Effect of Coupling Agent on Softwood Kraft Nanocellulose Fibril-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Biocomposite

The nanocellulose fibril produced by using natural sources can be used in developing sustainable and green products. The useful features of nanocellulose fibril can include valuable physical properties, appropriate surface chemistry, low toxicity, and biocompatibility. The study presented shows the use of polylactic acid with five different percentages of nanocellulose fibril and the use of 3% maleic anhydride as a coupling agent. The maleic anhydride acts as coupling agent which improves the thermochemical and thermomechanical characteristics of the end product. The addition of 3% maleic anhydride as coupling agent with 10% nanocellulose fibril improved the impact strength up to 14.3%, elastic modulus up to 40.6%, and tensile strength up to 30.1%. Furthermore, the dynamic mechanical analysis result indicates that the inclusion of maleic anhydride improved the toughness by reducing the tan δ peak and increases the storage modulus. Finally, the scanning electron micrograph shows that the interfacial compatibility between nanocellulose fibril and polylactic acid matrix is improved with the addition of maleic anhydride.

Download Full-text

Effect of maleic anhydride grafted polylactic acid concentration on mechanical and thermal properties of thermoplasticized starch filled polylactic acid blends

Polymers and Polymer Composites ◽

10.1177/09673911211004194 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 096739112110041

Author(s):

Shakti Chauhan ◽

N Raghu ◽

Anand Raj

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Thermal Properties ◽

Maleic Anhydride ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Coupling Agent ◽

Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Mechanical Analysis ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽

Gravimetric Analysis

Polylactic acid (PLA) is blended with native starch or thermo plasticized starch (TPS) for preparing biodegradable composites. However, poor compatibility of PLA with starch results in the composites with inferior mechanical properties. This study examines the effect of Maleic Anhydride-Grafted-PLA (GMAPLA) coupling agent and its concentration on the extent of improvements in mechanical and thermal properties of PLA –TPS blends. Maleic anhydride was grafted on PLA in Haake torque rheometer, characterized and used as the coupling agent. PLA/TPS (wt/wt) blends (70/30 and 50/50) were prepared by twin screw extrusion. GMAPLA at three different levels 5%, 10% and 15% (wt%) with respect to PLA content was taken to study its effect on mechanical properties of blends. Presence of GMAPLA significantly improved the mechanical properties (tensile, flexural and impact strength) of TPS/PLA blends. Among the three concentrations, 10% GMAPLA in the blend was found to give the maximum improvement in strength properties. Dynamic mechanical analysis and thermo-gravimetric analysis indicated no significant effect of GMAPLA content on transition temperatures and thermal degradation behavior of the blends.

Download Full-text

Mechanical Properties of Green Recycled Polypropylene Composites: Effect of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polypropylene (MAPP) Coupling Agent

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.812.187 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 812 ◽

pp. 187-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nur Izzati Zulkifli ◽

Noorasikin Samat

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Maleic Anhydride ◽

Coupling Agent ◽

Filler Content ◽

Mechanical Analysis ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Appreciable Change ◽

Polypropylene Composites ◽

Recycled Polypropylene ◽

Tensile Impact

Recycled polypropylene/microcrystalline cellulose (rPP/MCC) composites were prepared by adding different loadings of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) coupling agent. The tensile, impact and morphological properties of the composites were investigated. The obtained results show that the tensile and impact strengths of the composites were significantly enhanced with the addition of MAPP loading from 2 to 5 wt%, as compared with unfilled rPP/MCC composites. However, it was found that at low filler content, different amounts of MAPP resulted in no appreciable change in the tensile strength and modulus. Moreover, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results indicated that, increasing the amount of MAPP loading from 2 to 5 wt% in rPP/MCC provide better stiffness of the composite compared to those neat rPP and neat PP. Field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM) has shown that the composite, with MAPP loading, promotes better fibermatrix interaction.

Download Full-text

Research on Maleic Anhydride Improving the Interfacial Compatibility of PLLA and OMMT by Grafting Method

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.262.567 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 262 ◽

pp. 567-571 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rui Xia Duan ◽

Kai Guo ◽

Ying Ning He ◽

Jin Zhou Chen ◽

Ming Jun Niu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Maleic Anhydride ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Material Properties ◽

Reactive Extrusion ◽

Dicumyl Peroxide ◽

Melt Flow ◽

Melt Flow Rate ◽

Modified Montmorillonite ◽

Interfacial Compatibility

Polylactic acid as a biodegradable polymer shows relative high rigidity, but it is brittle and has poor heat resistance, which greatly limits its application. The goal of this experiment is to prepare polylactic acid/organic modified montmorillonite nanocomposite by melting, and to enhance the material properties by improving the interfacial compatibility. First PLLA-g-MAH is prepared through reactive extrusion under initiator dicumyl peroxide, then PLLA /PLLA-g-MAH/OMMT nanocomposite is prepared by melt extrusion. Grafted rate was determined by infrared spectroscopy and chemical titration, and it get to peak when the content of maleic anhydride is 2 wt %. Melt flow rate indicates the nanocomposite has better melt flow and better workability than pure PLA. Mechanical properties of the nanocomposite are best when the content of grafting is 3 wt %. DSC shows that melting temperature and crystallinity of PLLA first increase and then decrease along with the increase of the PLLA-g-MAH, and both of them come to the top when PLLA-g-MAH is 3 wt %.

Download Full-text

Effects of Different Pretreatments of Wood Fiber on Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Composite

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.1438 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 150-151 ◽

pp. 1438-1443

Author(s):

Yi Qiang Wu ◽

Zhi Yong Qin ◽

Yan Qing ◽

Xin Gong Li

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Stearic Acid ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Coupling Agent ◽

Composite System ◽

Alkali Treatment ◽

Wood Fiber ◽

Biodegradable Composite ◽

The Impact ◽

Agent Treatment

Biodegradable composites of polylactic acid reinforced with wood fiber were fabricated by using twin screw extruder followed by the injection molding machine. The effects of different pretreatments of wood on mechanical properties of the biodegradable composite were discussed. The nature of composites were also examined through scanning electron microscope and Infrared Spectrum Analysis, the results reveal that both acid and stearic acid could be used as effective surface modifier for wood fiber/polylactic acid system, the composite system by adding Benzoic acid, the tensile strength has improved greatly, and about stearic acid composite system, the impact strength has improved significantly; After alkali treatment, coupling agent treatment and combination of alkali treatment and coupling agent treatment, and the use of alkali treatment and the coupling agent treatment is the best, follow by alkali treatment.

Download Full-text

Effect of Coupling Agent on Mechanical Properties of Composite from Microcrystalline Cellulose and Recycled Polypropylene

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.390 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 576 ◽

pp. 390-393 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. Awanis ◽

S. Anis Sofia ◽

Noorasikin Samat

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Maleic Anhydride ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Flexural Strength ◽

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Coupling Agent ◽

Impact Test ◽

Flexural Test ◽

Recycled Polypropylene ◽

The Impact

This study shows the effect of using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) and maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as coupling agent on composite of RPP/MCC fiber. The compositions of MCC were varied from 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 wt%. The compounded samples were prepared into test specimens by using injection moulding. The RPP/MCC composites with and without the coupling agent were characterized through mechanical testing of flexural and impact test. The incorporation of the modified MCC was found to increase the modulus and flexural strength. The flexural test indicates that the addition of 4 wt% MCC-APS and 8 wt% MCC-MAPP significantly increased the flexural strength of the RPP composite compared to the unmodified MCC. The impact test shows higher impact strength at 4 wt% of RPP/MCC-APS and 2 wt% of RPP/MCC-MAPP, respectively.

Download Full-text

Morphology and Mechanical Analysis of Polylactic Acid (PLA)/Core Shell Impact Modifier Blends

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.694.54 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 694 ◽

pp. 54-57

Author(s):

B. Adibah ◽

Mat Taib Razaina

Keyword(s):

Polylactic Acid ◽

Mechanical Analysis ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Core Shell ◽

Molding Machine ◽

Screw Extruder ◽

Single Screw Extruder ◽

Partially Miscible ◽

Impact Modifier ◽

The Impact

Polymer blend system of polylactic acid (PLA) and core shell as the impact modifier was studied. PLA was melt-blended with different amount of core shell impact modifier (0 to 30 wt.%). The PLA/core shell impact modifier was prepared by single screw extruder and injection molding machine into the required specimens. Morphological properties of the blends were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs revealed that the addition of core shell impact modifier showed a coarser dispersed phase of voids. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) tests confirmed that PLA/core shell impact modifier blends were partially miscible.

Download Full-text

Polyoxymethylene/thermoplastic polyamide elastomer blends: Morphology, crystallization, mechanical, and antistatic properties

High Performance Polymers ◽

10.1177/09540083211009284 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095400832110092

Author(s):

Wei Fang ◽

Xiaodong Fan ◽

Ruilong Li ◽

Lin Hu ◽

Tao Zhou

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Electrical Properties ◽

Maleic Anhydride ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Mechanical Analysis ◽

Surface Resistivity ◽

Antistatic Effect ◽

The Impact ◽

Butadiene Styrene

Polyoxymethylene/thermoplastic polyamide elastomer (POM/TPAE) blends were prepared through melt extrusion in an attempt to improve the toughness and electrical properties of POM. The TPAE used in the study had the permanent antistatic effect, and its brand was MV2080. Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer grafted maleic anhydride (ABS-g-MAH) was added while preparing the POM/TPAE blends to improve the compatibility between TPAE and POM. The effects of TPAE and ABS-g-MAH on the morphologies, melting crystallization, dynamic mechanical analysis, surface resistivity and mechanical properties were examined in detail with various techniques. It was found that after adding 15 phr MV2080 as the modifier, the distribution of MV2080 in the blends was presented as many continuous long strips, which can be called “antistatic networks.” When using ABS-g-MAH as a compatibilizer, the surface resistivity of the samples 5#, 6#, and 7# which all containing 15 phr MV2080 with the best antistatic properties reached 107 Ω, and the impact strength of the above samples was all increased by more than 66%.

Download Full-text

Toughening Modification of Polylactic Acid by Thermoplastic Silicone Polyurethane Elastomer

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13121953 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 1953

Author(s):

Mingtao Sun ◽

Shuang Huang ◽

Muhuo Yu ◽

Keqing Han

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Mechanical Analysis ◽

Melt Blending ◽

Pseudoplastic Fluid ◽

Obvious Effect ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Thermodynamic Compatibility ◽

The Poor ◽

The Impact

The melt blending of polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic silicone polyurethane (TPSiU) elastomer was performed to toughen PLA. The molecular structure, crystallization, thermal properties, compatibility, mechanical properties and rheological properties of the PLA/TPSiU blends of different mass ratios (100/0, 95/5, 90/10, 85/15 and 80/20) were investigated. The results showed that TPSiU was effectively blended into PLA, but no chemical reaction occurred. The addition of TPSiU had no obvious effect on the glass transition temperature and melting temperature of PLA, but slightly reduced the crystallinity of PLA. The morphology and dynamic mechanical analysis results demonstrated the poor thermodynamic compatibility between PLA and TPSiU. Rheological behavior studies showed that PLA/TPSiU melt was typically pseudoplastic fluid. As the content of TPSiU increased, the apparent viscosity of PLA/TPSiU blends showed a trend of rising first and then falling. The addition of TPSiU had a significant effect on the mechanical properties of PLA/TPSiU blends. When the content of TPSiU was 15 wt%, the elongation at break of the PLA/TPSiU blend reached 22.3% (5.0 times that of pure PLA), and the impact strength reached 19.3 kJ/m2 (4.9 times that of pure PLA), suggesting the favorable toughening effect.

Download Full-text

Polylactic acid/carbon fiber composites: Effects of polylactic acid-g-maleic anhydride on mechanical properties, thermal behavior, surface compatibility, and electrical characteristics

Journal of Composite Materials ◽

10.1177/0021998317708020 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

pp. 405-416 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yi-Jun Pan ◽

Zheng-Ian Lin ◽

Ching-Wen Lou ◽

Chien-Lin Huang ◽

Mong-Chuan Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Carbon Fiber ◽

Maleic Anhydride ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Electromagnetic Interference ◽

Reactive Extrusion ◽

Fiber Composites ◽

Carbon Fiber Composites ◽

Shielding Effectiveness ◽

Interfacial Compatibility

This study uses a reactive extrusion for the grafting of maleic anhydride on polylactic acid in order to form polylactic acid grafted maleic anhydride that serves as a compatibilizer between polylactic acid and carbon fiber. The effects of different ratios of the free radical initiator to maleic anhydride as well as the amounts of polylactic acid grafted maleic anhydride on the mechanical properties, interfacial compatibility, thermal behaviors, and electrical properties of the polylactic acid/carbon fiber composites are discussed. The test results indicate that using polylactic acid grafted maleic anhydride as compatibilizer improves the interfacial compatibility of polylactic acid/carbon fiber composites, which in turn contributes to a high electrical conductivity and the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness, while decreasing the surface resistance and increases. In addition, the amount of polylactic acid grafted maleic anhydride has a positive influence on their tensile properties, flexural strength, and impact strength. The differential scanning calorimetry results indicate that a high polylactic acid grafted maleic anhydride content is also conducive to crystallinity, but is not in related to the melting temperature. According to the scanning electronic microscope observation, the fractured composites that are inflicted by an impact have considerably few traces of the fibers being pulled out, which is ascribed to polylactic acid that can completely enwrap carbon fiber. Therefore, the incorporation of polylactic acid grafted maleic anhydride is proven to strengthen polylactic acid/carbon fiber composites, exemplified by their improved interfacial compatibility and properties.

Download Full-text