Breast Milk Antibodies to Foods in Relation to Maternal Diet, Maternal Atopy and the Development of Atopic Disease in the Baby

Objective: The objective of this research is to demonstrate the release of SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) antibodies in human milk samples obtained by patients who have been vaccinated with mRNABNT162b2 vaccine. Methods: Milk and serum samples were collected in 10 volunteers 20 days after the first dose and 7 seven days after the second dose of the mRNABNT162b2 vaccine. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies were measured by the Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S ECLIA assay (Roche Diagnostics AG, Rotkreuz, Switzerland), a quantitative electrochemiluminescence immunometric method. Results: At first sample, anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies were detected in all serum samples (103.9 ± 54.9 U/mL) and only in two (40%) milk samples with a low concentration (1.2 ± 0.3 U/mL). At the second sample, collected 7 days after the second dose, anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies were detected in all serum samples (3875.7 ± 3504.6 UI/mL) and in all milk samples (41.5 ± 47.5 UI/mL). No correlation was found between the level of serum and milk antibodies; the milk antibodies/serum antibodies ratio was on average 2% (range: 0.2–8.4%). Conclusion: We demonstrated a release of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies in the breast milk of women vaccinated with mRNABNT162b2. Vaccinating breastfeeding women could be a strategy to protect their infants from COVID-19 infection.

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The Triad Mother-Breast Milk-Infant as Predictor of Future Health: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13020486 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 486 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elvira Verduci ◽

Maria Lorella Giannì ◽

Giulia Vizzari ◽

Sara Vizzuso ◽

Jacopo Cerasani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Outcome ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Future Health ◽

Interconnected System ◽

Offspring Health ◽

Diet And Lifestyle

The benefits of human milk for both mother and infant are widely acknowledged. Human milk could represent a link between maternal and offspring health. The triad mother-breast milk-infant is an interconnected system in which maternal diet and lifestyle might have effects on infant’s health outcome. This link could be in part explained by epigenetics, even if the underlining mechanisms have not been fully clarified yet. The aim of this paper is to update the association between maternal diet and human milk, pointing out how maternal diet and lifestyle could be associated with breast-milk composition, hence with offspring’s health outcome.

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The role of gut-associated lymphoid tissues and mucosal defence

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn20041356 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 93 (S1) ◽

pp. S41-S48 ◽

Cited By ~ 169

Author(s):

Maria Luisa Forchielli ◽

W. Allan Walker

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Gastrointestinal Disease ◽

Bacterial Colonization ◽

Adaptive Immune Response ◽

Atopic Disease ◽

Mucosal Immune System ◽

Bacterial Invasion ◽

Lymphoid Tissues ◽

Protective Function

The newborn infant leaves a germ-free intrauterine environment to enter a contaminated extrauterine world and must have adequate intestinal defences to prevent the expression of clinical gastrointestinal disease states. Although the intestinal mucosal immune system is fully developed after a full-term birth, the actual protective function of the gut requires the microbial stimulation of initial bacterial colonization. Breast milk contains prebiotic oligosaccharides, like inulin-type fructans, which are not digested in the small intestine but enter the colon as intact large carbohydrates that are then fermented by the resident bacteria to produce SCFA. The nature of this fermentation and the consequent pH of the intestinal contents dictate proliferation of specific resident bacteria. For example, breast milk-fed infants with prebiotics present in breast milk produce an increased proliferation of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli (probiotics), whereas formula-fed infants produce more enterococci and enterobacteria. Probiotics, stimulated by prebiotic fermentation, are important to the development and sustainment of intestinal defences. For example, probiotics can stimulate the synthesis and secretion of polymeric IgA, the antibody that coats and protects mucosal surfaces against harmful bacterial invasion. In addition, appropriate colonization with probiotics helps to produce a balanced T helper cell response (Th1 = Th2 = Th3/Tr1) and prevent an imbalance (Th1 > Th2 or Th2 > Th1) contributing in part to clinical disease (Th2 imbalance contributes to atopic disease and Th1 imbalance contributes to Crohn's disease andHelicobacter pylori-induced gastritis). Furthermore, a series of pattern recognition receptors, toll-like receptors on gut lymphoid and epithelial cells that interact with bacterial molecular patterns (e.g. endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), flagellin, etc.), help modulate intestinal innate immunity and an appropriate adaptive immune response. Animal and clinical studies have shown that inulin-type fructans will stimulate an increase in probiotics (commensal bacteria) and these bacteria have been shown to modulate the development and persistence of appropriate mucosal immune responses. However, additional studies are needed to show that prebiotics can directly or indirectly stimulate intestinal host defences. If this can be demonstrated, then prebiotics can be used as a dietary supplement to stimulate a balanced and an appropriately effective mucosal immune system in newborns and infants.

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Maternal Intake of Cow’s Milk during Lactation Is Associated with Lower Prevalence of Food Allergy in Offspring

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12123680 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 3680

Author(s):

Mia Stråvik ◽

Malin Barman ◽

Bill Hesselmar ◽

Anna Sandin ◽

Agnes E. Wold ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Allergy ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Maternal Blood ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Lower Prevalence ◽

Food Frequency ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Pregnancy And Lactation

Maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation may affect the propensity of the child to develop an allergy. The aim was to assess and compare the dietary intake of pregnant and lactating women, validate it with biomarkers, and to relate these data to physician-diagnosed allergy in the offspring at 12 months of age. Maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation was assessed by repeated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires in a prospective Swedish birth cohort (n = 508). Fatty acid proportions were measured in maternal breast milk and erythrocytes. Allergy was diagnosed at 12 months of age by a pediatrician specialized in allergy. An increased maternal intake of cow’s milk during lactation, confirmed with biomarkers (fatty acids C15:0 and C17:0) in the maternal blood and breast milk, was associated with a lower prevalence of physician-diagnosed food allergy by 12 months of age. Intake of fruit and berries during lactation was associated with a higher prevalence of atopic eczema at 12 months of age. Our results suggest that maternal diet modulates the infant’s immune system, thereby influencing subsequent allergy development.

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Exposure to a Farm Environment During Pregnancy Increases the Proportion of Arachidonic Acid in the Cord Sera of Offspring

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11020238 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 238 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Malin Barman ◽

Karin Jonsson ◽

Agnes E. Wold ◽

Ann-Sofie Sandberg

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Arachidonic Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Post Partum ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Circulation System ◽

Adrenic Acid

Growing up in a farm environment is protective against allergy development. Various explanations have been put forward to explain this association. Fatty acids are regulators of immune function and the composition of fatty acids in the circulation system may affect immune development. Here, we investigate whether the fatty acid composition of cord serum differs for infants born to Farm (n = 26) or non-Farm mothers (n =29) in the FARMFLORA birth-cohort. For comparison, the levels of fatty acids in the maternal diet, serum and breast milk around 1 month post-partum were recorded. The fatty acids in the cord sera from infants born to Farm mothers had higher proportions of arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) and adrenic acid (22:4 n-6) than those from infants born to non-Farm mothers. No differences were found for either arachidonic acid or adrenic acid in the diet, samples of the serum, or breast milk from Farm and non-Farm mothers obtained around 1 month post-partum. The arachidonic and adrenic acid levels in the cord blood were unrelated to allergy outcome for the infants. The results suggest that a farm environment may be associated with the fatty acid composition to which the fetus is exposed during pregnancy.

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The Intake of a Cafeteria Diet in Nursing Rats Alters the Breast Milk Concentration of Proteins Important for the Development of Offspring

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12082470 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 2470 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Catalina Amadora Pomar ◽

Juana Sánchez ◽

Andreu Palou

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Energy Homeostasis ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Relative Concentration ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Cafeteria Diet ◽

Phenotypic Traits ◽

Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽

Proteomic Approach ◽

Altered Proteins

We aimed to analyse the effects of maternal intake of an unbalanced diet during lactation in the composition and the levels of proteins present in milk. Milk samples from control nursing dams (C-dams) or from nursing dams fed a cafeteria diet during lactation (CAF-dams) were obtained. We conducted a proteomic approach to identify significantly altered proteins in breast milk of C- and CAF-dams, and evaluated the levels of leptin, adiponectin and irisin for their implication in energy homeostasis. One-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), revealed that the bands that presented a lower intensity in CAF-dams than control contain some caseins (α-S1-casein, α-S2-casein like B, and β-casein), α-lactalbumin and haptoglobin. Leptin and adiponectin levels were greater in the breast milk of CAF-dams than in controls, while levels of irisin were lower. In summary, the relative concentration of bioactive peptides was influenced by maternal diet consumption during lactation; these changes at early stages of life could influence the phenotypic traits of the offspring.

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Maternal Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Juices in Lactation Predicts Poorer Infant Neurodevelopment at 24 Postnatal Months

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_015 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 943-943

Author(s):

Paige Berger ◽

Jasmine Plows ◽

Roshonda Jones ◽

Tanya Alderete ◽

Claudia Rios ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Motor Development ◽

Kidney Diseases ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Total Sugar ◽

Level Energy ◽

Sugar Consumption ◽

Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Infant Neurodevelopment

Abstract Objectives Our prior studies have shown that maternal sugar-sweetened beverage and juice (SSBJ) consumption influenced breast milk fructose, and higher breast milk fructose was associated with greater infant growth. It is unknown whether maternal SSBJ consumption in lactation also influences infant neurodevelopment. The aim of this study was to determine whether maternal SSBJ consumption in lactation was associated with infant cognitive, language, and motor development at 24 postnatal months. Associations of maternal fructose, added, and total sugar consumption with infant neurodevelopmental outcomes were also examined. Methods Hispanic mother-infant pairs (N = 89) were recruited across the spectrum of pre-pregnancy BMI. Mothers completed two 24-hour dietary recalls at 1 and 6 postnatal months. The Bayley-III Scales were administered to all infants at 24 postnatal months to assess cognitive, language, and motor development. Multiple linear regressions were used to assess the correlations of maternal diet with infant Bayley-III outcomes, adjusting for maternal age, BMI, education level, energy intake, infant age, sex, and birthweight. Results At 1 postnatal month, mothers consumed 2.7 ± 3.1 servings SSBJ, 22 ± 12 g fructose, 59 ± 35 g added sugar, and 98 ± 47 g total sugar per day, and all were inversely associated with infant Bayley-III outcomes. Every 1 serving increase in SSBJs was associated with a 0.24 decrease in cognitive, 0.50 decrease in language, and 0.43 decrease in motor development scores (all P's ≤0.01). At 6 postnatal months, maternal SSBJ consumption remained inversely associated with infant motor development scores (B = −0.24, P = 0.03), but maternal fructose, added, and total sugar consumption were not associated with infant Bayley-III outcomes. Conclusions Our findings suggest that maternal SSBJ consumption in early lactation is an adverse influence of infant neurodevelopmental outcomes at 24 postnatal months. Funding Sources National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIH R01 DK110793); The Gerber Foundation (15PN-013).

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Influence of sulfonated and diet-derived human milk oligosaccharides on the infant microbiome and immune markers

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1074/jbc.ra119.011351 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 295 (12) ◽

pp. 4035-4048 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Candice Quin ◽

Sara D. Vicaretti ◽

Nina A Mohtarudin ◽

Alexander M. Garner ◽

Deanna M. Vollman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Intestinal Microbiome ◽

Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Immune Markers ◽

Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Milk Fatty Acids

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) promote the development of the neonatal intestinal, immune, and nervous systems and has recently received considerable attention. Here we investigated how the maternal diet affects HMO biosynthesis and how any diet-induced HMO alterations influence the infant gut microbiome and immunity. Using capillary electrophoresis and MS-based analyses, we extracted and measured HMOs from breast milk samples and then correlated their levels with results from validated 24-h diet recall surveys and breast milk fatty acids. We found that fruit intake and unsaturated fatty acids in breast milk were positively correlated with an increased absolute abundance of numerous HMOs, including 16 sulfonated HMOs we identified here in humans for the first time. The diet-derived monosaccharide 5-N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) was unambiguously detected in all samples. To gain insights into the potential impact of Neu5Gc on the infant microbiome, we used a constrained ordination approach and identified correlations between Neu5Gc levels and Bacteroides spp. in infant stool. However, Neu5Gc was not associated with marked changes in infant immune markers, in contrast with sulfonated HMOs, whose expression correlated with suppression of two major Th2 cytokines, IL-10 and IL-13. The findings of our work highlight the importance of maternal diet for HMO biosynthesis and provide as yet unexplored targets for future studies investigating interactions between HMOs and the intestinal microbiome and immunity in infants.

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