scholarly journals Effects of Weight Loss with and without Exercise on Regional Body Fat Distribution in Postmenopausal Women

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica C. Serra ◽  
Jacob B. Blumenthal ◽  
Odessa R. Addison ◽  
Ann J. Miller ◽  
Andrew P. Goldberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Gynoid Fat ◽  
Fat Mass Ratio

Background/Aims: The purpose was to determine whether lifestyle interventions have different effects on regional fat in women with normal glucose tolerance vs. impaired glucose tolerance (NGT vs. IGT). Methods: Changes in glucose metabolism (2-h oral glucose-tolerance tests), android to gynoid fat mass ratio (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry [DXA]), visceral to subcutaneous abdominal fat area ratio (CT), and abdominal to gluteal subcutaneous fat cell weight (FCW; adipose tissue biopsies) were determined in 60 overweight postmenopausal women (45-80 years) following 6 months of weight loss alone (WL; n = 28) or with aerobic exercise (AEX + WL; n = 32). Results: The interventions led to ∼8% decrease in weight, but only the AEX + WL group improved fitness (↑11% in VO2max) and reduced the android-to-gynoid fat mass ratio (↓5%; p < 0.05). Both NGT and IGT groups reduced visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat areas and abdominal and gluteal FCWs, which related to improvements in homeostatic model assessment (r = 0.34-0.42) and 2-h glucose (r = 0.34-0.35), respectively (p < 0.05). The decline in FCW was 2× greater in women with IGT following WL (p < 0.05). The ratios of abdominal-to-gluteal FCW did not change following either intervention. Conclusions: The mechanisms by which WL with and without exercise impact regional fat loss should be explored as reductions in abdominal fat area and subcutaneous FCW appear to influence glucose metabolism. This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Foreign copyrights may apply. Published by S. Karger AG, Basel

Childhood adiposity associated with expanded effector memory CD8 + and Vδ2 +Vγ9 + T cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten I M Looman ◽  
Susana Santos ◽  
Henriette A Moll ◽  
Charlotte W E Leijten ◽  
Christina Grosserichter-Wagener ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Gynoid Fat ◽  
Fat Mass Ratio

Abstract Context Adult obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and may give rise to future chronic disease. However, it is unclear whether adiposity-related inflammation is already apparent at young age. Objective To study associations between child’s adiposity measures with circulating monocytes and naive and memory subsets in CD4, CD8, and γδ T-cell lineages. Design, setting, participants 890 ten-year-old children from the Generation R Cohort were subjected to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging for body composition (BMI, fat mass index (FMI), android-to-gynoid fat mass ratio, visceral fat index, liver fat fraction). Main outcome measures Blood sampling for detailed immunophenotyping of leukocytes by 11-color-flow cytometry at 10 years. Results The following statistically significant associations were observed: 1SD increase in total FMI was associated with +8.4% (95%CI 2.0;15.2) Vδ2 +Vγ9 + and +7.4% (95%CI 2.4;12.5) CD8 +TEMRO cell numbers. 1SD increase in visceral fat index was associated with +10.7% (95%CI 3.3;18.7) Vδ2 +Vγ9 + and +8.3% (95%CI 2.6;14.4) CD8 +TEMRO cell numbers. Higher android-to-gynoid fat mass ratio was only associated with higher Vδ2 +Vγ9 + T cells. Liver fat was associated with higher CD8 +TEMRO cells but not with Vδ2 +Vγ9 + T cells. Only liver fat was associated with lower Th17 cell numbers: 1SD increase was associated with -8.9% (95%CI -13.7;-3.7) Th17 cells. No associations for total CD8 +, CD4 + T cells or monocytes were observed. BMI was not associated with immune cells. Conclusion Higher Vδ2 +Vγ9 + and CD8 +TEMRO cell numbers in children with higher visceral fat index could reflect that adiposity-related inflammation is present in children with adiposity of a general population.

scholarly journals Decreased Muscle-to-Fat Mass Ratio Is Associated with Low Muscular Fitness and High Alanine Aminotransferase in Children and Adolescent Boys in Organized Sports Clubs

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2272
Author(s):  
Kai Ushio ◽  
Yukio Mikami ◽  
Hiromune Obayashi ◽  
Hironori Fujishita ◽  
Kouki Fukuhara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Alanine Aminotransferase ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Muscular Fitness ◽  
Children And Adolescent ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Fat Mass Ratio

Decreased muscle-to-fat mass ratio (MFR) is associated with pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and may reduce muscular fitness. Regular exercise in sports clubs has not led to reductions in obesity in children and adolescents; they may have decreased MFR. Decreased MFR could cause reduced muscular fitness, which may put them at risk for NAFLD development. We investigated whether MFR is related to muscular fitness and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), to determine whether MFR could be used to screen for NAFLD in children and adolescent boys belonging to sports clubs. Altogether, 113 participants (aged 7–17 years) who underwent body composition, laboratory, and muscular fitness measurements during a medical checkup were divided into tertiles according to their MFR. Lower extremity muscular fitness values were significantly decreased in the lowest MFR tertile (p < 0.001); conversely, serum ALT levels were significantly increased (p < 0.01). Decreased MFR significantly increased the risk of elevated ALT, which requires screening for NAFLD, after adjusting for age, obesity, muscular fitness parameters, and metabolic risk factors (odds ratio = 8.53, 95% confidence interval = 1.60–45.6, p = 0.012). Physical fitness and body composition assessments, focusing on MFR, can be useful in improving performance and screening for NAFLD in children and adolescents exercising in sports clubs.

Abstract P297: Reduced Fat Mass and Improved Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Black Women after Completion of 6-month Worksite Weight Loss Program

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin M Leon ◽  
Bernard V Miller ◽  
Gloria Zalos ◽  
Kong Y Chen ◽  
Anne E Sumner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Total Fat

Background: As the epidemic of obesity in the United States steadily worsens, black women are disproportionately affected. Diminished insulin sensitivity has been linked with obesity and heightened risk of subsequent type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hypothesis: We propose that a decrease in fat mass achievable by weight loss intervention at the worksite improves insulin sensitivity in overweight black women. Methods: Fifty-four overweight black women [age 45±10 years (mean±SD), BMI range 25.9 to 54.7 kg/m 2 ] completed a 6-month program that included web-based nutrition information and/or dietitian counseling and access to exercise rooms near their work areas. All participants were advised to reduce daily caloric intake by 500 kcal and instructed to increase daily activity by 5,000 steps, measured by pedometer, above baseline readings. The following measurements were performed: weight, total fat mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and insulin sensitivity index (S I ) calculated from the minimal model. Repeat of all measurements was performed at 6 months. Results: Baseline S I (median 3.0 liter/mU -1 •min -1 , range 0.74 to 7.58 liter/mU -1 •min -1 , with lower values signifying insulin resistance) was negatively associated with fat mass (r= -0.584, P<0.001) independent of age. Significant reductions in weight (92.6±18.1 to 91.1±18.9 kg, P<0.01) and fat mass (40.8±12.4 to 39.4±12.6 kg, P<0.01) were determined for subjects completing the program. Reduction in fat mass following completion of the program was associated with an increase in S I (r= -0.293, P=0.032). When analyzed by tertiles of fat mass change (Figure), compared to the tertile with net fat mass gain (far left bar), the two tertiles with net fat mass loss had significantly improved insulin sensitivity (higher S I ). Conclusions: Even modest fat mass reduction in overweight non-diabetic black women with a combination of diet and exercise can improve insulin sensitivity, which has the potential to reduce or delay the onset of T2D and CVD.

Resistive training increases fat-free mass and maintains RMR despite weight loss in postmenopausal women

1995 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 818-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Ryan ◽  
R. E. Pratley ◽  
D. Elahi ◽  
A. P. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Resistive Training

Percent body fat increases with age and is often accompanied by a loss in muscle mass, strength, and energy expenditure. The effects of 16 wk of resistive training (RT) alone or with weight loss (RTWL) on strength (isokinetic dynamometer), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), resting metabolic rate (RMR) (indirect calorimetry), and sympathetic nervous system activity (catecholamines) were examined in 15 postmenopausal women (50–69 yr). RT resulted in significant improvements in upper and lower body strength in both groups (P < 0.01). The nonobese women in the RT group (n = 8) did not change their body weight or fat mass with training. In the obese RTWL group (n = 7), body weight, fat mass, and percent body fat were significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Fat-free mass and RMR significantly increased with training in both groups combined (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in resting arterialized plasma norepinephrine or epinephrine levels in either group with training. RT increases strength with and without weight loss. Furthermore, RT and RTWL increase fat-free mass and RMR and decrease percent fat in postmenopausal women. Thus, RT may be a valuable component of an integrated weight management program in postmenopausal women.

scholarly journals Maternal vomiting during early pregnancy and cardiovascular risk factors at school age: the Generation R Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunayna Poeran - Bahadoer ◽  
Vincent W. V. Jaddoe ◽  
Olta Gishti ◽  
Iris J. Grooten ◽  
Oscar H. Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Hyperemesis Gravidarum ◽  
Gynoid Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Fat Mass Ratio

AbstractBackground:Evidence suggests that low birth weight and fetal exposure to extreme maternal undernutrition is associated with cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Hyperemesis gravidarum, a clinical entity characterized by severe nausea and excess vomiting leading to a suboptimal maternal nutritional status during early pregnancy, is associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Several studies also showed that different measures related to hyperemesis gravidarum, such as maternal daily vomiting or severe weight loss, are associated with increased risks of adverse fetal pregnancy outcomes. Not much is known about long-term offspring consequences of maternal hyperemesis gravidarum and related measures during pregnancy. We examined the associations of maternal daily vomiting during early pregnancy, as a measure related to hyperemesis gravidarum, with childhood cardiovascular risk factors.Methods:In a population-based prospective cohort study from early pregnancy onwards among 4,769 mothers and their children in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, we measured childhood body mass index, total fat mass percentage, android/gynoid fat mass ratio, preperitoneal fat mass area, blood pressure, lipids, and insulin levels. We used multiple regression analyses to assess the associations of maternal vomiting during early pregnancy with childhood cardiovascular outcomes.Results:Compared with the children of mothers without daily vomiting during early pregnancy, the children of mothers with daily vomiting during early pregnancy had a higher childhood total body fat mass (difference 0.12 standard deviation score [SDS]; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03–0.20), android/gynoid fat mass ratio (difference 0.13 SDS; 95% CI 0.04–0.23), and preperitoneal fat mass area (difference 0.10 SDS; 95% CI 0–0.20). These associations were not explained by birth characteristics but partly explained by higher infant growth. Maternal daily vomiting during early pregnancy was not associated with childhood blood pressure, lipids, and insulin levels.Conclusions:Maternal daily vomiting during early pregnancy is associated with higher childhood total body fat mass and abdominal fat mass levels, but not with other cardiovascular risk factors. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings, to explore the underlying mechanisms and to assess the long-term consequences.

scholarly journals Changes in Body Fat Distribution in Antiretroviral-Naive HIV-Positive Individuals Initiating Current ART Regimens

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 900-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Tiraboschi ◽  
Antonio Navarro-Alcaraz ◽  
Dolors Giralt ◽  
Carmen Gomez-Vaquero ◽  
Maria Saumoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Strand Transfer ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Fat Mass Ratio

Abstract Objectives To describe the changes in body fat distribution (BFD) occurring over 60 months in a group of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive individuals starting different antiretroviral regimens. Methods A prospective ongoing fat change assessment including clinical evaluation and dual X-ray absorptiometry scan is being conducted in all consecutive patients initiating ART from January 2008. Arm, leg, trunk, and total fat as well as fat mass ratio were determined. Results A total of 146 patients were included (80% male, 40% MSM). Mean age was 44 years, HIV-1 RNA was 4.98 log10 copies/mL, and CD4 count was 254 cells/μL. The most common initial antiretroviral combination included non-nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor (NNRTI) drugs followed by protease inhibitor (PI) and integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimens. At month 36, an increase was seen in the body mass index (BMI), total fat, trunk fat, and limb fat. The fat mass ratio (FMR) also showed a significant increase in both men and women (P = 0.001). In patients receiving NNRTI- or INSTI-based regimens (but not PIs), there was a marginal but statistically significant increase in the FMR (0.10 and 0.07, respectively; P = 0.01). Sixty-two subjects completed 60 months of follow-up. FMR showed a significant increase even in the PI group at this time point (P &lt; 0.03). Conclusions We observed a significant increase in the fat and lean body mass in all compartments and treatment groups over 36 and 60 months. Clinically irrelevant differences were found in fat distribution regardless of the treatment group and baseline characteristics. The data suggest that current antiretroviral regimens have little impact on BFD during the first years of treatment.

ANTHROPOMETRIC PREDICTION OF LOWER ABDOMINAL FAT MASS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ogimoto ◽  
D. P. Williams ◽  
C. M. Snow
Keyword(s):  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Abdominal Fat
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