scholarly journals Race, Body Mass Index, and the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: The Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Singleton ◽  
Charles A. German ◽  
Mercedes Carnethon ◽  
Elsayed Z. Soliman ◽  
Alain G. Bertoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Chinese American ◽  
Ethnic Study ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Grade Iii

Background Higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with increased risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF), but it is not known whether this relationship varies by race/ethnicity. Methods and Results Eligible participants (6739) from MESA (Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) were surveilled for incident AF using MESA hospital surveillance, scheduled MESA study ECG, and Medicare claims data. After a median 13.8 years of follow‐up, 970 participants (14.4%) had incident AF. With BMI modeled categorically in a Cox proportional hazards model, only those with grade II and grade III obesity had increased risks of AF (hazard ratio [HR], 1.50; 95% CI, 1.14–1.98, P =0.004 for grade II obesity and HR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.48–3.05, P <0.0001 for grade III obesity). The relationship between BMI and AF risk was J‐shaped. However, the risk of AF as a function of BMI varied substantially by race/ethnicity ( P value for interaction=0.02), with Chinese‐American participants having a much higher risk of AF with higher BMI and Black participants having minimal increased risk of AF with higher BMI. Conclusions Obesity is associated with an increased risk of incident AF, but the relationship between BMI and the risk of AF is J‐shaped and this relationship differs by race/ethnicity, such that Chinese‐American participants have a more pronounced increased risk of AF with higher BMI, while Black participants have minimal increased risk. Further exploration of the differential effects of BMI by race/ethnicity on cardiovascular outcomes is needed.

Abstract 13195: Race, Body Mass Index, and the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atheroclerosis

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J Singleton ◽  
Charles German ◽  
Mercedes R Carnethon ◽  
Elsayed Z Soliman ◽  
Alain G Bertoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Chinese Americans ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Grade Iii

Introduction: Higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with an increased risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF), but it is not known if this relationship varies based on race/ethnicity. Hypothesis: The relationship between BMI and incident AF will vary by race/ethnicity. Methods: Eligible MESA participants had no AF at baseline. The risk of incident AF as a function of baseline BMI was modelled using Cox proportional hazards. Formal tests of interaction by race/ethnicity were performed. Restricted cubic splines models were used to explore non-linear relationships. Results: Among 6,739 participants, 0.8% were underweight, 27.8% had normal BMI, 39.0% were overweight, 21.1% had grade I obesity, 7.6% had grade II obesity, and 3.7% had grade III obesity. Over 79,860 person-years of follow-up (median 13.8), 991 participants (14.7%) had new-onset AF. With BMI modeled as a categorical variable, only those with grade II and grade III obesity had an increased risk of AF (HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.13 - 1.94, p = 0.005 for grade II obesity and HR 2.21, 95% CI 1.11 - 4.40, p = 0.02 for grade III obesity ). The relationship between BMI and AF risk was non-linear, best characterized as J-shaped. However, the risk of AF as a function of BMI varied substantially by race/ethnicity (p-value for interaction = 0.02), with Chinese-American participants having a much higher risk of AF with higher BMI and African-American participants having minimal increased risk of AF with higher BMI (Figure 1). Conclusions: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of incident AF. The relationship between BMI and the risk of AF is J-shaped and this relationship differs by race/ethnicity, such that Chinese-Americans have a more pronounced increased risk of AF with higher BMI, while African-Americans have minimal increased risk. Further exploration of the differential effects of BMI by race/ethnicity on cardiovascular outcomes is needed.

scholarly journals Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the risk of atrial fibrillation stratified by body mass index: a nationwide population-based study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
So-Ryoung Lee ◽  
Kyung-Do Han ◽  
Eue-Keun Choi ◽  
Seil Oh ◽  
Gregory Y. H. Lip
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe evaluated the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and incident atrial fibrillation (AF) and analyzed the impact of NAFLD on AF risk in relation to body mass index (BMI). A total of 8,048,055 subjects without significant liver disease who were available fatty liver index (FLI) values were included. Subjects were categorized into 3 groups based on FLI: < 30, 30 to < 60, and ≥ 60. During a median 8-year of follow-up, 534,442 subjects were newly diagnosed as AF (8.27 per 1000 person-years). Higher FLI was associated with an increased risk of AF (hazard ratio [HR] 1.053, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.046–1.060 in 30 ≤ FLI < 60, and HR 1.115, 95% CI 1.106–1.125 in FLI ≥ 60). In underweight subjects (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), higher FLI raised the risk of AF (by 1.6-fold in 30 ≤ FLI < 60 and by twofold in FLI ≥ 60). In normal- and overweight subjects, higher FLI was associated with an increased risk of AF, but the HRs were attenuated. In obese subjects, higher FLI was not associated with higher risk of AF. NAFLD as assessed by FLI was independently associated with an increased risk of AF in nonobese subjects with BMI < 25 kg/m2. The impact of NAFLD on AF risk was accentuated in lean subjects with underweight.

scholarly journals Physical activity modifies the risk of atrial fibrillation in obese individuals: The HUNT3 study

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (15) ◽  
pp. 1646-1652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars E Garnvik ◽  
Vegard Malmo ◽  
Imre Janszky ◽  
Ulrik Wisløff ◽  
Jan P Loennechen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
High Body Mass Index ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Increased Risk

Background Atrial fibrillation is the most common heart rhythm disorder, and high body mass index is a well-established risk factor for atrial fibrillation. The objective of this study was to examine the associations of physical activity and body mass index and risk of atrial fibrillation, and the modifying role of physical activity on the association between body mass index and atrial fibrillation. Design The design was a prospective cohort study. Methods This study followed 43,602 men and women from the HUNT3 study in 2006–2008 until first atrial fibrillation diagnosis or end of follow-up in 2015. Atrial fibrillation diagnoses were collected from hospital registers and validated by medical doctors. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to assess the association between physical activity, body mass index and atrial fibrillation. Results During a mean follow-up of 8.1 years (352,770 person-years), 1459 cases of atrial fibrillation were detected (4.1 events per 1000 person-years). Increasing levels of physical activity were associated with gradually lower risk of atrial fibrillation ( p trend 0.069). Overweight and obesity were associated with an 18% (hazard ratio 1.18, 95% confidence interval 1.03–1.35) and 59% (hazard ratio 1.59, 95% confidence interval 1.37–1.84) increased risk of atrial fibrillation, respectively. High levels of physical activity attenuated some of the higher atrial fibrillation risk in obese individuals (hazard ratio 1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.03–2.28 in active and 1.96, 95% confidence interval 1.44–2.67 in inactive) compared to normal weight active individuals. Conclusion Overweight and obesity were associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation. Physical activity offsets some, but not all, atrial fibrillation risk associated with obesity.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Body Mass Index and the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients Referred for Coronary Angiography

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne B. Gregory ◽  
Kendra K. Lester ◽  
Deborah M. Gregory ◽  
Laurie K. Twells ◽  
William K. Midodzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cardiac Risk ◽  
Cardiac Risk Factor ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
The Relationship

Background and Aim. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and may be associated with more severe coronary artery disease (CAD); however, the relationship between body mass index [BMI (kg/m2)] and CAD severity is uncertain and debatable. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between BMI and angiographic severity of CAD. Methods. Duke Jeopardy Score (DJS), a prognostic tool predictive of 1-year mortality in CAD, was assigned to angiographic data of patients ≥18 years of age (N=8,079). Patients were grouped into 3 BMI categories: normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2), and obese (≥30 kg/m2); and multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for 1-year all-cause and cardiac-specific mortality were calculated. Results. Cardiac risk factor prevalence (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia) significantly increased with increasing BMI. Unadjusted all-cause and cardiac-specific 1-year mortality tended to rise with incremental increases in DJS, with the exception of DJS 6 (p<0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, no significant association of BMI and all-cause (HR 0.70, 95% CI .48–1.02) or cardiac-specific (HR 1.11, 95% CI .64–1.92) mortality was found. Conclusions. This study failed to detect an association of BMI with 1-year all-cause or cardiac-specific mortality after adjustment for potential confounding variables.

U-shaped relationship between depression and body mass index in the Korean adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 72-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-H. Lee ◽  
S.K. Park ◽  
J.-H. Ryoo ◽  
C.-M. Oh ◽  
J.-M. Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Obese Group ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractBackground:Although a number of studies have examined the relationship between depression and obesity, it is still insufficient to establish the specific pattern of relationship between depression and body mass index (BMI) categories. Thus, this study was aimed to investigate the relationship between depression and BMI categories.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted for a cohort of 159,390 Korean based on Kangbuk Samsung Health Study (KSHS). Study participants were classified into 5 groups by Asian-specific cut-off of BMI (18.5, 23, 25 and 30 kg/m2). The presence of depression was determined by Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scales (CES-D) = 16 and = 25. The adjusted odd ratios (ORs) for depression were evaluated by multiple logistic regression analysis, in which independent variable was 5 categories of BMI and dependent variable was depression. Subgroup analysis was conducted by gender and age.Results:When normal group was set as a reference, the adjusted ORs for depression formed U-shaped pattern of relationship with BMI categories [underweight: 1.31 (1.14–1.50), overweight: 0.94 (0.85–1.04), obese group: 1.01 (0.91–1.12), severe obese group: 1.28 (1.05–1.54)]. This pattern of relationship was more prominent in female and young age group than male and elderly subgroup. BMI level with the lowest likelihood of depression was 18.5 kg/m2 to 25 kg/m2 in women and 23 kg/m2 to 25 kg/m2 in men.Conclusions:There was a U-shaped relationship between depression and BMI categories. This finding suggests that both underweight and severe obesity are associated with the increased risk for depression.

P3781Prognostic impact of body mass index on mortality and its causes in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Fushimi AF Registry

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y An ◽  
M Iguchi ◽  
M Ishii ◽  
N Masunaga ◽  
Y Aono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Obesity Paradox ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
All Cause Mortality

Abstract Background Obesity has been shown to be related to an increased risk for incidence and progression of atrial fibrillation (AF). Meanwhile, the inverse association between body mass index (BMI) and mortality, so-called “obesity paradox”, is well-known among patients with AF, as well as other cardiovascular diseases. However, data regarding the relationship between BMI and specific causes of death in AF patients remain scarce. Methods The Fushimi AF Registry is a community-based prospective survey of AF patients in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto. The inclusion criterion for the registry is the documentation of AF at 12-lead electrocardiogram or Holter monitoring at any time. We started to enroll patients from March 2011, and baseline characteristics including BMI and follow-up data were available for 3,805 patients by the end of November 2018. Patients were categorized into 3 groups depending on the BMI value; underweight (<18.5 kg/m2; 419 patients), normal (18.5 to <25.0 kg/m2; 2,283 patients), overweight (≤25.0 kg/m2; 1,103 patients). Results In the entire population, the mean BMI level was 23.1±4.0 kg/m2. The lower BMI was associated with higher age (78.5±10.3, 74.0±10.3, and 71.3±10.9 years in Underweight, Normal, and Overweight, respectively; p<0.001) and with higher prevalence of various comorbidities and CHA2DS2-VASc scores (3.83±1.67, 3.43±1.70, and 3.29±1.64, p<0.001). Oral anticoagulants were less frequently prescribed in those with lower BMI (46%, 56%, and 58%, p<0.001). During a median follow-up of 1,464 days (interquartile range: 727–2,228 days), all-cause mortality was lower in accordance with higher BMI (14.3, 5.3, and 3.5 per 100 person-years, respectively; p<0.001). The proportion of infection as a cause of death was prominently higher in the Underweight group than the others (25.7%, 16.7%, and 13.4%, p<0.001) (Figure A). Furthermore, the mortality due to infection was consistently higher in Underweight than in the others in any of the age subgroups (Figure B). Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the BMI value for mortality, adjusted by age, sex, chronic kidney disease, anemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, history of major bleeding, and other components of CHA2DS2-VASc score. Higher BMI was related to lower all-cause mortality (per 5 kg/m2 increase: HR 0.71 [95% CIs 0.63–0.78], p<0.001), and also lower mortality due to infection (per 5 kg/m2 increase: HR 0.48 [95% CIs 0.37–0.61], p<0.001). Figure 1 Conclusions In a Japanese community-based AF cohort, obesity paradox was also observed on all-cause mortality. In particular, lower BMI was strongly associated with the mortality due to infection regardless of age. Acknowledgement/Funding Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer Healthcare, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo, Novartis Pharma, MSD, Sanofi-Avent

Impact of body mass index on outcomes in European patients with atrial fibrillation: the ESC EHRA EORP Atrial Fibrillation General Long-Term registry (AFGen LT)

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Boriani ◽  
M Proietti ◽  
C Laroche ◽  
L Fauchier ◽  
F Marin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Large Cohort ◽  
Funding Source ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Underweight Patients ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction The impact of body mass index (BMI) on outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) has been largely debated. Aims To describe the relationship between BMI categories and clinical outcomes in a large cohort of European AF patients. Methods We included all AF patients with available baseline BMI and creatinine clearance and 1-year follow-up data enrolled in the EORP-AF General Long-Term Registry. Outcomes considered were: i) a composite of any thromboembolic event (TE)/acute coronary syndrome (ACS)/cardiovascular (CV) death; ii) CV death; iii) all-cause death. Results A total of 7,759 patients were included in this analysis. Of these, 55 (0.7%) were underweight, 2,074 (26.7%) were normal weight, 3,170 (40.9%) were overweight, 1,703 (21.9%) were obese and 757 (9.8%) were severe obese. Mean age was progressively lower across the categories (p&lt;0.0001), with proportion of patients aged≥75 years also progressively lower (52.7% in underweight to 19.4% in severe obese patients; p&lt;0.001). Both underweight (41.8%) and severe obese (25.0%) patients were more likely symptomatic (p&lt;0.001). Mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was higher in underweight patients (p=0.0325). Use of any oral anticoagulant therapy was progressively higher across the BMI categories (p&lt;0.001). At 1-year follow-up the rate of all outcomes considered were highest for underweight patients and lowest in severe obese [Figure 1]. On univariate Cox regression analysis, being underweight was consistently associated to a higher risk for all outcomes, while increasing of weight categories was associated with progressively lower risk for adverse outcomes. After full adjustment with clinical and pharmacological characteristics, no effect of higher BMI classes was found for any outcome, but an independent association with an increased risk of CV death and all-cause death was seen for underweight patients (Table 1). Conclusions In a large cohort of European AF patients a progressively lower rate of outcomes was found across increasing BMI classes. After full adjustments, no significant association was found between the higher BMI classes and outcomes. Underweight was associated with an increased risk for CV death and all-cause death. Figure 1. Outcomes at 1-year Follow-up Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Private company. Main funding source(s): Since the start of EORP programme, several companies have supported it with unrestricted grants

scholarly journals Adhesion pathway proteins and risk of atrial fibrillation in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel J. Mendez ◽  
Sheila M. Manemann ◽  
Elizabeth J. Bell ◽  
Nicholas B. Larson ◽  
Paul A. Decker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cellular Adhesion ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Diverse Population ◽  
Ethnic Study ◽  
Diabetes Status ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Circulating Levels

Abstract Background The cellular adhesion pathway has been suggested as playing an important role in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, prior studies that have investigated the role of adhesion pathway proteins in risk of AF have been limited in the number of proteins that were studied and in the ethnic and racial diversity of the study population. Therefore we aimed to study the associations of fifteen adhesion pathway proteins with incident AF in a large, diverse population. Methods Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants from four races/ethnicities (n = 2504) with protein levels measured were followed for incident AF (n = 253). HGF protein was measured on Exam 1 samples (N = 6669; AF n = 851). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the association of AF with 15 adhesion pathway proteins. Bonferroni correction was applied to account for multiple comparisons. Results After adjusting for potential confounding variables (age, sex, race/ethnicity, height, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, antihypertension therapy, diabetes status, current smoker, current alcohol use, and total and HDL cholesterol), and accounting for multiple testing (P < 0.05/15 = 0.0033), circulating levels of the following proteins were positively associated with a higher risk of AF: MMP-2 (HR per standard deviation increment, 1.27; 95% CI 1.11‒1.45), TIMP-2 (HR 1.28; 95% CI 1.12‒1.46), VCAM-1 (HR 1.32; 95% CI 1.16‒1.50), and SLPI (HR 1.22; 95% CI 1.07‒1.38). The association between proteins and AF did not differ by race/ethnicity. Conclusions Circulating levels of MMP-2, TIMP-2, VCAM-1, and SLPI were positively associated with an increased risk of incident AF in a diverse population. Our findings suggest that adhesion pathway proteins may be important risk predictors of AF.

scholarly journals The Relationship of Dehydration and Body Mass Index With the Occurrence of Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Chuda ◽  
Marcin Kaszkowiak ◽  
Maciej Banach ◽  
Marek Maciejewski ◽  
Agata Bielecka-Dabrowa
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Mass Analysis ◽  
Peak Vo2 ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the relationship of dehydration, body mass index (BMI) and other indices with the occurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in heart failure (HF) patients.Methods: The study included 113 patients [median age 64 years; 57.52% male] hospitalized due to HF. Baseline demographics, body mass analysis, echocardiographic results, key cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) parameters, 6 min walk distance (6MWD) and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) score were assessed.Results: Of all patients, 23 (20.35%) had AF, and 90 (79.65%) had sinus rhythm (SR). Patients with AF were older (med. 66 vs. 64 years; p = 0.039), with higher BMI (32.02 vs. 28.51 kg/m2; p = 0.017) and percentage of fat content (37.0 vs. 27.9%, p = 0.014). They were more dehydrated, with a lower percentage of total body water (TBW%) (45.7 vs. 50.0%; p = 0.022). Clinically, patients with AF had more often higher New York Heart Association (NYHA) class (III vs. II; p &lt; 0.001), shorter 6MWD (median 292.35 vs. 378.4 m; p = 0.001) and a lower KCCQ overall summary score (52.60 vs. 73.96 points; p = 0.002). Patients with AF had significantly lower exercise capacity as measured by peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2) (0.92 vs. 1.26 mL/min, p = 0.016), peak VO2/kg (11 vs. 15 mL/kg/min; p &lt; 0.001), and percentage of predicted VO2max (pp-peak VO2) (62.5 vs 70.0; p=0.010). We also found VE/VCO2 (med. 33.85 vs. 32.20; p = 0.049) to be higher and peak oxygen pulse (8.5 vs. 11 mL/beat; p = 0.038) to be lower in patients with AF than in patients without AF. In a multiple logistic regression model higher BMI (OR 1.23 per unit increase, p &lt; 0.001) and higher left atrial volume index (LAVI) (OR 1.07 per unit increase, p = 0.03), lower tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (OR 0.74 per unit increase, p =0.03) and lower TBW% in body mass analysis (OR 0.90 per unit increase, p =0.03) were independently related to AF in patients with HF.Conclusion: Increased volume of left atrium and right ventricular systolic dysfunction are well-known predictors of AF occurrence in patients with HF, but hydration status and increased body mass also seem to be important factors of AF in HF patients.

Relationship between body mass index and cholesterol levels with histopathological grading of breast cancer

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Okto Sampe Padang ◽  
Septiman Septiman ◽  
Prihantono Prihantono ◽  
Gita Vita Soraya ◽  
John Pieter Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Histopathological Grading

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer, a global health problem with a high mortality rate, has several risk factors, including obesity and increased lipid profile. Postmenopausal obesity is associated with estrogen production from adipose tissue, while abnormal cell growth is triggered by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin. Obesity could be assessed by measuring body mass index (BMI). An increase in lipid profile signifies an increased risk for breast cancer. Histopathological findings in the form of grading and differentiation can indicate how serious the condition is. Breast cancer with good differentiation is always associated with a positive prognosis. OBJECTIVE: This observational analytic study aims to determine the relationship between BMI and cholesterol levels based on the menopausal status and the histopathological grading findings of breast cancer patients. METHODS: The observational cross-sectional study analyzed histopathological grading, total cholesterol level, and body mass index. Data were analyzed with Spearman rank correlation statistical test, and the results are significant when the p-value is <0.05. RESULTS: Analyzing the relationship between cholesterol levels and histopathological gradings indicated a moderate correlation. The results of another correlation test based on menopausal status showed a weak correlation value, while menopause was said to be significant, indicating a moderate correlation. However, results from the analysis of BMI data in the menopausal subject group were associated with histopathological assessment. CONCLUSIONS: There is a relationship between cholesterol levels and histopathological degrees in the two menopausal status groups. However, no relationship was found between BMI and the histopathological grades of breast cancer.

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