed no developmental change, age related improvements were observed on an explicit colour memory task that differed only in the test instructions from the implicit colour-choice task (Experiments 2 and 3). Taken together, the results suggest that implicit colour memory may be mediated by conceptual processes that are age invariant.

Abstract MP34: In Praise of Demanding Parenting: The Effects of Parenting Style and Poverty on Obesity Risk in Children: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Sample

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Kakinami ◽  
Tracie Barnett ◽  
Gilles Paradis
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Familial Influences

Background: One-quarter of children are already overweight or obese when they enter preschool, underscoring a critical need to improve our understanding of childhood determinants of health, including both sociodemographic (such as poverty) and social-familial influences (such as parenting style), as well as how these determinants may interact with one another. Objective: To examine the effects of parenting style on the risk of obesity in youth and determine if poverty is a mediator or moderator for this association. Methods: Participants (age 0-11) were from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY), a representative cross-sectional survey of youth collected bi-annually (1994-2008) throughout Canada. Factor analysis identified 4 parenting styles consistent with Baumrind’s theory of authoritative (demanding and responsive), authoritarian (demanding but not responsive), permissive (responsive but not demanding), and negligent (not demanding and not responsive) parenting control prototypes. Multivariable logistic regression assessed the risk of a child being obese (BMI percentile ≥ 97.7 th compared to age- and sex-specific WHO growth curves) based on parenting style after adjusting for age, sex, parental education, immigration status, family functioning score, birth order, and maternal age. Analyses were stratified by age (younger: 2-5 years of age, n=19,026; school-age: 6-11 years of age, n=18,551) due to age-related differences in parenting styles. Mediation or moderation by poverty (household income < low income cut-offs adjusted for household size and geographic region) was assessed. Analyses used sampling and bootstrap weights. Results: Younger children’s parents were primarily authoritative (42%, n=7357), followed by negligent (22%, n=3763), permissive (20%, n=3436), and authoritarian (16%, n=4470). Parenting styles in school-age children were similar (authoritative: 32%, n=7195, negligent: 31%, n=5586, permissive: 22%, n=3850, authoritarian: 15%, n=1920). In multivariable analyses, compared to authoritative parenting, younger and school-age children with authoritarian parents were 30% (95% CI: 1.1-1.5, p=0.0002) and 37% (CI: 1.1-1.7, p=0.006) more likely to be obese, respectively. In younger children, poverty moderated this association: authoritarian and negligent parenting was associated with 39% (CI: 1.2-1.6, p<0.0001) and 28% (CI: 1.1-1.5, p=0.002) increased risk of obesity, respectively, only among the children not living in poverty. In school-age children, poverty was not a mediator or moderator. Conclusions: Parenting style is associated with a child’s risk of obesity but is moderated by poverty in younger children. Successful strategies to combat childhood obesity need to reflect the independent and interactive effects of sociodemographic and social-familial influences on health especially in early childhood.

Age-related alterations of pituitary-thyroid function in normal female subjects and in female patients with simple goitre

1984 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Yamada ◽  
Motoji Naka ◽  
Ichiro Komiya ◽  
Kazuo Ichikawa ◽  
Toru Aizawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Serum Tsh ◽  
Female Subjects

Abstract. Age-related alterations in pituitary-thyroid function were studied in 173 female patients with simple goitre and in 70 normal female subjects. They were divided into 4 groups according to age: A group, less than 19 years; B group, 20 to 29 years; C group, 30 to 39 years; D group, 40 to 59 years. Serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations decreased progressively but insignificantly with age in female patients with simple goitre and in normal female subjects, whereas serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations remained constant throughout the studied age range. Only in female patients with simple goitre, did basal serum TSH concentrations show a tendency to increase with age. However, thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulated increase of serum TSH was progressively augmented with age both in female patients with simple goitre and in normal female subjects; the magnitude of change was greater in the former group. As reflected by acute increases of serum T3 and T4 concentrations, thyroidal responsiveness to endogenous TSH was progressively depressed with age in female patients with simple goitre and in normal female subjects. This age-related thyroidal refractoriness to TSH was more apparent when the changes were expressed as ΔT3(stimulated T3 – basal T3)/ΔTSH (maximum TSH after TRH – basal TSH), and ΔT4(stimulated T4 – basal T4)/ΔTSH. ΔT4/ΔTSH was lower in female patients with simple goitre than in normal female subjects in all age groups. However, the difference was significant only for ΔT4/ΔTSH in group A. Thyroidal responsiveness to exogenous TSH also gradually declined with age in female patients with simple goitre. Our data indicate 1) TRH-stimulated TSH secretion increases with age probably to overcome age-related thyroidal refractoriness to TSH and 2) although the thyroid of patients with simple goitre is slightly less responsive to TSH than that of normal subjects for all age groups, the difference was significant only for young patients.

Data from the Registry of the Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome of a Romanian Single Center. III Analysis of the Group under 50 Years Old.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 4601-4601
Author(s):  
Radu B. Gologan ◽  
Didona Vasilache ◽  
Daniela G. Georgescu
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Myelodysplastic Syndrome ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Prognostic Scores ◽  
Refractory Anemia ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Introduction. The myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is mostly observed in patients older than 65 years and therefore there are few reports refering to patients less than 50 years old. However, the interest for this group of MDS patients is increasing because: these patients are doing an active life and therefore the disease have higher socio-economic consequences, their comorbidities are much more rare, there are important ethnic differences in frequency between western and eastern countries, the age-related genetic instability could not be incriminated in the pathogenesis of their MDS, they are the main candidates for aggressive treatments (high doses chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation). Patients and methods. Sixty six cases with age under 50 years were extracted from the data-base of the MDS Registry of the Clinic of Hematology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania comprising 404 primary cases, collected between 1982 and 2004. The registration form, using the FAB classification, was kindly provided by MDS Foundation (USA)(Chairman Prof. J.M. Bennett). The parameters included in the analysis were: age at presentation, sex, place of residence, values of hemoglobin, neutrophil count, platelet count, percentage of bone marrow blasts, prognostic scores, duration until acute leukemia (AL) transformation. The frequency of different subtypes of MDS and the dynamics of the new cases during the analysed period were also determined. A comparison with the group of age above 60 years and with other similar reference studies was performed. Results. There were 66 (16,7%) cases from which 22 (62,6%) were under 40 and 19 (28.3%) under 30 years old, with a mean age of 34,7 years. A global predominance of the feminine gender and of the urban location with no geographic aggregation could be noticed. The mean values of hemoglobin, neutrophils and platelets were 7.6 g/dL, 2,500/μL and 142.000/μL, respectively. Patients with refractory anemia (RA) and refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (RARS) accounted for 46.7% of all cases (RA 34,8%, RARS 11,9%), refractory anemia with excess of blasts (RAEB) 20,8%, RAEB in transformation (RAEB-T) 13,4%, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia 4,4% and unclassified 13,4%. The annual number of new cases increased three times during the analysed period, the increase being not uniform, with a peak in 2000, and not homogeneous. The subtypes with the most important increase in time were RA and RAEB-T. The AL transformation could be registered in 25.7%, after a mean time of 5 months. Conclusions. This study indicates a higher proportion (16.7%) and a lower age (34.7) of young patients with MDS in Romania, considered almost in the middle among those reported for western and eastern countries. The tendancy of the annual frequency of the new cases indicated a three times increase. An urban predominant location, in contrast with that of the group above 60 years old, has been noticed. The female predominance appears as a characteristic feature of the patients with MDS from this group of age. The degree of anemia was obviously more severe than that reported in other studies.

Outcomes of immunotherapy in advanced melanoma in relation to age.

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (5_suppl) ◽  
pp. 187-187
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad Joshi ◽  
Dinesh Atwal ◽  
Rahul Ravilla ◽  
Jun Tao ◽  
Joseph Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metastatic Melanoma ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Time To Progression ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Potent Immune Response ◽  
Gender Type

187 Background: Older age is a risk feature in melanoma. Elderly are more likely to have immunosenescence, which could help melanoma cells escape immune surveillance. Hence, there is a belief that elderly people cannot mount a potent immune response to checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) to fully eliminate melanoma. The objective of the study was to investigate age-related differences in the time to progression (TTP), overall survival (OS), and immunotherapy related adverse events (irAEs) among patients with metastatic melanoma who received CPI. Methods: We retrospectively identified patients with stage IV melanoma who received at least 1 dose of ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, or combined ipilimumab and nivolumab. Demographics, pathologic, and clinical characteristics were obtained. Immune-related response criteria were utilized to define responses. Results: Sixty patients were included; 29 were less than 65 years old and 31 were 65 years or older. No significant differences, when adjusted for gender, type of melanoma and presence of brain metastasis, in TTP [HR 0.79; 95% CI (0.371.70); p = 0.46] and OS [Hazard ratio (HR) 0.75; 95% CI (0.31-1.82); P = 0.491] was observed between the < 65 and ≥65 year-old groups who received CPI for metastatic melanoma. Overall irAEs in two groups was comparable with 62% in the younger patients and 45% in the older patients (P = 0.19). Thirty responders had a median age of 66.9 (54.3-73.3 years old) and 30 non-responders had a median age of 62.7 (54-69.1 years old). Non-responders, regardless of age, were more likely to have BRAF mutated melanomas (53.3% vs. 27.6%; P = 0.04) and less likely to have irAEs (40% vs. 66.7%; P = 0.04) than responders. Conclusions: No difference in TTP, OS or irAEs was observed between the elderly and the young patients who received CPI for metastatic melanoma. In general, responders had higher irAEs and less BRAF mutated melanomas than non-responders.

The Development of Cognitive Abilities and Social Identities in Children: The Case of Ethnic Identity

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katheryn A. Ocampo ◽  
George P. Knight ◽  
Martha E. Bernal
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Developmental Theory ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Pride And Prejudice ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Empirical Demonstration

The literature on the development of social identities in children has largely adhered to a cognitive developmental framework. However, to date, there has been little or no direct empirical demonstration of cognitive developmental levels associated with age accounting for variations in the expression of social identities. The current study directly assessed this hypothesis within ethnic identity. Ethnic identity in school-age children was assessed with the components outlined by Bernal, Knight, Garza, Ocampo, and Cota (1990), whereas level of cognitive ability was measured with an adaptation of Piaget’s conservation and classification tasks. It was hypothesised that cognitive ability would account for age differences in the components of ethnic self-identification, ethnic constancy, and to a lesser extent, ethnic knowledge. The results demonstrated that level of cognitive ability did not account for the age differences in ethnic self-identification or ethnic constancy. However, they did account for differences in ethnic knowledge. It is possible that the age changes found in ethnic and other social identities may be caused by other age-related changes in development, such as changes in learning through socialisation. This would imply that other phenomena hypothesised to be caused by changes in cognitive ability, such as the development of in-group pride and prejudice in children, may be altered by changes in the way young children are socialised by familial and nonfamilial agents. Research on social identities may bene”t from a departure from cognitive developmental theory and from increased attention to other theories, such as socialisation theory, in understanding the development of ethnic identity and other social identities.

Plasma Noradrenaline Concentrations and Haemodynamics in the Early Stage of Essential Hypertension

1978 ◽  
Vol 55 (s4) ◽  
pp. 69s-71s ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Miura ◽  
K. Kobayashi ◽  
H. Sakuma ◽  
H. Tomioka ◽  
M. Adachi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Cardiac Index ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Total Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Plasma Noradrenaline ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Wide Range

1. Plasma noradrenaline concentrations and haemodynamic status were simultaneously studied in young patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension and in age-matched normal controls. 2. Resting plasma noradrenaline in the controls tended to increase slightly, but progressively, with age. The hypertensive subjects had significantly higher plasma noradrenaline concentrations than those in the controls, but these values did not show any age-related variation. The response of plasma noradrenaline to the standing position tended to increase with age in the controls, whereas plasma noradrenaline in the hypertensive subjects showed a wide range of responses without any fixed relationship with age. 3. The cardiac index was significantly greater in the labile hypertensive subjects than in the controls, whereas total peripheral resistance was significantly greater in the sustained hypertensive subjects than in the labile patients and in the controls. Mean arterial pressure in these patients was closely related with the values of total peripheral resistance rather than with the cardiac index. 4. Of the patients with raised plasma noradrenaline 80% showed significantly increased values of either total peripheral resistance or cardiac index. Plasma noradrenaline was correlated significantly to total peripheral resistance, and marginally to mean arterial pressure. 5. These findings support the view that sympathetic nervous overactivity is an important factor underlying the haemodynamic findings in these patients.

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