The Economic Consequences of Political Hierarchy: Evidence from Regime Changes in China, 1000-2000 C.E.

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Ying Bai ◽  
Ruixue Jia
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Transportation Networks ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Public Employment ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Regime Changes ◽  
Political Status ◽  
Political Hierarchy ◽  
The Status ◽  
Provincial Capital

Abstract We study how political hierarchy shapes regional development in China, using variations driven by regime changes during the 1000–2000 period. We find that changes in the status of the provincial capital led to the rise and decline of different prefectures as measured by population and urbanization. Two other novel findings stand out: (1) the economic advantages of the provincial capitals did not persist if they lost their political status, and (2) political hierarchy shaped economic development not only through public employment but also through the development of important infrastructure, such as transportation networks. Our findings highlight the importance of politics in determining the locations of economic activities.

The Economic Consequences of Political Hierarchy: Evidence from Regime Changes in China, 1000-2000 C.E.

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Ying Bai ◽  
Ruixue Jia
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Transportation Networks ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Public Employment ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Regime Changes ◽  
Political Status ◽  
Political Hierarchy ◽  
The Status ◽  
Provincial Capital

Abstract We study how political hierarchy shapes regional development in China, using variations driven by regime changes during the 1000–2000 period. We find that changes in the status of the provincial capital led to the rise and decline of different prefectures as measured by population and urbanization. Two other novel findings stand out: (1) the economic advantages of the provincial capitals did not persist if they lost their political status, and (2) political hierarchy shaped economic development not only through public employment but also through the development of important infrastructure, such as transportation networks. Our findings highlight the importance of politics in determining the locations of economic activities.

scholarly journals The Rural Development and Employment in Albania

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Manuela Meçe ◽  
Artur Ribaj
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Informal Work ◽  
Work Arrangements ◽  
The Status ◽  
Labor Resources ◽  
Economic Development Model

Public institutions in Albania play an important role in the functioning, regulation and development of the rural areas, including their support to the rural labor market as an important mechanism for the allocation of labor, resources and income generation. The governments’ efforts emphasize the prioritization of rural employment as crucial for development of Albania. But, this paper conclusions that many young Albanians from rural countryside would like to run away from their country, not because they don’t love their country, but because they see no employment (and livelihood) perspective. The economic development of the country seems more as a residual rather than prosperous, despite many foreign experts and donors trying over 25 past years to present a sustainable economic development model. Informal work arrangements remain widespread across many economic activities and the division between unemployment and informal work (employment) is still blurred. Albanians from rural countryside should be drawn more to farming than in the recent past. Government institutions should reflect a clear rise in the status of farming compared to the recent past, improving the respective legal framework, addressing constraints on access to farming activities and borrowing (or financing) and adapting fiscal policies which will motivate and incentive them to be drawn more to farming than in the recent past.

scholarly journals Research on the Multisectoral Impact of Infectious Diseases on the Economy

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Rustam Anzorovich Shortanov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Economic Activities

The purpose of the work is to consider the features of the multidimensional impact of the consequences of the spread of infectious diseases on the economic development of countries. The author concludes that the process of public health exposure to regional or global new and endemic infectious diseases may have broader socio-economic consequences that are often not taken into account when assessing risk or impact. With the spread of international travel and trade, such events can cause economic shocks that go far beyond the traditional health sectors and the original geographical range of the pathogen. Intensive economic specialization and a broader division of labor, accompanied by expanding markets and increasing economic globalization, increase the risk of people coming into contact with sources that contribute to highly contagious diseases such as influenza and COVID-19. The adverse economic consequences of new forms or types of these diseases can be serious, taking into account the high degree of interdependence of economic activities in the modern economy. For example, the absence of workers from work due to such infections or the risks of these infections can disrupt production at the workplace level. Also, supply chains can be disrupted or disrupted by these pandemics, and in addition, they usually have a negative impact on aggregate demand for goods. This is evidenced by the COVID-19 outbreak, which led to a serious global economic depression. The occurrence and consequences of epidemics and pandemics depend on the nature and stages of economic development. The economic and social structure of modern society contributes to the transmission of diseases that depend on human contact or presence, especially those that are caused by airborne microbes or persist on commonly used surfaces. The study concluded that public and private stakeholders at the local, national and international levels should work together to address the economic consequences of infectious diseases, to provide informed systems and risk and impact analysis, and to promote cost-sharing strategies for prevention and preparedness where possible, and to evaluate optimal intervention strategies when necessary. Developments related to infectious diseases in today's globalized world require increased responsibility for preserving people's health and economic security.

scholarly journals Socio-economic aspects of tourism in the modern society

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-154
Author(s):  
Jelena Premović ◽  
Ljiljana Arsić
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Individual

The specificity of the tourist market and the connection of modern tourist products with numerous economic and non-economic activities cause the multiplicity of socio-economic effects of tourism. The development of tourism creates opportunities for a number of other activities, which means that tourism is a significant factor in boosting the overall economic development. Tourism plays a particularly important role in the overall socio-economic development of underdeveloped countries and regions. Tourism can contribute to positive socio-economic development, but at the same time, inadequate and uncontrolled management of a tourist destination can have negative socio-cultural, but also economic consequences. The paper investigates the basic socio-cultural and economic aspects and impacts of tourism. The authors pay special attention to the analysis of the multiplying effects of tourism on the development of a particular destination. Starting from the history of travel and tourism as an activity, key motives and socio-economic effects, the 2008 World Economic Crisis, its origin, causes, and consequences of its impact on the entire world economy, especially tourism, the authors analyzed the current economic indicators of tourism activity in the world economy and projections of expected trends. In this paper, the focus of the analysis is on the tourist travel and economic and socio-cultural impact of tourism on the tourist destination, the individual, and the society as a whole.

Regional tax initiatives and economic effects of their implementation in regions of the High North.

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Tatiana I. Barasheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The North ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Taxation System

Achievement of sustainable development of the Russian regions against the background of continuing crisis phenomena can be ensured by accelerating economic growth. Preconditions for the intensive development of the regions of the Russian Federation should be created by the state. Conducting an efficient tax policy is recognized as an important and necessary factor of success. For regions of the North and the Arctic, characterized by extreme natural conditions complicating economic activities, and demonstrating unequal levels of socio-economic development, solving the problem is most relevant and requires evaluation of the results obtained in the course of implementation of regional tax initiatives. We grouped the North and Arctic regions by degrees of economic activities. Based on the grouping, economic consequences of implementation of the tax policy in the North and Arctic regions were evaluated. It was shown that regional tax initiatives in terms of granting benefits for tax on profit are characterized by varying degrees of activity. As a rule, the highest tax activities are noticed in the regions with high economic potential but they are not always accompanied by expected positive economic effects. It is caused by a number of factors including imperfect taxation system, activities of export-oriented companied, involved in consolidated groups of taxpayers, operating in the North and the Arctic regions, etc. It was also shown that in some regions of the North and the Arctic conducting a moderate tax policy ensures higher effects of the economic development. It was found out that regional tax initiatives estimated by sums of shortfalls in budget revenues due to provision of tax incentives for tax on profit are less significant and cannot compete with the federal ones.

Orthodox arrangement of the Pochaiv Lavra in the second third of the XIX century.

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-41
Author(s):  
Ella Volodymyrivna Bystrytska
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
The Political ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Political Motivation ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

Abstract: A series of imperial decrees of the 1820s ordering the establishment of a Greco-Uniate Theological Collegium and appropriate consistories contributed to the spread of the autocratic synodal system of government and the establishment of control over Greek Uniate church institutions in the annexed territories of Right-Bank Ukraine. As a result, the Greco-Uniate Church was put on hold in favor of the government's favorable grounds for the rapid localization of its activities. Basilian accusations of supporting the Polish November Uprising of 1830-1831 made it possible to liquidate the OSBM and most monasteries. The transfer of the Pochaiv Monastery to the ownership of the Orthodox clergy in 1831 was a milestone in the liquidation of the Greco-Uniate Church and the establishment of a Russian-style Orthodox mono-confessionalism. On the basis of archival documents, the political motivation of the emperor's decree to confiscate the Pochayiv Monastery from the Basilians with all its property and capital was confirmed. The transfer to the category of monasteries of the 1st class and the granting of the status of a lavra indicated its special role in strengthening the position of the autocracy in the western region of the Russian Empire. The orders of the Holy Synod outline the key tasks of ensuring the viability of the Lavra as an Orthodox religious center: the introduction of continuous worship, strengthening the personal composition of the population, delimitation of spiritual responsibilities, clarifying the affiliation of the printing house. However, maintaining the rhythm of worship and financial and economic activities established by the Basilians proved to be a difficult task, the solution of which required ten years of hard work. In order to make quick changes in the monastery, decisions were made by the emperor and senior government officials, and government agencies were involved at the local level, which required the coordination of actions of all parties to the process.

EMPOWERING WOMEN THROUGH ENTREPRENEURSHIP: ASPECTS AND APPROACHES

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
JAVED ALAM SHEIKH
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Economic Empowerment ◽  
World Population ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Map ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status

Almost 50 per cent of the world population is constituted by the women and they have been making substantial contribution to socio-economic development. But, unfortunately their tremendous contribution remains unrecognized and unnoticed in most of the developing and least developed countries causing the problem of poverty among them. Empowering women has become the key element in the development of an economy. With women moving forward, the family moves, the village moves and the nation moves. Hence, improving the status of women by way of their economic empowerment is highly called for. Entrepreneurship is a key tool for the economic empowerment of women around the world for alleviating poverty. Entrepreneurship is now widely recognized as a tool of economic development in India also. In this paper I have tried to discuss the reasons and role of Women Entrepreneurship with the help of Push and Pull factors. In the last I have also discussed the problems and the road map of Women Entrepreneurs development in India.

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