scholarly journals Analgesic and Antipyretic Activities of Ethyl Acetate Fraction Tablet of Andrographis paniculata in Animal Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Hilkatul Ilmi ◽  
Irfan Rayi Pamungkas ◽  
Lidya Tumewu ◽  
Achmad Fuad Hafid ◽  
Aty Widyawaruyanti
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Andrographis Paniculata ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Antipyretic Effect ◽  
Antipyretic Activity

Objectives. To determine the analgesic and antipyretic activities of a tablet derived from Andrographis paniculata ethyl acetate fraction (AS201-01) in animal models. Methods. The tablet derived from AS201-01 contains an equivalent of 35 mg andrographolide per tablet. Analgesic activity was determined using an acetic acid-induced writhing test on adult male mice. A writhe was recorded by a stopwatch and was defined as the stretching of the abdomen and/or stretching of at least one hind limb. For the determination of antipyretic activity, pyrexia was induced by subcutaneous injection of 15% w/v Brewer’s yeast into adult male rats. Rectal temperature was monitored at 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after treatment. Results. The results showed that the AS201-01 tablet had analgesic and antipyretic activity. In the acetic acid-induced writhing model, AS201-01 tablet exhibited significant analgesic effect with a 66.73% reduction in writhing response at a dose of 50 mg andrographolide/kg body weight compared to the negative control group. The tablet also showed a significant antipyretic effect. The maximum antipyretic effect was observed after the third hour of administration of the AS201-01 tablet at a dose of 100 mg andrographolide/kg body weight. Conclusion. Tablet of Andrographis paniculata ethyl acetate fraction (AS201-01) exhibited analgesic and antipyretic activities.

Dietary fat and adiposity: a dose-response relationship in adult male rats fed isocalorically

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (4) ◽  
pp. E546-E550 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. N. Boozer ◽  
G. Schoenbach ◽  
R. L. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Mesenteric Fat ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

This study examined the effects of increasing levels of dietary fat fed isocalorically on body weight, body composition, and adipose distribution. Adult male rats were weight matched into four groups. One group that was fed a low-fat diet (12%) served as reference controls. The other three groups were fed diets of 24, 36, or 48% fat in amounts to equal the energy intake of the control group. After 6 wk, body weights of the four groups were not significantly different. Intrascapular brown fat did not differ between groups. Total body fat and adipose depot weights, however, increased in proportion to the level of fat in the diet. Total body fat and retroperitoneal and mesenteric depot weights of the 48% fat group were greater than controls (P < 0.05). Mesenteric fat in this group was also significantly increased over all other groups (P < 0.05). These results show that high-fat diets fed to adult animals cause increased body fat in the absence of significant changes in body weight and that mesenteric fat is increased disproportionately.

The Role of Andrographolide in Andrographis paniculata as a Potential Analgesic for Herbal Medicine based Drug Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 6269-6274
Author(s):  
Lidya Tumewu ◽  
Irfan Rayi Pamungkas ◽  
Hilkatul Ilmi ◽  
Achmad Fuad Hafid ◽  
Indah Setyawati Tantular ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
Analgesic Activity ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Andrographis Paniculata

Background: Andrographis paniculata is a herbaceous plant in the Acanthaceae family, that is widely used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries and known to exhibit a wide range of pharmacological effects. Recent studies have provided an overview of the great potential of A. paniculata as an analgesic. The ethanol extract and ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of A.paniculata were shown to contain diterpene lactone compounds, which may be useful as a potential active ingredient in analgesic drugs. The development of a herbal medicine based drug requires an effective and high quality active ingredient. Therefore, this research was aimed to compare the analgesic activity of ethanol extract and EA fraction based on their andrographolide content and further to determine the more viable active substance for analgesic herbal medicine based drug development. Method: The andrographolide content in the ethanol extract and EA fraction was determined by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Measurement of analgesic activity was performed by writhing test. The experimental animals were randomly divided into eight groups consisting of 5 mice in each. Group 1 (negative control) received 1% Tween-80 in normal saline. Group 2 (positive control) received a standard analgesic drug (diclofenac sodium) at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight. Group 3, 4, and 5 received ethanol extract while Group 6, 7, and 8 received EA fraction, each at a dose of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg andrographolide/kg body weight, respectively. Each mouse was injected intraperitoneally with 1% acetic acid at a dose of 10 ml/kg body weight 30 minutes after oral administration of the treatments. The number of writhes were counted 5 min after acetic acid injection over a period of 45 min. Results: Andrographolide content in ethanol extract and EA fraction was 15.66±0.28 and 21.25±1.08 % w/w, respectively. Ethanol extract and EA fraction displayed analgesic activity of 67.68% and 70.91% respectively, at a dose of 50 mg andrographolide/kg body weight. The positive control at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight showed an analgesic activity of 74.33%. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between EA fraction at a dose of 50 mg andrographolide/kg body weight and ethanol extract at the same dose as well as the positive control (P> 0.05). The effective dose 50% (ED50) of the ethanol extract and EA fraction was determined to be 29.49 and 25.55 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Conclusion: It was possible to use andrographolide content as an indicator for the analgesic activity of A.paniculata. Ethanol extract and EA fraction of A. paniculata at the same dose of andrographolide showed similar analgesic activity. The amount of ethanol extract which needed to reach similar analgesic activity was higher than EA fraction. Therefore, EA fraction likely has greater potential as an analgesic active substance due to its higher content of andrographolide; however further study is needed to develop it as a dosage form.

Ethyl acetate fraction of Spathodea campanulata (Bignoniaceae) attenuates lead acetate induced testicular toxicity in male Wistar rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Glory Olubusayo Adesiyan ◽  
Temitope Olaoluwa Talabi ◽  
Oluwafemi Ezekiel Kale ◽  
Temitope Funmi Ogundare
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Lead Acetate ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Testicular Toxicity

Abstract Objectives The use of Spathodea campanulata in folklore medicine for the management of reproductive disorders has been poorly reported. We sought to investigate the protective potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of S. campanulata stem bark extract (EFSC) on lead acetate-induced (LA) testicular toxicity in male rats. Methods Animals during a 28 days treatment received dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 0.1%), LA (20 mg/kg), and EFSC (200 mg/kg). Others received EFSC only (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) or vitamin E (100 mg/kg) 1 h prior to LA (20 mg/kg) administration. Results LA administration decreased sperm counts and motility by 36.39 and 40.69% respectively in rats. Also, LA-untreated rats showed elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased total proteins in testis (260, 33%) and epididymis (62, 29%) respectively. However, EFSC (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) administrations improved sperm morphological characteristics as well as antioxidant status in LA-treated rats. EFSC (400 mg/kg) showed improved testis seminiferous tubules that were almost normal in the LA-treated rats. Further, EFSC contains a high 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester. Conclusions Overall, evidence by LA-induced testicular toxicity, EFSC provides chemopreventive roles via antioxidant mechanisms.

scholarly journals In vitro pituitary and testicular effects of the leptin-related synthetic peptide leptin(116-130) amide involve actions both similar to and distinct from those of the native leptin molecule in the adult rat

2000 ◽  
pp. 406-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Tena-Sempere ◽  
L Pinilla ◽  
LC Gonzalez ◽  
J Navarro ◽  
C Dieguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Gh Secretion ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Testosterone Secretion

The obese gene (ob) product, leptin, has recently emerged as a key element in body weight homeostasis, neuroendocrine function and fertility. Identification of biologically active, readily synthesized fragments of the leptin molecule has drawn considerable attention, as they may provide a powerful tool for detailed characterization of the biological actions of leptin in different experimental settings. Recently, a fragment of mouse leptin protein comprising amino acids 116-130, termed leptin(116-130) amide, was shown to mimic the effects of the native molecule in terms of body weight gain and food intake, and to elicit LH and prolactin (PRL) secretion in vivo. As a continuation of our previous experimental work, the present study reports on the effects of leptin(116-130) amide on basal and stimulated testosterone secretion by adult rat testis in vitro. In addition, a comparison of the effects of human recombinant leptin and leptin(116-130) amide at the pituitary level on the patterns of LH, FSH, PRL and GH secretion is presented. As reported previously by our group, human recombinant leptin(10(-9)-10(-7)M) significantly inhibited both basal and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)-stimulated testosterone secretion in vitro. Similarly, incubation of testicular tissue in the presence of increasing concentrations of leptin(116-130) amide (10(-9)-10(-5)M) resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of basal and hCG-stimulated testosterone secretion; a reduction that was significant from a dose of 10(-7)M upwards. In addition, leptin(116-130) amide, at all doses tested (10(-9)-10(-5)M), significantly decreased LH and FSH secretion by incubated hemi-pituitaries from adult male rats. In contrast, in the same experimental protocol, recombinant leptin(10(-9)-10(-7)M) was ineffective in modulating LH and FSH release. Finally, neither recombinant leptin nor leptin(116-130) amide were able to change basal PRL and GH secretion in vitro. Our results confirm the ability of leptin, acting at the testicular level, to inhibit testosterone secretion, and map the effect to a domain of the leptin molecule that lies between amino acid residues 116 and 130. In addition, we provide evidence for a direct inhibitory action of leptin(116-130) amide on pituitary LH and FSH secretion, a phenomenon not observed for the native leptin molecule, in the adult male rat.

Effects of Insulin, Metrazol, and Electroconvulsive Shocks upon Learning to Learn 30 Successive Reversal Problems by Rats

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 551-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loh Seng Tsai ◽  
Vernon J. Perez ◽  
Jefferson M. Koonce
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Learning To Learn ◽  
Successive Reversal ◽  
Insulin Group ◽  
Weight One ◽  
Better Than

To determine the relative effects of insulin, metrazol and electroconvulsive shocks upon learning to learn 30 successive reversal problems by rats, an enclosed square T-maze was used, with water as incentive after 23 hr. of deprivation. S had to achieve 9 correct out of 10 daily trials before a problem was reversed. 40 adult male rats were equally divided into a control and 3 differently shocked groups. Shocks were administered on 3 alternate days followed by 2 days of rest. Each time, Ss of the 4 groups received respectively 0.5 cc. of saline, 55 mg. of metrazol per kg. of body-weight, one unit of insulin per 20 gm. of body-weight, and an electric current of 50 ma. at 25 v for 150 msec. Convulsion in the insulin group was prevented by an injection of dextrose and potassium chloride. The control was significantly superior to the 3 shocked groups which were remarkably similar or practically identical in their performance during the initial 6 problems. Thereafter, both the non-convulsive (saline and insulin) groups did better than the 2 convulsive groups either in terms of error, day, or one-trial reversal score.

The effect of a single injection of estradiol benzoate on thyroid function in intact male rats

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Brown-Grant
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Dose Level ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Estradiol Benzoate ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Federation Proc

The changes observed in the metabolism of radioiodide and radiophosphorus by the thyroid gland of intact adult male rats following a single injection of estradiol benzoate (4 μg/100 g body weight) are consistent with the suggestion (F. Labrie, G. Pelletier, and C. Fortier. Federation Proc. 26, 484 (1967). Abstr.) that at this dose level estrogen causes a hypersecretion of TSH in such animals.

scholarly journals Different types of soluble fermentable dietary fibre decrease food intake, body weight gain and adiposity in young adult male rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare L Adam ◽  
Patricia A Williams ◽  
Matthew J Dalby ◽  
Karen Garden ◽  
Lynn M Thomson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Decrease Food Intake ◽  
Different Types

GONADOTROPHIN SUPPRESSION BY STEROIDS IN NORMAL, ADULT MALE RATS

1977 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 842-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Verjans ◽  
K. B. Eik-Nes
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
High Activity ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Steroid Treatment ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Serum Lh ◽  
Testosterone Metabolites

ABSTRACT Effects of subcutaneous administration of various doses of different steroids on serum levels of LH and FSH in normal, adult male rats were investigated. Each steroid was injected daily during 7 days in doses of 50, 25, 12.5 or 6.25 μg per 100 g body weight. Ring A 5α-reduced testosterone metabolites exerted high activity in suppressing serum LH and FSH levels. 5α-Androstane-3β,17β-diol had in the doses tested, however, no such effects on serum gonadotrophins. Serum LH concentrations in normal rats appeared more sensitive to steroid treatment than serum FSH concentrations.

Antinociceptive and Antiedematogenic Activities of Andrographolide Isolated From Andrographis paniculata in Animal Models

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Sulaiman ◽  
Z.A. Zakaria ◽  
A. Abdul Rahman ◽  
A.S. Mohamad ◽  
M.N. Desa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Andrographis Paniculata ◽  
Antinociceptive Activity ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Experimental Animals

The current study was performed to evaluate the antinociceptive and antiedematogenic properties of andrographolide isolated from the leaves of Andrographis paniculata using two animal models. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated using the acetic acid— induced writhing and the hot-plate tests, while antiedematogenic activity was measured using the carrageenan-induced paw edema test. Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of andrographolide (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg) did not affect the motor coordination of the experimental animals but produced significant (p < .05) antinociceptive activity when assessed using both tests. However, 2 mg/kg naloxone failed to affect the 25 mg/kg andrographolide activity in both tests, indicating that the activity was modulated via nonopioid mechanisms. Furthermore, andrographolide showed significant (p < .05) antiedematogenic activity. In conclusion, the results obtained suggest that andrographolide has antinociceptive and antiedematogenic activities; it may be useful for treating pain and inflammation once human studies are conducted.

scholarly journals DNA Barcode Authentication and Improvement of Andrographolide Yield in Andrographis paniculata Plant

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
B. A. Oseni ◽  
C. P. Azubuike ◽  
O. O. Okubanjo
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Andrographis Paniculata ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Medicinal Value ◽  
And Control

Background: Andrographolide, the major bioactive compound responsible for most pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial activity exhibited by the Andrographis paniculata plant is present in small quantities. In addition, the genus Andrographis has about 28 species most of which possess no medicinal value. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) barcode is utilized in species identification and plant authentication.Objectives: This study aimed at authenticating Andrographis paniculata using DNA barcodes and improving the yield of andrographolide via enzymatic treatment.Materials and Method: The DNA of Andrographis plant was obtained using the Qiagen kit. The psbA-trnH and rbcL DNA barcode regions were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Presence of amplified regions was confirmed using gel electrophoresis and the amplicons were sequenced. A blast N search was performed on the sequenced DNA. The constituents of A. paniculata dried leaves was extracted using methanol, followed by treatment with and without β glucosidase. The extract obtained was dried and partitioned using ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate fraction was concentrated and dissolved in methanol. Andrographolide content was determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results: The psbA-trnH and rbcL DNA regions were successfully amplified having 358 and 604 bp respectively. The DNA barcode sequences obtained were identical to the psbA-trnH (97%) and rbcL (99%) genes of A. paniculata voucher MICET P00101. The mean andrographolide yield was 9.4±0.11mg/g and 8.9±0.13mg/g dry weight for the treatment and control groups respectively; statistical analysis at p = 0.05 shows a significant difference.Conclusion: The Andrographis plant used in this study was confirmed to be Andrographis paniculata, enzymatic treatment increased andrographolide yield from the plant. Keywords: Andrographis paniculata, andrographolide, authentication, DNA barcodes, β-glucosidase.

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