Google Trends Data: A Potential New Tool for Monitoring the Opioid Crisis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Abhishek Ghosh ◽  
Adam Bisaga ◽  
Simranjit Kaur ◽  
Tathagata Mahintamani
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Drug Overdose ◽  
The State ◽  
Google Trends ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Search Volume ◽  
Changepoint Analysis ◽  
Overdose Mortality

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> There is a need to strengthen the standard surveillance of the opioid overdose crisis in the USA. The role of Google Trends (GT) was explored in this context. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In this study, a systemic GT search was done for a period from January 2004 to December 2018. “Naloxone” and “drug overdose” were chosen as search inputs. By using locally weighted scatterplot smoothing, we locally regressed and smoothed the relative search data generated by the GT search. We conducted a changepoint analysis (CPA) to detect significant statistical changes in the “naloxone” trend from 2004 to 2018. Cross-correlation function analyses were done to examine the correlation between 2 time series: year-wise relative search volume (RSV) for “naloxone” and “drug overdose” with the age-adjusted drug overdose mortality rate. Pearson’s correlation was performed for the state-wise age-adjusted mortality rate due to drug overdose and RSV for “naloxone” and “drug overdose.” <b><i>Results:</i></b> Smoothed and regressed GT of “naloxone” were similar to the “opioid overdose” trend published by the National Center for Health Statistics. The CPA showed 2 statistically significant points in 2011 and 2015. CPA of year-wise RSV for “naloxone” and “drug overdose” showed significantly positive correlation with the age-adjusted drug overdose mortality at lag zero. State-wise RSV for “naloxone” and “drug overdose” too showed a strong and significant positive correlation with the state-wise mortality data. <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> Inexpensive, publicly accessible, real-time GT data could supplement and strengthen the monitoring of opioid overdose epidemic if used in conjunction with the existing official data sources.

scholarly journals Drug Overdose Trends among Black Indiana Residents: 2013-2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raven Helmick
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Drug Overdose ◽  
Rate Increase ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Minority Population ◽  
Racial Inequalities ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Overdose Mortality ◽  
Overdose Deaths

ObjectiveTo understand trends in race-specific mortality rates between blacks and whites to discover any racial inequalities that might exist for drug overdose deaths. To delve into the types of drugs that are prominently involved in black drug overdose deaths from 2013-2017 in the state of Indiana.IntroductionBlack Hoosiers, the largest minority population in Indiana, make up almost 10% of the state’s population, and accounted for 8% of the total resident drug overdose deaths from 2013-2017 compared to whites at 91%. However, a closer look at race-specific mortality rates might reveal racial inequalities. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to analyze drug overdose morality rates among white and black Hoosiers to discover possible racial inequalities and to discover trends in drug involvement in overdose deaths among blacks.MethodsDrug overdose deaths that occurred in Indiana between 2013 and 2017 were identified using the underlying and contributing cause of death ICD-10 codes and abstracted from the Indiana State Department of Health’s annual finalized mortality dataset. Race-specific drug overdose death rates were calculated and compared among racial groups. Drug overdose deaths in blacks were examined for trends over time and by the types of drugs involved.ResultsBetween 2013 and 2017, drug overdose mortality rates for whites increased from 17.05 to 27.28 per 100,000. Blacks saw a higher rate increase during this same time frame: from 10.74 to 30.62 per 100,000, surpassing the mortality rate of whites by the end of 2017. Drug overdose deaths in blacks increased 197% from 2013-2017 and drug specific mortality rate increases were seen across all drug category’s. Opioids, which were involved in 61% of the 2017 drug overdose deaths among blacks, had a rate increase from 3.05 to 18.62 per 100,000 between 2013 and 2017. Drug specific overdose mortality rate increases were also seen for overdoses involving cocaine (1.76 to 10.62 per 100,000), benzodiazepines (0.32 to 3.08 per 100,000), and psychostimulants other than cocaine (0.16 to 1.69 per 100,000) such as amphetamines.ConclusionsWhile white Hoosiers had higher drug overdose mortality rates between 2013 and 2016, black Hoosiers had a greater mortality rate increase and surpassed the mortality rate in whites in 2017. Opioids, the most frequently involved substance in overdose deaths among blacks from 2013-2017, showed increasing rates during this time period. However, increases in drug specific overdose mortality rates for cocaine, benzodiazepines, and psychostimulants other than cocaine also call for public health attention. These results promote the inclusion of minority health experts in drug overdose prevention efforts and issue a call for future prevention efforts to be targeted toward the state’s largest minority population. 

scholarly journals Exploring Drug Overdose Mortality Data in Harris County, Texas

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric V. Bakota ◽  
Deborah Bujnowski ◽  
Larissa Singletary ◽  
Sherry Onyiego ◽  
NAdia Hakim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Drug Overdose ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Harris County ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Overdose Death ◽  
The Past ◽  
Overdose Mortality

ObjectiveIn this session, we will explore the results of a descriptive analysis of all drug overdose mortality data collected by the Harris County Medical Examiner's Office and how that data can be used to inform public health action.IntroductionDrug overdose mortality is a growing problem in the United States. In 2017 alone over 72,000 deaths were attributed to drug overdose, most of which were caused by fentanyl and fentanyl analogs (synthetic opioids)1. While nearly every community has seen an increase in drug overdose, there is considerable variation in the degree of increase in specific communities. The Harris County community, which includes the City of Houston, has not seen the massive spikes observed in some communities, such as West Virginia, Kentucky, and Ohio. However, the situation in Harris County is complicated in mortality and drug use. From 2010 - 2016 Harris County has seen a fairly stable overdose-related mortality count, ranging from 450 - 618 deaths per year. Of concern, the last two years, 2015-2016, suggest a sharp increase has occurred. Another complexity is that Harris County drug related deaths seem to be largely from polysubstance abuse. Deaths attributed to cocaine, methamphetamine, and benzodiazipine all have risen in the past few years. Deaths associated with methamphetamine have risen from approximately 20 per year in 2010 - 2012 to 119 in 2016. This 6-fold increase is alarming and suggests a large-scale public health response is needed.MethodsData were collected by the Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences (IFS), which is part of the Harris County Medical Examiner's Office. IFS is the agency responsible for collecting and analyzing human tissue of the deceased for toxicological information about the manner and cause of death. IFS is able to test for the presence of multiple substances, including opioids, benzodiazepines, methamphetamines, cocaine, ethanol, and many others.These data were cleaned and labeled for the presence of opioids, cocaine, benzodiazepine, Z-drug (novel drug), amphetamines, ethanol, and carisoprodol. Explorative descriptive analyses were then completed in R (version 3.4) to identify trends. An RShiny app was created to further explore the data by allowing for rapid filtering and/or subsetting based on various demographic characteristics (e.g., age, sex, race).ResultsWe found that Harris County is experiencing a modest upward trend of drug related overdoses, with 529 observed in 2010 and 618 in 2016. We also found that the increase was not uniform across all classified drugs: amphetamines, cocaine, and ethanol all saw increases. Deaths involving amphetamine increased substantially from 21 in 2010 to 119 in 2016 (Figure 1). Deaths involving cocaine saw the next sharpest increase with 144 in 2010 and 237 in 2016. Deaths associated with opioids remained fairly constant, with 291 deaths in 2010 and 271 deaths in 2016.Differences in mortality across race and sex groups were also observed. The proportion of amphetamine deaths among whites jumped sharply, while the proportion of opioid and benzodiazepine deaths among whites decreased in recent years. The proportion of amphetamine and cocaine deaths among men rose more sharply than with women in the past three years, whereas for opioids, the proportion of women dying has dropped.ConclusionsIt is undeniable that the opioid epidemic is a true public health emergency for the nation. New surveillance tools are needed to better understand the impact and nature of this threat. Additionally, as we have found in Harris County, the threat may be polysubstance in nature.Our report offers two important insights: 1) that mortality data is a useful and actionable surveillance resource in understanding the problem of substance abuse; and 2) public health needs to look at substance abuse from a holistic and comprehensive perspective. Keeping the purview limited to opioids alone may create significant blind spots to the public health threat facing us.References1. National Institute of Health. (2018) Overdose Death Rates. Retreived from https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates

An infodemiology study on breast cancer in Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shohreh SeyyedHosseini ◽  
Asefeh Asemi ◽  
Ahmad Shabani ◽  
Mozafar CheshmehSohrabi
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The State ◽  
Google Trends ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Mixed Method Research ◽  
State Of Health ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Search Volume

Purpose According to the studies conducted in Iran, the breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer among women. This study aimed to explore the state of health information supply and demand on breast cancer among Iranian medical researchers and Iranian Web users from 2011 to 2015. Design/methodology/approach A mixed method research is conducted in this study. In qualitative part, a focus group interview is applied to the users to identify their selected keywords searched for breast cancer in Google. The collected data are analyzed using Open Code software. In quantitative part, data are synthesized using the R software in two parts. First, users’ internet information-seeking behavior (ISB) is analyzed using the Google Trends outputs from 2011 to 2015. Second, the scientific publication behavior of Iranian breast cancer specialists are surveyed using PubMed during the period of the study. Findings The results show that the search volume index of preferred keywords on breast cancer has increased from 4,119 in 2011 to 4,772 in 2015. Also, the findings reveal that Iranian scholars had 873 scientific papers on breast cancer in PubMed from 2011 to 2015. There was a significant and positive relationship between Iranian ISB in the Google Trends and SPB of Iranian scholars on breast cancer in PubMed. Research limitations/implications This study investigates only the state of health information supply and demand in PubMed and Google Trends and not additional databases often used for medical studies and treatment. Originality/value This study provides a road map for health policymakers in Iran to direct the breast cancer studies.

Promoting Sustainable Responses to the US Opioid Epidemic with Community-Academic Partnerships: Qualitative Outcomes from a Statewide Program.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Driscoll ◽  
Alison Evans Cuellar ◽  
Vinod Agarwal ◽  
Debra Jones ◽  
Kathy Hosig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Overdose ◽  
Academic Support ◽  
The State ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Community Agencies ◽  
Health Services Administration ◽  
Nominal Categories ◽  
Overdose Deaths

Abstract Background: Drug overdose deaths in the United States have continued to increase at an alarming rateThe United States is facing two devastating public health crises– the opioid epidemic and the COVID-19 pandemic. Within this context, one of the most ambitious implementation studies in addiction research is moving forward. Launched in May 2019, the HEALing Communities Study (HCS) was developed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) as part of the Helping to End Addiction Long-termSM Initiative (National Institutes of Health, 2020). The goal for this research was to reduce opioid overdose deaths by 40 % in three years by enhancing and integrating the delivery of multiple evidence-based practices (EBPs) with proven effectiveness in reducing opioid overdose deaths across health care, justice, and community settings. This paper describes the initial vision, goals, and objectives of this initiative; the impact of COVID-19; and the potential for knowledge to be generated from HCS at the intersection of an unrelenting epidemic of opioid misuse and overdoses and the ravishing COVID-19 pandemic.. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration distributed more than $7 billion between January 2016 and June 2020 to address the drug overdose crisis. The funds were intended to support evidence-based responses, including medications for opioid use disorder, and other prevention, treatment and recovery activities. Although the SOR grants support much-needed community level interventions, many of the services they support may not be sustainable. Methods: This paper describes a statewide effort to support local entities through SAMHSA’s State Opioid Response (SOR) grants in Virginia. Our investigators conducted detailed needs assessment exercises with community agencies across the state, and collaboratively developed requests for proposals (RFPs) to sustain their SOR programs. We distributed the RFPs to prospective partners at universities across the state, and provided all responsive proposals to local agencies who selected the proposal most likely to meet their needs. Our investigators also conducted an inductive, three-phase content analysis approach to examine the RFPs submitted to the VHEOC to identify nominal categories of support requested of the academic partners. Results: Our investigators received and coded 27 RFPs from ten community agencies representing four of five regions of the state. We identified six nominal categories of academic support with high inter-coder agreement. The six categories of support requested of the academic partners were program development and support, literature review and best practices, outreach and education, data analysis and interpretation, program evaluation, and grant writing assistance. Several RFPs requested up to three categories of support in a single project. Conclusions: Our analysis of the requests received by the consortium identified several categories of academic support for SOR-grantees addressing the drug overdose crisis. The most common requests related to development and maintenance of supportive collaborations, which existing research has demonstrated is necessary for the long-term sustainability of SOR-funded services. In this way, the academic partners served as a source of support for sustainable SOR-funded programs. As the state opioid response program is implemented nationally, we hope that other states will consider similar models in response to the opioid crisis.

An Infodemiological Analysis of Google Trends in COVID-19 Outbreak

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Adem Doganer ◽  
Zuopeng (Justin) Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Forecast Model ◽  
Google Trends ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Swiss Society ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Search Volume ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
New Type ◽  
Relative Search Volume

A new type of coronavirus (COVID-19), detected at the end of December 2019 in Wuhan, China, can pass from person to person, spreading very quickly. The COVID-19 outbreak has created stress among societies. This study aims to evaluate the usability of Google Trends data in predicting and modeling the COVID-19 outbreak and the attitudes of different societies to it by using an infodemiological method. The authors collected the search words related to coronavirus and their relative search volume (RSV) from 11 different countries affected by the COVID-19 outbreak from Google Trends. A positive correlation was found between the trend rate of the words searched on the internet and the number of COVID-19 cases in countries related to the COVID-19 outbreak (p<0.05). There was a significant difference between 11 country societies in the daily RSV for the COVID-19 outbreak (p<0.05). The Turkish, South Korean, Iranian, and Swiss society have searched more intensely on the internet for COVID-19 than others. The research shows that Google Trends data can be used to build the forecast model for case numbers in the COVID-19 outbreak. Besides, Google Trends data provides information about different societies' attitudes in the COVID-19 outbreak.

scholarly journals Variation in US Drug Overdose Mortality Within and Between Hispanic/Latine Subgroups: A Disaggregation of National Data

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Cano ◽  
Camila Gelpi-Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Drug Overdose ◽  
Puerto Ricans ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
The Us ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Overdose Mortality ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined differences across Latine heritage groups (i.e., Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, Central American, South American) in rates of US drug overdose mortality. The study utilized 2015-2019 mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics for 29,137 Hispanic individuals who died of drug overdose. Using population estimates from the American Community Survey, age-standardized drug overdose mortality rates were calculated by specific Latine heritage and sex, nativity, educational attainment, and geographic region. Standardized rate ratios (SRRs), incidence rate ratios (IRRs) from negative binomial regression models, and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) were calculated, and multiple imputation was used for missing Latine heritage group in select models. Drug overdose mortality rates in the Puerto Rican heritage population were more than three times as high as in the Mexican heritage population (IRR 3.61 [95% CI 3.02-4.30] in unadjusted model; IRR 3.70 [95% CI 3.31-4.15] in model adjusting for age, sex, nativity, educational attainment, and region; SRR 3.23 [95% CI, 3.15-3.32] in age-standardized model with missing Hispanic heritage imputed). Higher age-standardized rates of drug overdose mortality were observed in males than females across all Latine groups, yet the magnitude of the sex differential varied by Latine heritage. The relationship between drug overdose mortality and nativity differed by Latine heritage; in all groups except Puerto Rican, overdose mortality rates were significantly higher in the US-born than those not US-born. In contrast, overdose mortality rates were significantly lower in US-born Puerto Ricans than in Puerto Ricans who were not US-born (e.g., born in Puerto Rico; SRR, 0.84 [95% CI 0.80-0.88]). The relationship between drug overdose mortality and educational attainment (for ages 25+) also varied between Latine groups. The diverse subgroups comprising the US Latine population vary not only in rates of drug overdose mortality, but also in demographic risk factors for fatal drug overdose.

scholarly journals COVID-19 mortality: positive correlation with cloudiness and sunlight but no correlation with latitude in Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Omer ◽  
A. Iftime ◽  
V. Burcea
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Solar Exposure ◽  
Pearson's R ◽  
Virus Survival ◽  
Pearson’S R

AbstractWe systematically investigated an ongoing debate about the possible correlation between SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) epidemiological outcomes and solar exposure in European countries, in the period of March – August 2020. For each country, we correlated its mortality data with solar insolation (watt/square metre) and objective sky cloudiness (as cloud fraction) derived from satellite weather data. We found a positive correlation between the monthly mortality rate and the overall cloudiness in that month (Pearson’s r(35)=.779, P<.001; linear model fitting the data, adjusted R2 =0.59). In Europe, in colder months, approximately 34% to 58% of the variance in COVID-19 mortality/million appears to be predicted by the cloudiness fraction of the sky, except in August in which only ∼15% of the variance was explained. The data show a low, negative correlation between the mortality rate with the overall insolation received by the country area in that entire month (Pearson’s r(35)=-0.622, P<.001). Additionally, we did not find any statistically significant correlation between the mortality and the latitude of the countries when the “latitude of a country” was precisely defined as the average landmass location (country centroid). The unexpected correlation found between cloudiness and mortality could perhaps be explained by the following: 1) heavy cloudiness is linked with colder outdoor surfaces, which might aid virus survival; 2) reduced evaporation rate; 3) moderate pollution may be linked to both cloudiness and mortality; and 4) large-scale behavioural changes due to cloudiness (which perhaps drives people to spend more time indoors and thus facilitates indoor contamination).

scholarly journals Evaluation of County-Level Heterogeneity in Excess Mortality in Colorado from March to September 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Chandra ◽  
Marie Charpignon ◽  
Mathew C Samuel ◽  
Anushka Bhaskar ◽  
Saketh Sundar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
County Level ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Excess Deaths

Importance: Tracking the direct and indirect impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on all-cause mortality in the United States has been hindered by the lack of testing and by reporting delays. Evaluating excess mortality, or the number of deaths above what is expected in a given time period, provides critical insights into the true burden of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Stratifying mortality data by demographics such as age, sex, race, ethnicity, and geography helps quantify how subgroups of the population have been differentially affected. Similarly, stratifying mortality data by cause of death reveals the public health effects of the pandemic in terms of other acute and chronic diseases. Objective: To provide stratified estimates of excess mortality in Colorado from March to September 2020. Design, Setting, and Population: This study evaluated the number of excess deaths both directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and from all other causes between March and September 2020 at the county level in Colorado. Data were obtained from the Vital Statistics Program at the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. These estimates of excess mortality were derived by comparing population- adjusted mortality rates in 2020 with rates in the same months from 2015 to 2019. Results: We found evidence of excess mortality in Colorado between March and September 2020. Two peaks in excess deaths from all causes were recorded in the state, one mid-April and the other at the end of June. Since the first documented SARS-CoV-2 infection on March 5th, we estimated that the excess mortality rate in Colorado was two times higher than the officially reported COVID-19 mortality rate. State-level cumulative excess mortality from all causes reached 71 excess deaths per 100k residents (~4000 excess deaths in the state); in contrast, 35 deaths per 100k directly due to SARS-CoV-2 were recorded in the same period (~1980 deaths. Excess mortality occurred in 52 of 64 counties, accounting for 99% of the state's population. Most excess deaths recorded from March to September 2020 were associated with acute events (estimated at 44 excess deaths per 100k residents and at 9 after excluding deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2) rather than with chronic conditions (~21 excess deaths per 100k). Among Coloradans aged 14-44, 1.4 times more deaths occurred in those months than during the same period in the five previous years. Hispanic White males died of COVID-19 at the highest rate during this time (~90 deaths from COVID-19 per 100k residents); however, Non-Hispanic Black/African American males were the most affected in terms of overall excess mortality (~204 excess deaths per 100k). Beyond inequalities in COVID-19 mortality per se, these findings signal considerable regional and racial-ethnic disparities in excess all-cause mortality that need to be addressed for a just recovery and in future public health crises.

Perbandingan Linieritas Dalam Pendeteksian Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Angka Kematian Bayi Di Provinsi Aceh

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Desfira Ahya ◽  
Inas Salsabila ◽  
Miftahuddin
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Penalized Spline ◽  
Aceh Province

Angka Kematian Bayi/ Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) merupakan indikator penting dalam mengukur keberhasilan pengembangan kesehatan. Nilai IMR juga dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui tingkat kesehatan ibu, kondisi kesehatan lingkungan dan secara umum, tingkat pengembangan sosio-ekonomi masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh model IMR terbaik menggunakan tiga pendekatan: Model Linear, Model Linear Tergeneralisir dan Model Aditif Tergeneralisir dengan basis P-spline. Sebagai tambahan, berdasarkan model tersebut akan terlihat variabel yang mempengaruhi tingkat kematian bayi di provinsi Aceh. Penelitian ini menggunakan data jumlah kematian bayi di tahun 2013-2015. Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari Profil Kesehatan Aceh. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa model terbaik dalam menjelaskan angka kematian bayi di provinsi Aceh tahun 2013-2015 ialah Model Linear Tergeneralisir dengan basis P-spline menggunakan parameter penghalusan 100 dan titik knots 8. Faktor yang sangat mempengaruhi angka kematian ialah jumlah pekerja yang sehat.   Infant mortality rate (IMR) is an important indicator in measuring the success of health development. IMR also can be used to knowing the level of maternal health, environmental health conditions and generally the level of socio-economic development in community. This research aims to get the best model of infant mortality data using three approaches: Linear Model, Generalized Linear Model and Generalized Additive Model with Penalized Spline (P-spline) base. In addition, based on the model can be seen the variables that affect to infant mortality in Aceh Province. This research uses data number of infant mortality in Aceh Province period 2013-2015. The data in this research were obtained from Aceh’s Health Profile. The results show that the best model can be explain infant mortality rate in Aceh Province period 2013-2015 is GAM model with P-spline base using smoothing parameter 100 and knots 8. Factor that high effect to infant mortality is number of health workers.

scholarly journals Restoration of breathing after opioid overdose and spinal cord injury using temporal interference stimulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Sunshine ◽  
Antonino M. Cassarà ◽  
Esra Neufeld ◽  
Nir Grossman ◽  
Thomas H. Mareci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Drug Overdose ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Electrode Position ◽  
Spinal Motor Neurons ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Low Amplitude

AbstractRespiratory insufficiency is a leading cause of death due to drug overdose or neuromuscular disease. We hypothesized that a stimulation paradigm using temporal interference (TI) could restore breathing in such conditions. Following opioid overdose in rats, two high frequency (5000 Hz and 5001 Hz), low amplitude waveforms delivered via intramuscular wires in the neck immediately activated the diaphragm and restored ventilation in phase with waveform offset (1 Hz or 60 breaths/min). Following cervical spinal cord injury (SCI), TI stimulation via dorsally placed epidural electrodes uni- or bilaterally activated the diaphragm depending on current and electrode position. In silico modeling indicated that an interferential signal in the ventral spinal cord predicted the evoked response (left versus right diaphragm) and current-ratio-based steering. We conclude that TI stimulation can activate spinal motor neurons after SCI and prevent fatal apnea during drug overdose by restoring ventilation with minimally invasive electrodes.

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