Abstract MP67: The Association Between Habitual Dietary Sodium and Soluble Cell Adhesion Molecules Among Middle-Aged Male Twins

Introduction: Habitual dietary sodium intake is associated with coronary flow reserve, a measure of microvascular function. We investigated the role of habitual dietary sodium in the expression of soluble cell adhesion molecules; these molecules are markers of endothelial dysfunction that are thought to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Hypothesis: Habitual dietary sodium is directly associated with soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) concentration. Methods: We recruited 475 predominantly healthy middle-aged male twins, including 214 monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs and 47 unpaired twins, from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. The twins had no previous history of coronary heart disease. Food intake was assessed using the Willett food-frequency questionnaire. We estimated habitual daily sodium consumption over the previous year from reported food intake. We measured sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 concentration in blood using commercially available ELISA kits. We also obtained information on demographic characteristics and traditional CVD risk factors, including blood pressure. Mixed-effect regression analysis was used to examine individual-level effects and robust regression analysis was used to examine within-pair differences. Results: The twins’ mean age was 53.4 years (SD = 3.1), and 96% (455 out of 475) were white. An increase in dietary sodium of 1,000 mg/d was associated with a 12.2% higher sVCAM-1 concentration (95% CI: 3.1, 21.2; P = 0.009) after adjustment for total energy intake, various nutritional factors, demographic characteristics, and traditional CVD risk factors. For sICAM-1, the adjusted individual-level effect was only 3.1% and did not achieve statistical significance ( P = 0.39). Across quintiles of sodium consumption, sVCAM-1 concentration was directly associated with dietary sodium ( P for trend = 0.002) with the top quintile (sodium >1,505 mg/d) having a 22.9% higher sVCAM-1 concentration than the bottom quintile (sodium <742 mg/d) after controlling for potential confounders. This association persisted within twin pairs ( P = 0.03), yet differed by zygosity ( P interaction = 0.01). Among dizygotic pairs, a 1,000 mg/d within-pair difference in dietary sodium was associated with a 17.3% higher sVCAM-1 concentration in the twin with higher dietary sodium than in the co-twin with lower dietary sodium ( P = 0.005) after adjustment for potential confounders. Among monozygotic pairs, however, the within-pair difference was only 5.0% per 1,000 mg/d of sodium intake and did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.25). Conclusions: Habitual dietary sodium is directly associated with sVCAM-1 concentration, a marker of abnormal endothelial function, independent of traditional CVD risk factors. However, shared genetic factors may mediate this association.

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The Correlation of Dyslipidemia with the Extent of Coronary Artery Disease in the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Journal of Lipids ◽

10.1155/2018/5607349 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Moshrik Abd alamir ◽

Michael Goyfman ◽

Adib Chaus ◽

Firas Dabbous ◽

Leslie Tamura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Coronary Artery Disease ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Low Hdl ◽

Artery Disease ◽

Prevalence Ratios

Background.The extent of coronary artery calcium (CAC) improves cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction. The association between common dyslipidemias (combined hyperlipidemia, simple hypercholesterolemia, metabolic Syndrome (MetS), isolated low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and isolated hypertriglyceridemia) compared with normolipidemia and the risk of multivessel CAC is underinvestigated.Objectives.To determine whether there is an association between common dyslipidemias compared with normolipidemia, and the extent of coronary artery involvement among MESA participants who were free of clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline.Methods.In a cross-sectional analysis, 4,917 MESA participants were classified into six groups defined by specific LDL-c, HDL-c, or triglyceride cutoff points. Multivessel CAC was defined as involvement of at least 2 coronary arteries. Multivariate Poisson regression analysis evaluated the association of each group with multivessel CAC after adjusting for CVD risk factors.Results.Unadjusted analysis showed that all groups except hypertriglyceridemia had statistically significant prevalence ratios of having multivessel CAC as compared to the normolipidemia group. The same groups maintained statistical significance prevalence ratios with multivariate analysis adjusting for other risk factors including Agatston CAC score [combined hyperlipidemia 1.41 (1.06–1.87), hypercholesterolemia 1.55 (1.26–1.92), MetS 1.28 (1.09–1.51), and low HDL-c 1.20 (1.02–1.40)].Conclusion.Combined hyperlipidemia, simple hypercholesterolemia, MetS, and low HDL-c were associated with multivessel coronary artery disease independent of CVD risk factors and CAC score. These findings may lay the groundwork for further analysis of the underlying mechanisms in the observed relationship, as well as for the development of clinical strategies for primary prevention.

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Assessment of salt intake: how accurate is it?

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665113000979 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

pp. 342-347 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Catherine M. Champagne ◽

Katherine C. Cash

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Food Products ◽

Sodium Content ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Average Intake ◽

Health Related ◽

Sodium Consumption

The aims of this review paper are to provide an overview of the association of sodium intake with cardiovascular health, to identify sodium in our global food supply and to describe problems associated with assessment of dietary sodium intake. Excess sodium intake may contribute to the development of hypertension in some individuals, consequently increasing CVD risk. The average intake of sodium in populations around the world far exceeds the actual body's needs. Processed and restaurant foods contribute the most dietary sodium for Americans and other populations worldwide. There is a worldwide focus on reducing sodium content of food products in an effort to reduce health related issues associated with excessive salt and sodium intake in individuals. In several countries, regulations have been introduced to lower the sodium content of foods. Manufacturers are complying with these regulations by formulating new products to meet these standards. However, the variability in food sodium content poses challenges to researchers to accurately assess dietary sodium intakes of individuals. There are differences in sodium content of foods in databases compared with nutritional information provided by manufacturers for the same food products. Variations also exist in restaurant foods, where values differ from those available on restaurant websites. Sodium may be either underestimated or overestimated; it is not always on target. Awareness of the variability among food products is crucial but capturing sodium content of every food in the market is not feasible. Whenever possible, updating databases is critical. In conclusion, it is not feasible to capture the sodium content of every food in the marketplace but being aware of these differences is essential to assessing actual sodium consumption. Since biological determinations are burdensome and impractical, it is imperative for researchers and other health professionals to participate in the development and implementation of tools to accurately assess sodium intake in individuals.

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Abstract 016: Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption is Inversely Associated with Coronary Flow Reserve among Male Middle-Aged Twins

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.125.suppl_10.a016 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽

Author(s):

Silvia C Eufinger ◽

Viola Vaccarino

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Coronary Flow Reserve ◽

Coronary Flow ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Individual Level ◽

Sweetened Beverage ◽

Flow Reserve ◽

The Individual

Introduction: Several previous studies have reported a link between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and numerous cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors including hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity. However, our understanding of how SSB consumption affects cardiovascular function remains limited. We sought to investigate the association between SSB consumption and coronary flow reserve (CFR), a measure of overall coronary vasodilator capacity and microvascular function. Hypothesis: Increased SSB consumption is associated with lower CFR. Methods: A sample of 320 male middle-aged twins, including 128 monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs and 64 unpaired twins, with no previous history of coronary heart disease (CHD) and diabetes, was recruited from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. All twins underwent comprehensive cardiovascular assessments and completed the Willett food-frequency questionnaire. Reported intakes of fruit drinks, regular carbonated beverages with sugar, low-calorie carbonated beverages with sugar, and other SSBs were used to derive habitual daily SSB consumption for the previous 12 months. Positron emission tomography [N 13 ] ammonia with quantitation of myocardial blood flow at rest and after adenosine stress was used to measure CFR. Mixed-effect regression analysis was used to examine the association between SSB consumption and CFR both at the individual level and between and within twin pairs. Potential confounders included demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors (including physical activity), traditional CVD risk factors, total energy intake, and other nutritional factors such as intake of cholesterol, fiber, sodium, alcohol, and saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Results: The mean age of the twins was 55 years (SD = 3.2) and 94.4% (302 out of 320) were white. Across quintiles of twins consuming less than 2 SSBs per day, 2 to less than 4, 4 to less than 6, 6 to less than 8, and 8 or more, adjusted geometric mean CFR measurements were, respectively, 2.49, 2.45, 2.43, 2.37, and 2.18 ( P = 0.032 for linear trend) with the top quintile having a 12.4% lower CFR than the bottom quintile. The inverse association observed at the individual level persisted between-pairs ( P = 0.042), but was substantially reduced and no longer significant within twin pairs. These associations did not differ by zygosity. Conclusions: SSB consumption is inversely associated with CFR, a measure of coronary microvascular function, independent of traditional CVD risk factors. However, shared familial factors, such as growing up in the same home environment and adopting parental behaviors throughout youth and adolescence, may mediate the association between SSB consumption and CFR. Our study supports the importance of early-life, family-level interventions to promote healthy eating and improve cardiovascular health.

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CVD Risk Factors Greater in Girls With Type 1 Diabetes

Pediatric News ◽

10.1016/s0031-398x(11)70187-4 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 45 (8) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

DOUG BRUNK

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk

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Geographical profiles of cardiovascular risk and the risk factors in China: data from a nationwide population-based screening project

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.2826 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

C.Q Wu ◽

X Li ◽

J.P Lu ◽

B.W Chen ◽

Y.C Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Population Based ◽

Staple Food ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Food Factor ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Activity Factor

Abstract Background In China, an abundance of cardiovascular risk factors has contributed to the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which caused almost 4 million deaths per year. However, comprehensive evidence on the geographical profiles of cardiovascular disease risk in China is lacking, as findings in prior studies have been limited to relatively small sample sizes, had incomplete regional coverage, or focused on a narrow risk factor spectrum. Purpose To compare the population CVD risk among different regions across China, and to describe the geographical distributions of CVD risk factors and their clusters throughout the nation. Methods In a nationwide population-based screening project covering 252 counties of China, standardized measurements were conducted to collect information on 12 major CVD risk factors. Individuals of high CVD risk were identified as those with previous CVD, or with a predicted 10-year risk of CVD greater than 10% according to the WHO risk prediction charts. We applied factor analysis to generate “clusters” that characterized the clustering of these risk factors, then explored their relationship with the local ambient temperature and per capital GDP. Results Among 983476 participants included, 9.2% were of high CVD risk, with a range of 1.6% to 23.6% across counties. Among the seven regions in China, the rate was relatively high in the Northeast (11.8%) and North China (10.4%), while low in the South China (7.2%) and Northwest (7.8%). We identified 6 clusters underlying CVD risk factors, including Obesity factor, Blood pressure factor, Staple food factor, Non-staple food factor, Smoking and alcohol factor, and Metabolic and physical activity factor (Figure). We found high risk regions were facing different leading challenges, like obesity and blood pressure for the North China, while unhealthy non-staple food for the Northeast. The South China, as the region with the lowest CVD risk, still had the highest prevalence of unhealthy staple food. Lower annual average ambient temperature was associated with higher risk in Blood pressure factor, Obesity factor and Non-staple food factor, but lower risk in Staple food factor and Metabolic and physical activity factor (p<0.001 for all), consistently between rural and urban. Higher per capital GDP was associated with lower risk in Non-staple food factor in urban and higher risk in Metabolic and physical activity factor in rural (p<0.05 for both). The correlation between per capital GDP and Smoking and alcohol factor differed significantly between in rural and urban regions (p=0.042). Conclusions The geographical profile of CVD risk in China is complex - population risk levels varied substantially across regions, which were contributed by different risk factors. China needs geographically targeted intervention strategies considering environmental and socio-economic factors to control CVD risk and reduce the burden related to CVD. Geographical disparity of risk clusters Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): The National Key Research and Development Program from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China; the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Science

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FRI0420 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN RED BLOOD CELLS DISTRIBUTION WIDTH AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN OSTEOARTHRITIS

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.2647 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 808.2-808

Author(s):

N. Hammam ◽

G. Salem ◽

D. Fouad ◽

S. Rashad

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Functional Limitations ◽

Functional Limitation ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Distribution Width ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Lipid Panel

Background:Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease that results in patient’s morbidity and disabilities. There is strong evidence that OA is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Red cell distribution width (RDW) blood test is a measure of the variation in red blood cell volume and size. Elevated RDW has recently been found to correlate with CVD risk in patients with and without heart disease and autoimmune diseases. RDW may be a marker for factors driving CVS risk.Objectives:: To investigate whether RDW can serve as a potential parameter for indicating cardiovascular risk in OA patients.Methods:A subsample of 819 OA patients was extracted from 2003-2006 National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey in a cross-sectional study. 63.7% of them were females. Their mean age was 66.4 ± 14.1 yrs. Demographic, medical data, inflammatory markers & lipid panel were obtained. Only patients with Haemoglobin>12 mg/dl were included. Functional limitations were assessed using a physical function questionnaire.Results:Elevated levels of RDW were associated with CVD risk factors in OA patients. 532 (65.8%) OA patients had functional limitations, while 78 (9.5%) and 63 (7.6%) known to have heart attacks or stroke ever. Mean RDW was 12.9±1.1fL. There was a positive significant correlation between RDW & CVD risk factors including body mass index (r=0.17, p<0.001), C-reactive protein (r=0.29, p<0.001), serum uric acid (r=0.12, p<0.001), and functional limitation (0.16, p<0.001). No significant association between RDW & lipid panel was found. In multiple regression analysis controlling for age, sex as covariates, body mass index (β =0.02, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.03, p=0.002), C-reactive protein (β =0.35, 95%CI: 0.26, 0.45, p<0.001), and functional limitation (β =0.18, 95%CI: 0.13, 0.35, p=0.03).Conclusion:In addition to known CVD risk in OA patients, elevated RDW levels should prompt physicians to aggressively screen and treat their patients for modifiable CVS risk factors, in addition to OA.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Cardiovascular risk factors and COVID-19 outcomes in hospitalised patients: a prospective cohort study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045482 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. e045482

Author(s):

Didier Collard ◽

Nick S Nurmohamed ◽

Yannick Kaiser ◽

Laurens F Reeskamp ◽

Tom Dormans ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Lipid Lowering ◽

Lipid Lowering Therapy ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Icu Admission ◽

Lowering Therapy ◽

Secondary Outcomes ◽

Age And Sex

ObjectivesRecent reports suggest a high prevalence of hypertension and diabetes in COVID-19 patients, but the role of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in the clinical course of COVID-19 is unknown. We evaluated the time-to-event relationship between hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes and COVID-19 outcomes.DesignWe analysed data from the prospective Dutch CovidPredict cohort, an ongoing prospective study of patients admitted for COVID-19 infection.SettingPatients from eight participating hospitals, including two university hospitals from the CovidPredict cohort were included.ParticipantsAdmitted, adult patients with a positive COVID-19 PCR or high suspicion based on CT-imaging of the thorax. Patients were followed for major outcomes during the hospitalisation. CVD risk factors were established via home medication lists and divided in antihypertensives, lipid-lowering therapy and antidiabetics.Primary and secondary outcomes measuresThe primary outcome was mortality during the first 21 days following admission, secondary outcomes consisted of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and ICU mortality. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to determine the association with CVD risk factors.ResultsWe included 1604 patients with a mean age of 66±15 of whom 60.5% were men. Antihypertensives, lipid-lowering therapy and antidiabetics were used by 45%, 34.7% and 22.1% of patients. After 21-days of follow-up; 19.2% of the patients had died or were discharged for palliative care. Cox regression analysis after adjustment for age and sex showed that the presence of ≥2 risk factors was associated with increased mortality risk (HR 1.52, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.02), but not with ICU admission. Moreover, the use of ≥2 antidiabetics and ≥2 antihypertensives was associated with mortality independent of age and sex with HRs of, respectively, 2.09 (95% CI 1.55 to 2.80) and 1.46 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.91).ConclusionsThe accumulation of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes leads to a stepwise increased risk for short-term mortality in hospitalised COVID-19 patients independent of age and sex. Further studies investigating how these risk factors disproportionately affect COVID-19 patients are warranted.

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The Impact of Diet on Urinary Risk Factors for Cystine Stone Formation

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13020528 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 528

Author(s):

Roswitha Siener ◽

Norman Bitterlich ◽

Hubert Birwé ◽

Albrecht Hesse

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Stone Formation ◽

Dietary Treatment ◽

Vegetarian Diet ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Urine Ph ◽

Cystine Stone ◽

The Impact

Despite the importance of dietary management of cystinuria, data on the contribution of diet to urinary risk factors for cystine stone formation are limited. Studies on the physiological effects of diet on urinary cystine and cysteine excretion are lacking. Accordingly, 10 healthy men received three standardized diets for a period of five days each and collected daily 24 h urine. The Western-type diet (WD; 95 g/day protein) corresponded to usual dietary habits, whereas the mixed diet (MD; 65 g/day protein) and lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet (VD; 65 g/day protein) were calculated according to dietary reference intakes. With intake of the VD, urinary cystine and cysteine excretion decreased by 22 and 15%, respectively, compared to the WD, although the differences were not statistically significant. Urine pH was significantly highest on the VD. Regression analysis showed that urinary phosphate was significantly associated with cystine excretion, while urinary sulfate was a predictor of cysteine excretion. Neither urinary cystine nor cysteine excretion was affected by dietary sodium intake. A lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet is particularly suitable for the dietary treatment of cystinuria, since the additional alkali load may reduce the amount of required alkalizing agents.

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Serum alanine aminotransferase activity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in a Caucasian population: the Tromsø study

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12872-020-01826-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Svein Ivar Bekkelund

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Alanine Aminotransferase ◽

Maximum Level ◽

Glycated Haemoglobin ◽

Caucasian Population ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Serum Alanine Aminotransferase

Abstract Background High and low levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are both associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risks especially in elderly, but the mechanisms are less known. This study investigated associations between ALT and CVD risk factors including effects of sex and age in a Caucasian population. Methods Cross-sectional data were analysed sex-stratified in 2555 men (mean age 60.4 years) and 2858 women (mean age 60.0 years) from the population study Tromsø 6. Associations were assessed by variance analysis and multivariable logistic regression of odds to have abnormal ALT. Risk factors included body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip-ratio, blood pressure, lipids, glucose, glycated haemoglobin and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP). Results Abnormal elevated ALT was detected in 113 men (4.4%) and 188 women (6.6%). Most CVD risk factors associated positively with ALT in both sexes except systolic blood pressure and CRP (women only), while ALT was positively associated with age in men when adjusted for CVD risk factors, P < 0.001. BMI predicted ALT in men (OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.88–1.00, P = 0.047) and women (OR 0.90; 95% CI 0.86–0.95, P < 0.001). A linear inversed association between age and ALT in men and a non-linear inversed U-trend in women with maximum level between 60 and 64 years were found. Conclusion This study confirms a positive relationship between ALT and CVD risk factors, particularly BMI. Age is not a major confounder in the ALT-CVD relationship, but separate sex-analyses is recommended in such studies.

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