scholarly journals Finding Positive Meaning in Negative Experiences Engages Ventral Striatal and Ventromedial Prefrontal Regions Associated with Reward Valuation

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce P. Doré ◽  
Chelsea Boccagno ◽  
Daisy Burr ◽  
Alexa Hubbard ◽  
Kan Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Positive Reappraisal ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Positive Meaning ◽  
And Control ◽  
Reward Valuation ◽  
Increased Activity

Neuroimaging research has identified systems that facilitate minimizing negative emotion, but how the brain is able to transform the valence of an emotional response from negative to positive is unclear. Behavioral and psychophysiological studies suggest a distinction between minimizing reappraisal, which entails diminishing the arousal elicited by negative stimuli, and positive reappraisal, which instead changes the emotional valence of arousal from negative to positive. Here we show that successful minimizing reappraisal tracked with decreased activity in the amygdala, but successful positive reappraisal tracked with increased activity in regions involved in computing reward value, including the ventral striatum and ventromedial pFC (vmPFC). Moreover, positive reappraisal enhanced positive connectivity between vmPFC and amygdala, and individual differences in positive connectivity between vmPFC and amygdala, ventral striatum, dorsomedial pFC, and dorsolateral pFC predicted greater positive reappraisal success. These data broaden models of emotion regulation as quantitative dampening of negative emotion and identify activity in a network of brain valuation, arousal, and control regions as a neural basis for the ability to create positive meaning from negative experiences.

scholarly journals Four Weeks of Aerobic Training Affects Cardiac Tissue Matrix Metalloproteinase, Lactate Dehydrogenase and Malate Dehydrogenase Enzymes Activities, and Hepatorenal Biomarkers in Experimental Hyperhomocysteinemia in Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6792
Author(s):  
Dusan Todorovic ◽  
Marija Stojanovic ◽  
Ana Medic ◽  
Kristina Gopcevic ◽  
Slavica Mutavdzin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Malate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Cardiac Tissue ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
And Control ◽  
Tissue Matrix ◽  
Increased Activity

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the application of homocysteine as well as its effect under the condition of aerobic physical activity on the activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in cardiac tissue and on hepato-renal biochemical parameters in sera of rats. Male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups (n = 10, per group): C: 0.9% NaCl 0.2 mL/day subcutaneous injection (s.c.); H: homocysteine 0.45 µmol/g b.w./day s.c.; CPA saline (0.9% NaCl 0.2 mL/day s.c.) and a program of physical activity on a treadmill; and HPA homocysteine (0.45 µmol/g b.w./day s.c.) and a program of physical activity on a treadmill. Subcutaneous injection of substances was applied 2 times a day at intervals of 8 h during the first two weeks of experimental protocol. Hcy level in serum was significantly higher in the HPA group compared to the CPA group (p < 0.05). Levels of glucose, proteins, albumin, and hepatorenal biomarkers were higher in active groups compared with the sedentary group. It was demonstrated that the increased activities of LDH (mainly caused by higher activity of isoform LDH2) and mMDH were found under the condition of homocysteine-treated rats plus aerobic physical activity. Independent application of homocysteine did not lead to these changes. Physical activity leads to activation of MMP-2 isoform and to increased activity of MMP-9 isoform in both homocysteine-treated and control rats.

scholarly journals INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN EMOTION REGULATION AND CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONDING TO STRESS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siobhán M Griffin ◽  
Siobhán Howard
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Emotion Words

Instructed use of reappraisal to regulate stress in the laboratory is typically associated with a more adaptive cardiovascular response to stress, indexed by either: (i) lower cardiovascular reactivity (CVR; e.g., lower blood pressure); or (ii) a challenge-oriented response profile (i.e., greater cardiac output paired with lower total peripheral resistance). In contrast, instructed use of suppression is associated with exaggerated CVR (e.g., greater heart rate, blood pressure). Despite this, few studies have examined if the habitual use of these strategies are related to cardiovascular responding during stress. The current study examined the relationship between cardiovascular responses to acute stress and individual differences in emotion regulation style: trait reappraisal, suppression, and emotion regulation difficulties. Forty-eight participants (25 women, 23 men) completed a standardised laboratory stress paradigm incorporating a 20-minute acclimatization period, a 10-minute baseline, and two 5-minute speech tasks separated by a 10-minute inter-task rest period. The emotional valence of the speech task was examined as a potential moderating factor; participants spoke about a block of negative-emotion words and a block of neutral-emotion words. Cardiovascular parameters were measured using the Finometer Pro. Greater habitual use of suppression was associated with exaggerated blood pressure responding to both tasks. However, only in response to the negative-emotion task was greater use of reappraisal associated with a challenge-oriented cardiovascular response. The findings suggest that individual differences in emotion regulation translate to differing patterns of CVR to stress, but the emotional valence of the stressor may play a role.

scholarly journals Negative Emotion Reduces Visual Working Memory Recall Variability: A Meta-analytical Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weizhen Xie ◽  
Chaoxiong Ye ◽  
Weiwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Neutral Condition ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Delay Estimation ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Memory Recall ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Emotion Induction ◽  
Analytical Review

Negative emotion is often hypothesized to trigger a more deliberate processing mode.This effect can manifest as increased precision of information maintained in working memory (WM) captured by reduced WM recall variability. However, some recent evidence shows that WM representations are immune to any emotional influences. Here, we meta-analyze existing evidence based on data from 13 experiments across 491 participants who performed a delay estimation WM task under negative and neutral emotions. We find that negative emotion modestly reduces WM recall variability and increases recall failures relative to the neutral condition. These effects are moderated by participants’ self-report negative experiences during emotion induction. Collectively, these data suggest that negative emotion influences how muchand how well one can remember in WM.

The Peculiar Case of the superbia Group

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-74
Author(s):  
Yelena Baraz
Keyword(s):  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Republican Period ◽  
Positive Meaning ◽  
Lexical Approach ◽  
The One ◽  
Peculiar Case

This chapter shifts back to the lexical approach and zeroes in on superbia, the one pride term whose etymology has the potential for developing a positive conception of the emotion. It shows that superbia is not attested in a positive meaning in the republican period and that the baseline of the traditional conceptualization of pride in our sources is as a negative emotion. It discusses some possible exceptions as well as antonyms to negative pride, none of which develops into a robust expression of the positive version of the emotion. As explanations for this peculiar lack, the chapter emphasizes the symbolic significance of the figure of Tarquinius Superbus, the last of the legendary Roman kings, deposed and expelled for his tyrannical behavior, to the articulation of the republican values of the governing elite, and offers a pride-centered reading of Livy’s narrative at the end of book one.

Habitual Emotion Regulation and the Facial Grimace

2011 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith W. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Major Activity ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Zygomaticus Major

Images of pleasant scenes usually produce increased activity over the zygomaticus major muscle, as measured by electromyography (EMG), while less activity is elicited by unpleasant images. However, increases in zygomaticus major EMG activity while viewing unpleasant images have occasionally been reported in the literature on affective facial expression (i.e., “grimacing”). To examine the possibility that individual differences in emotion regulation might be responsible for this inconsistently observed phenomenon, the habitual emotion regulation tendencies of 63 participants (32 women) were assessed and categorized according to their regulatory tendencies. Participants viewed emotionally salient images while zygomaticus major EMG activity was recorded. Participants also provided self-report ratings of their experienced emotional valence and arousal while viewing the pictures. Despite demonstrating intact affective ratings, the “grimacing” pattern of zygomaticus major activity was observed in those who were less likely to use the cognitive reappraisal strategy to regulate their emotions.

Caffeine alters emotion and emotional responses in low habitual caffeine consumers

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace E. Giles ◽  
Alexander M. Spring ◽  
Heather L. Urry ◽  
Joseph M. Moran ◽  
Caroline R. Mahoney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategy

Caffeine reliably increases emotional arousal, but it is unclear whether and how it influences other dimensions of emotion such as emotional valence. These experiments documented whether caffeine influences emotion and emotion regulation choice and success. Low to abstinent caffeine consumers (maximum 100 mg/day) completed measures of state anxiety, positive and negative emotion, and salivary cortisol before, 45 min after, and 75 min after consuming 400 mg caffeine or placebo. Participants also completed an emotion regulation choice task, in which they chose to employ cognitive reappraisal or distraction in response to high and low intensity negative pictures (Experiment 1), or a cognitive reappraisal task, in which they employed cognitive reappraisal or no emotion regulation strategy in response to negative and neutral pictures (Experiment 2). State anxiety, negative emotion, and salivary cortisol were heightened both 45 and 75 min after caffeine intake relative to placebo. In Experiment 1, caffeine did not influence the frequency with which participants chose reappraisal or distraction, but reduced negativity of the picture ratings. In Experiment 2, caffeine did not influence cognitive reappraisal success. Thus, caffeine mitigated emotional responses to negative situations, but not how participants chose to regulate such responses or the success with which they did so.

scholarly journals Projections from the posterolateral olfactory amygdala to the ventral striatum: neural basis for reinforcing properties of chemical stimuli

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Ubeda-Bañon ◽  
Amparo Novejarque ◽  
Alicia Mohedano-Moriano ◽  
Palma Pro-Sistiaga ◽  
Carlos de la Rosa-Prieto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Chemical Stimuli

scholarly journals Advantages of comparative studies in songbirds to understand the neural basis of sensorimotor integration

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 800-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karagh Murphy ◽  
Logan S. James ◽  
Jon T. Sakata ◽  
Jonathan F. Prather
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Sensorimotor Integration ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Communication Behaviors ◽  
Song Repertoire ◽  
Evolutionary Variation ◽  
And Control

Sensorimotor integration is the process through which the nervous system creates a link between motor commands and associated sensory feedback. This process allows for the acquisition and refinement of many behaviors, including learned communication behaviors such as speech and birdsong. Consequently, it is important to understand fundamental mechanisms of sensorimotor integration, and comparative analyses of this process can provide vital insight. Songbirds offer a powerful comparative model system to study how the nervous system links motor and sensory information for learning and control. This is because the acquisition, maintenance, and control of birdsong critically depend on sensory feedback. Furthermore, there is an incredible diversity of song organizations across songbird species, ranging from songs with simple, stereotyped sequences to songs with complex sequencing of vocal gestures, as well as a wide diversity of song repertoire sizes. Despite this diversity, the neural circuitry for song learning, control, and maintenance remains highly similar across species. Here, we highlight the utility of songbirds for the analysis of sensorimotor integration and the insights about mechanisms of sensorimotor integration gained by comparing different songbird species. Key conclusions from this comparative analysis are that variation in song sequence complexity seems to covary with the strength of feedback signals in sensorimotor circuits and that sensorimotor circuits contain distinct representations of elements in the vocal repertoire, possibly enabling evolutionary variation in repertoire sizes. We conclude our review by highlighting important areas of research that could benefit from increased comparative focus, with particular emphasis on the integration of new technologies.

scholarly journals Seeking the “beauty center” in the brain: A meta-analysis of fMRI studies of beautiful human faces and visual art

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuan-Peng Hu ◽  
Yi Huang ◽  
Simon B. Eickhoff ◽  
Kaiping Peng ◽  
Jie Sui
Keyword(s):  
Visual Art ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
The Common ◽  
Conjunction Analysis ◽  
Human Faces ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe existence of a common beauty is a long-standing debate in philosophy and related disciplines. In the last two decades, cognitive neuroscientists have sought to elucidate this issue by exploring the common neural basis of the experience of beauty. Still, empirical evidence for such common neural basis of different forms of beauty is not conclusive. To address this question, we performed an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis on the existing neuroimaging studies of beauty appreciation of faces and visual art by non-expert adults (49 studies, 982 participants, meta-data are available at https://osf.io/s9xds/). We observed that perceiving these two forms of beauty activated distinct brain regions: while the beauty of faces convergently activated the left ventral striatum, the beauty of visual art convergently activated the anterior medial prefrontal cortex (aMPFC). However, a conjunction analysis failed to reveal any common brain regions for the beauty of visual art and faces. The implications of these results are discussed.

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