Ethyl acetate fraction of Spathodea campanulata (Bignoniaceae) attenuates lead acetate induced testicular toxicity in male Wistar rats

Abstract Objectives The use of Spathodea campanulata in folklore medicine for the management of reproductive disorders has been poorly reported. We sought to investigate the protective potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of S. campanulata stem bark extract (EFSC) on lead acetate-induced (LA) testicular toxicity in male rats. Methods Animals during a 28 days treatment received dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 0.1%), LA (20 mg/kg), and EFSC (200 mg/kg). Others received EFSC only (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) or vitamin E (100 mg/kg) 1 h prior to LA (20 mg/kg) administration. Results LA administration decreased sperm counts and motility by 36.39 and 40.69% respectively in rats. Also, LA-untreated rats showed elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased total proteins in testis (260, 33%) and epididymis (62, 29%) respectively. However, EFSC (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) administrations improved sperm morphological characteristics as well as antioxidant status in LA-treated rats. EFSC (400 mg/kg) showed improved testis seminiferous tubules that were almost normal in the LA-treated rats. Further, EFSC contains a high 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester. Conclusions Overall, evidence by LA-induced testicular toxicity, EFSC provides chemopreventive roles via antioxidant mechanisms.

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Aqueous extract of Pedalium murex D. Royen ex L. leafy stem protects against lead induced testicular toxicity in Wistar rats

Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine ◽

10.1515/jcim-2021-0482 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Gerard Bessan Dossou-Agoin ◽

Adam Gbankoto ◽

Simon Azonbakin ◽

Razack Osseni ◽

Achille Yemoa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Lead Acetate ◽

Semen Quality ◽

Male Rats ◽

Seminiferous Tubules ◽

Testicular Toxicity ◽

Male Reproductive Function ◽

Stem Extract ◽

Pedalium Murex

Abstract Objectives Lead exposure seriously impairs male reproductive function. The protective capacity of Pedalium murex leafy stem and fruit aqueous extracts against lead testicular toxicity is evaluated to find herbals drugs able to improve semen quality. Methods Phytochemical screening were performed according to classical methods. Twenty four male rats were divided into four groups of six rats each and received the following treatments via oral route: distilled water; 0.2% lead acetate in drinking water; 0.2% lead acetate in drinking water with 400 mg/kg P. murex aqueous leafy stem extract; 0.2% leaded water with 400 mg/kg P. murex aqueous fruit extract. Treatments were administered for 70 days. Body and reproductive organs weights, sperm parameters and testicular histological sections of each group were examined. Results Flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, alkaloids, and lignans were found in both extracts. Lead intoxication reduced sperm motility and count but increased the percentage of morphologically abnormal sperms. The germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules histoarchitecture was disorganized by lead. The leafy stem extract was effective in reducing lead induced testicular disruption whereas fruit has not shown any beneficial effect. Conclusions P. murex leafy stem aqueous extract is effective against semen alterations caused by lead.

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PENENTUAN POTENSI EKSTRAK KULIT BATANG TUMBUHAN SIKKAM (Bischofia javanica Blume) SEBAGAI ANTIOKSIDAN DENGAN METODE DPPH DAN SITOTOKSIK DENGAN METODE BSLT

Alotrop ◽

10.33369/atp.v4i1.13715 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dapot Parulian Manurung ◽

Agus Sundaryono ◽

Hermansyah Amir

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Anticancer Agent ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Hexane Fraction ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Test Results ◽

Bischofia Javanica ◽

Ethanol Fraction

This study aims to determine the level of antioxidant activity of Sikkam bark extract (Bischofia javanica Blume) and its potential as an anticancer agent. This research was conducted in November 2018 - April 2019 in the Laboratory of Chemical Education Guidance and Counseling and Basic Science Laboratory, University of Bengkulu. The sample in this study was obtained from Gunung Mariah village in Simalungun district, North Sumatra. The method used in this study was extraction using maceration, liquid-liquid fractionation, phytochemical test, DPPH (Diphenylpicrylhiydrazyl) test and BSLT test (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test). Extraction maceration using ethanol 96%, fractionation using a solvent n-hexane and ethyl acetate, phytochemical tests using Mayer's reagent, Lieberman-Burchard, FeCl3 1% and H2SO4 2N, antioxidant test using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and cytotoxic tests using shrimp Artemia salina Leach larvae. The results of the study on maceration of 800 grams of Sikkam bark obtained a crude extract of 53.6 grams (6.7%). Fractionation from 10 grams of crude extract obtained 7.24 gram ethanol fraction (72.4%), ethyl acetate fraction 2.14 gram (21.4%) and n-Hexane fraction 0.39 gram (3.9%). Phytochemical test results obtained the content of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and terpenoids with the highest yield on tannin compounds. The antioxidant activity test results obtained IC50 values in crude extracts of 20.94 ppm, ethanol fraction 36.29 ppm, ethyl acetate fraction 83.28 ppm and n-Hexane fraction 39.13 ppm which showed that crude extract, ethanol fraction, n-Hexane fraction were categorized as very strong antioxidants and Ethyl acetate fraction is categorized as a strong antioxidant. The cytotoxic test results using crude extract obtained an LC50 value of 54,827 ppm which showed that Sikkam bark extract was toxic so that it was potential as an anticancer agent.

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Effect of Thymus vulgaris leaf extract on cadmium-induced testicular toxicity in rats

Bulletin of the National Research Centre ◽

10.1186/s42269-021-00583-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Remigius Ibe Onoja ◽

Chinwe Uzoma Chukwudi ◽

Emmanuel Uchechukwu Ugwueze ◽

Davinson Chuka Anyogu ◽

Wilson Obidah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Extract ◽

Sperm Count ◽

Treated Group ◽

Male Rats ◽

Seminiferous Tubules ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Testicular Toxicity ◽

Histological Changes ◽

Ameliorative Effect ◽

Testicular Injury

Abstract Background Cadmium (Cd) is a known metallohormone which mimics the action of steroid hormones with adverse effect on testicular function. It is highly toxic and a prevalent environmental contaminant with no conventional antidote. This study investigates the possible ameliorative effects of Thymus vulgaris extract on testicular toxicity induced by Cd in male rats. Results The testicular and epididymal weights, serum concentration of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower in the cadmium-treated group compared to the control. Necrosis of germ cells of the seminiferous tubules was observed in the testicular tissues of the cadmium-treated group. Administration of extract showed mild but non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) protective effect on the cadmium-induced decrease in sex hormones and sperm count as well as oxidative stress and histological changes. Conclusion Thymus vulgaris leaf extract had weak ameliorative effect on cadmium-induced testicular injury in rats but with promising antioxidant activity.

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Antioxidant Potential of Crude Methanol Leaf extract and Fraction of Mallotus oppositifolius

Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research ◽

10.9734/jocamr/2021/v16i430306 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 168-184

Author(s):

Ifeanyi Peter Onyeka ◽

Felix Ahamefule Onyegbule ◽

Christopher Obodike Ezugwu ◽

Chibueze Jeremiah Ike ◽

Chidalu B. Ikeotuonye

Keyword(s):

Methyl Ester ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Antioxidant Potential ◽

Acid Methyl

Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) Mull. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) is a predominant edible shrub in Nigeria. It is locally used for treatment of common infections and wounds. This study evaluated the toxicity and antioxidant potential of the crude extract and fractions of M. oppositifolius using invitro 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The result showed abundance of flavonoids (28.21), tannins (17.72), alkaloids (7.79) and Saponins (0.23) in the crude extract of M. oppositifolius leaf extract. Also, the result showed that the LD50 is above 5000 mg/kg, therefore the crude extract is safe for consumption. The result further showed that the ethyl-acetate and butanol had significant (p<0.05) antioxidant activity when compared with the control at 125, 62.5 and 31.125 µg/ml respectively while at 250 and 500 µg/ml there was no significant different in the level of reduction of oxidation between the butanol and ethyl acetate when compared with the control. The result further showed that the butanol and ethyl-acetate fraction of M. oppositifolius had the best antioxidant potential among the fractions studied. The result of GCMS studies of ethyl-acetate fraction showed the presence of 7,10,13-eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester, korormicin, agosterol, phyllanthin, ricinoic acid, 2,4,6-decatrienoic acid 1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a-octahydro-5,5a-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1,7,9, limonin, com-pounds that have shown to possess strong antioxidant activities. Also, the GCMS result of butanol fraction showed the presence of seven compounds which include: ferulylhistamine, hippeastrine, 10,13-eicosadienoic acid methyl ester, ethyl 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoate, 6-hydroxy-powelline-N-nitroso-7-demethoxy-aldehyde, 6,7-epoxypregn-4-ene-9,11,18-triol-3,20-dione 11,18-diacetate and 5Alpha-androstane-3,17-dione 17-monooxime, compounds which may serve as a new lead for the treatment of diseases associated with the oxidative stress.

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Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Lannea microcarpa Engl. and K. Krause (Anacardiaceae) Trunk Barks Corrects Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension and Endothelial Dysfunction in Mice

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2019/9464608 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Mathieu Nitiéma ◽

Raffaella Soleti ◽

Camille Koffi ◽

Lazare Belemnaba ◽

Patricia Mallegol ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Vascular Function ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Ang Ii ◽

Induced Hypertension ◽

Cox 2

Traditional remedies prepared from Lannea microcarpa leaves, barks, roots, and fruits are used to treat many diseases including hypertension. This study investigated whether oral administration of the ethyl acetate fraction of Lannea microcarpa trunk barks (LMAE) corrects angiotensin (Ang) II-induced hypertension in mice. Its effects on vascular function were specifically investigated. Experiments explored hemodynamic and echocardiographic parameters in vivo and vascular reactivity to acetylcholine (ACh) and CaCl2ex vivo on isolated aortas. Mice received LMAE for 3 weeks (50 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage. In the last two weeks of treatment, mice were implanted with osmotic minipumps delivering NaCl (0.9%) or Ang II (0.5 mg/kg/day). LMAE completely prevented the increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure induced by Ang II. Echocardiographic and kidney parameters were not affected by the different conditions. LMAE abrogated Ang II-induced impairment of ACh-induced relaxation without affecting that of sodium nitroprusside. LMAE also completely prevented CaCl2-induced contraction in KCl-exposed aorta ex vivo. The extract alone did not modify superoxide (O2-) and nitric oxide (NO⋅) production in femoral arteries from control mice but significantly limited Ang II-induced O2- production. These effects were associated with reduced expression of inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 2 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase isoform NOX-2 in aortas. Finally, phytochemical analysis showed that LMAE contains sterols, triterpenes, coumarins, and anthraquinone. These results showed that LMAE prevents Ang II-induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction through a reduction of oxidative stress linked to COX-2 and NOX-2 pathway and inhibition of calcium entry. This study provides pharmacological basis of the empirical use of Lannea microcarpa trunk bark extract against hypertension.

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Cichorium intybus L. extract ameliorates testicular oxidative stress induced by lead acetate in male rats

Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine ◽

10.5653/cerm.2019.03496 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 161-167

Author(s):

Mehran Dorostghoal ◽

Seyyed Mansour Seyyednejad ◽

Marzieh Noroozi Tabrizi Nejad

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Lead Acetate ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Cichorium Intybus ◽

Male Reproduction ◽

Male Rats ◽

Serum Testosterone Level ◽

Seminiferous Tubules ◽

Testis Weight

Objective: Oxidative stress has been suggested as a possible mechanism for the adverse effects of heavy metal toxicity on male reproduction. Cichorium intybus L. is used in Iranian folk medicine as a hepatoprotective agent as well as for its supposed fertility-enhancing properties. The present study was performed to investigate whether the ethanolic extract of C. intybus leaves could protect male rats against lead-induced testicular oxidative stress.Methods: In this experimental study, adult Wistar rats were treated with 0.1% lead acetate in drinking water alone or with 50, 100, or 200 mg/ kg body weight of C. intybus extract via gavage once daily for 70 days. The weight of their reproductive organs, levels of serum hormones, histometric parameters of the seminiferous tubules, epidydimal sperm quality, and oxidative stress status were evaluated.Results: The testis weight, seminiferous tubule diameter, epididymal sperm count, serum testosterone level, and testicular levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly reduced (p<0.05) in the lead-treated rats. Moreover, significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of malondialdehyde were observed in the lead-exposed group compared to the control. However, the co-administration of C. intybus ethanolic extract in lead-treated rats was associated with a significant improvement in reproductive parameters.Conclusion: We conclude that C. intybus leaf extract has the potential to prevent lead-induced testicular toxicity and to suppress the adverse effects of lead on male reproductive health.

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The effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves on neutrophil and MDA levels in the improvement of liver dysfunction in male rats with sepsis model

Bali Medical Journal ◽

10.15562/bmj.v9i3.1850 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 721

Author(s):

Riswanto Riswanto ◽

Tatar Sumandjar ◽

Dhani Redhono ◽

Robby Kurniawan ◽

Arief Rahman

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Liver Dysfunction ◽

Moringa Oleifera ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Male Rats ◽

Sepsis Model ◽

Moringa Oleifera Leaves

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Determination of Phenolics and Flavonoids of Some Useful Medicinal Plants and Bioassay-Guided Fractionation Substances of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hochst Stem (Bark) Extract and Their Efficacy Against Salmonella typhi

Frontiers in Chemistry ◽

10.3389/fchem.2021.670530 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Salihu Abdallah ◽

Muskhazli Mustafa ◽

Meenakshii A/P. Nallappan ◽

Sangho Choi ◽

Jin-Hyub Paik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Sclerocarya Birrea ◽

Bioassay Guided Fractionation ◽

Stem Bark Extract ◽

Phenolic And Flavonoid

Gallic acid and catechin are the most abundant phenolic and flavonoid contents found in all plant extracts. The contents and the bioassay-guided fractionating substances of the Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hochst (Anacardiaceae) fraction played vital roles. The goals of the study were to determine the contents of some useful medicinal plants and the bioassay-guided fractionation substances of S. birrea fraction compounds capable of acting against Salmonella isolate using LC-MS/LC-HRMS (Dionex ultimate 3000 RS UPLC with Thermo Scientific Q Exactive Orbitrap Hybrid Tandem Mass Spectrometer). The Folin–Ciocalteu reagent procedure and flavonoid content determination were conducted spectrophotometrically. Bioassay-guided fractionation, chronological partitioning, and screening of the antibacterial action against Salmonella typhi were performed. The ethyl acetate fraction extracts of S. birrea stem (bark) extract were analyzed using LC-MS/LC-HRMS. The gallic acid content increased tremendously in Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter and Mabb (Fabaceae) pod extracts with curve fitting (R2 = 0.9958). Catechin content increase was significantly increased in S. birrea stem (bark) extracts followed by that of V. nilotica pod extracts with curve fitting (R2 = 0.9993); they were all significantly different in the Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel. and the Leptadenia lanceolata (Poir.) Goyder leaves extracts at p value <0.0001. Subsequently, 10 mg/ml of S. birrea stem (bark) ethyl acetate fraction extract was the MIC, where no MBC was recorded and susceptible to the positive control with the highest inhibition zone, followed by the ethyl acetate fraction extract at 10 mg/ml (9.7 ± 0.0) at Turkey’s p < 0.0001. Vidarabine is one of the novel compounds, specifically having antimicrobial actions, found in the S. birrea stem (bark). Reasonable amounts of phenolic and flavonoid contents determined the actions of the individual plant extract.

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THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF RHIZOPHORA APICULATA BARK EXTRACT AGAINST TESTICULAR DAMAGE INDUCED BY CIGARETTE SMOKE IN MALE RATS

Acta Biochimica Indonesiana ◽

10.32889/actabioina.v2i1.34 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 23-31

Author(s):

Syazili Mustofa ◽

Fauziah Hanif

Keyword(s):

Protective Effect ◽

Cigarette Smoke ◽

Male Rats ◽

Cigarette Smoke Exposure ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Seminiferous Tubules ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Rhizophora Apiculata ◽

One Way Anova

Background: The mangrove bark extract (Rhizophora apiculata) is known to have the ability to inhibit the formation of free radicals, act as antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory. Objective: This study was attempted to investigate the potency of Rhizophora apiculata bark extracts as an antioxidant to protect rat testes from the damage due to cigarette smoke exposure. Methods: An experimental study using a posttest-only control group design was employed. Samples consisted of 25 male rats divided into 5 groups, namely K (-) not treated, K (+) exposed to cigarette smoke without the administration of mangrove bark extract, groups P1, P2, and P3 were exposed to cigarette smoke and each group received a dose of Rhizophora apiculata bark extracts every day for 30 days. Furthermore, P1 obtained 28.275 mg/KgBW, P2 was about 56.55 mg/kgBW, and P3 got 113.10 mg/kgBW.Results: Analysis using One Way ANOVA showed that there were significant effects of administration of extracts on the average number of primary spermatocytes and the thickness of the seminiferous tubules in the rats that have been exposed to cigarette smoke when compared to controls. The dose of extract that has the best effect was 113.10 mg/kgBW.Conclusion: Rhizophora apiculata bark extract is indicated to have a protective effect that can prevent damage in rats testes exposed to cigarette smoke.

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