Fathers have higher motivation for parenting than mothers in common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Behaviour ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 148 (11-13) ◽  
pp. 1199-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsuko Saito ◽  
Akihiro Izumi ◽  
Katsuki Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Older Brothers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Level Of Motivation ◽  
Older Siblings

Abstract Parental care is necessary for infant mammals to survive because they are born immaturely. In rodents, the retrieval of pups has been used to evaluate the motivation for maternal behaviour. Common marmosets are cooperative breeders and their parental or alloparental behaviour has been evaluated on the basis of the frequency of carrying infants in a family group. However, under such a situation, the amount of time spent on carrying did not directly reflect the level of motivation for parental or alloparental behaviour because of interference by other family members. To directly evaluate the motivation for such behaviour in common marmosets, animals should be tested where each subject is separated from other family members. Although some groups have applied an infant-retrieval test in which an infant is presented to the subject to evaluate the motivation of each marmoset, there are no studies in which retrieval behaviour is compared among family members. We adopted the infant-retrieval test to compare the motivation for parental or alloparental behaviour among family members: 8 fathers, 8 mothers, 14 older brothers and 9 older sisters. We measured the time from the infant presentation to the retrieval of the infant by each subject as the index of the motivation. We conducted the test when the infant age was 1–8 days old. All the fathers invariably retrieved their infants promptly, but some mothers did not. This variation of responsiveness of mothers was partially explained by the amount of their experience of having their own infants. There was a tendency that inexperienced mothers took a longer time to retrieve infants than experienced ones. Older siblings took a significantly longer time to retrieve infants than fathers during the first few days, but their latency became the same as that of parents in the 8-day test period. Our present findings indicate that the motivation for retrieving infants differs between mothers and fathers. Fathers' motivation is invariably high whereas mothers' is more variable, and that parental and alloparental behaviour may change depending on experience.

scholarly journals Family Relationships and Youth Sport: Influence of Siblings and Parents on Youth's Participation, Interests, and Skills

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 86-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith V Osai ◽  
Shawn D Whiteman
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Intact Families ◽  
Systems Perspective ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Learning Principles ◽  
Older Siblings

Taking a family systems perspective, the present study investigated how older siblings’ and parents’ (mothers’ and fathers’) interests, skills, and participation in sports predicted younger siblings’ attitudes and behaviors in those same domains. Testing social learning principles, we further examined whether family members’ influence was stronger when they shared warmer relationships and siblings shared the same gender. Participants included mothers, fathers, and adolescent-aged first and second-born siblings from 197 maritally intact families. Families participated in home interviews as well as a series of 7 nightly phone calls during which participants reported on their daily activities. Across dependent variables, results revealed that parents’ and (with one exception) older siblings’ qualities were predictive of younger siblings’ interests, skills, and participation in sports. Inconsistent with hypotheses, however, family members’ influence was not moderated by relational warmth. Discussion highlights the need to examine the socialization processes by which siblings shape each other’s sport-related attitudes and activities.

scholarly journals Airway hyper-responsiveness in lipopolysaccharide-challenged common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

2013 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Curths ◽  
Judy Wichmann ◽  
Sarah Dunker ◽  
Horst Windt ◽  
Heinz-Gerd Hoymann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Function ◽  
Lung Inflammation ◽  
Dynamic Compliance ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Acute Lung Inflammation ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Safety Testing ◽  
Custom Made

Animal models with a high predictive value for human trials are needed to develop novel human-specific therapeutics for respiratory diseases. The aim of the present study was to examine lung-function parameters in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) that can be used to detect pharmacologically or provocation-induced AHR (airway hyper-responsiveness). Therefore a custom-made lung-function device that allows application of defined aerosol doses during measurement was developed. It was hypothesized that LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-challenged marmosets show AHR compared with non-challenged healthy subjects. Invasive plethysmography was performed in 12 anaesthetized orotracheally intubated and spontaneously breathing marmosets. Pulmonary data of RL (lung resistance), Cdyn (dynamic compliance), EF50 (mid-expiratory flow), Poes (oesophageal pressure), MV (minute volume), respiratory frequency (f) and VT (tidal volume) were collected. Measurements were conducted under baseline conditions and under MCh (methacholine)-induced bronchoconstriction. The measurement was repeated with the same group of animals after induction of an acute lung inflammation by intratracheal application of LPS. PDs (provocative doses) of MCh to achieve a certain increase in RL were significantly lower after LPS administration. AHR was demonstrated in the LPS treated compared with the naïve animals. The recorded lung-function data provide ground for pre-clinical efficacy and safety testing of anti-inflammatory substances in the common marmoset, a new translational NHP (non-human primate) model for LPS-induced lung inflammation.

scholarly journals Characterization of an Epstein–Barr virus-related gammaherpesvirus from common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

2002 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 1621-1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hal B. Jenson ◽  
Yasmin Ench ◽  
Yanjin Zhang ◽  
Shou-Jiang Gao ◽  
John R. Arrand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr

A gammaherpesvirus related to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV; Human herpesvirus 4) infects otherwise healthy common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Long-term culture of common marmoset peripheral blood lymphocytes resulted in outgrowth of spontaneously immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines, primarily of B cell lineage. Electron microscopy of cells and supernatants showed herpesvirus particles. There were high rates of serological cross-reactivity to other herpesviruses (68–86%), but with very low geometric mean antibody titres [1:12 to human herpesvirus 6 and 1:14 to Herpesvirus papio (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 12)]. Sequence analysis of the conserved herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene showed that the virus is a member of the lymphocryptovirus subgroup and is most closely related to a lymphocryptovirus from rhesus macaques and is closely related to EBV and Herpesvirus papio. High seroprevalence (79%, with geometric mean antibody titre of 1:110) among 28 common marmosets from two geographically distinct colonies indicated that the virus is likely present in many common marmosets in captivity. A New World primate harbouring a lymphocryptovirus suggests that this subgroup arose much earlier than previously thought.

scholarly journals Titus Flavius Clemens’ Stance on Wine as Expressed in Paedagogus

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 187-205
Author(s):  
Jolanta Dybała ◽  
Krzysztof Jagusiak ◽  
Michał Pawlak
Keyword(s):  
Pure Water ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Food Product ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Golden Mean ◽  
Wine Consumption ◽  
Christian Theologian ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Medicinal Properties

Titus Flavius Clemens was a philosopher and Christian theologian from the period of the 2nd–3th century. The aim of this paper is to present his view on the subject of wine and his recommendations on wine consumption as described in his work entitled Paedagogus. In this work Titus Flavius Clemens focuses primarily on the moral side of drinking wine. He is a great supporter of the ancient principle of moderation, or the golden mean (μεσότης). We also find its traces in his recommendations regarding the drinking of wine. First of all, he does not require Christians to be abstinent. Although he considers water as the best natural beverage to satisfy thirst, he does not make them reject God’s wine. The only condition he sets, however, is to maintain moderation in drinking it. He recommends diluting wine with water, as the peaceful Greeks always did, unlike the war-loving barbarians who were more prone to drunkenness. On the other hand, Titus Flavius Clemens warns the reader against excessive dilution of wine, so that it does not turn out to be pure water. He severely criticizes drunkenness, picturesquely presenting the behavior of drunks, both men and women. Wine in moderation has, in his opinion, its advantages – social, familial and individual. It makes a person better disposed to himself or herself, kinder to friends and more gentle to family members. Wine, when consumed in moderation, may also have medicinal properties. Clemens is well aware of this fact and in his work he cites several medical opinions on the subject. Unfortunately, in Paedagogus we find little information about wine as a food product / as an everyday bevarage. The input on the subject is limited to the list of exclusive, imported wines. What is worth noting, Titus Flavius Clemens appears to be a sommelier in this way.

scholarly journals Establishment of a diabetes mellitus type 1 model in the common marmoset

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenji Yuan ◽  
Satsuki Fukuda ◽  
Takashi Inoue ◽  
Hitoshi Okochi ◽  
Erika Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Insulin Administration ◽  
Partial Pancreatectomy ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Diabetes Model ◽  
The Common

Abstract Common marmosets have attracted considerable attention as a small standard primate model in biomedical research. However, no marmoset diabetes model is available. Here, we established a marmoset diabetes model via the combination of partial pancreatectomy and intravenous streptozotocin (STZ). A partial pancreatectomy was performed in 11 common marmosets and multiple STZ doses were intravenously administered. Diabetes was diagnosed upon sustained hyperglycaemia (nonfasting blood glucose level >200 mg/dl). Blood glucose and biochemistry were periodically assessed, in addition to glucose tolerance testing, continual blood glucose determination using a continuous glucose monitoring system, urine testing and histological evaluation. In 8 of the 11 animals (73%), diabetes mellitus was induced. The diabetic marmosets also showed abnormal intravenous and oral glucose tolerance test results. Blood glucose levels decreased in response to human insulin administration. The hyperglycaemic state was irreversible and persisted for more than 3 months, and the animals’ condition was manageable via daily insulin administration. Thus, diabetes can be successfully induced and maintained in the common marmoset via partial pancreatectomy and STZ administration. This protocol effectively generates a valuable animal model for studying disease pathogenesis, risk factors and therapeutic interventions, including islet transplantation.

Young children: the visibility paradox

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-112
Author(s):  
Corinne May-Chahal ◽  
Emma Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Child Sexual Abuse ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Image Databases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Traditional Sense ◽  
The Subject

This chapter reviews what is known about child sexual abuse media, with a particular focus on the abuse of young children (those under the age of 10). Young children are seldom the subject of research on sexual violence, yet the online-facilitated sexual abuse of these children is known to exist. In the past, child sexual abuse has been described as a hidden phenomenon that is made visible through a child's disclosure or evidence in and on their bodies. Online child sexual victimisation (OCSV) experienced by young children is still hidden in this traditional sense but at the same time highly visible through images that are both detached from the child yet traumatically attached through their creation and continued circulation throughout childhood. Indeed, most of what can be known about OCSV and younger children is through analyses of images harvested online and analyses of law enforcement and non-governmental organisation (NGO) image databases. These sources suggest that OCSV involving young children is different from that experienced by those who are older. It more often involves parents, carers, and family members; it is legally and developmentally impossible for children to consent to it; and images and videos of the abuse are more likely to be trafficked.

scholarly journals Expression of taste signal transduction molecules in the caecum of common marmosets

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 20130409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sae Gonda ◽  
Shuichi Matsumura ◽  
Shoichiro Saito ◽  
Yasuhiro Go ◽  
Hiroo Imai
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Plant Exudates ◽  
The Common ◽  
Signal Transduction Proteins ◽  
First Time ◽  
Human Primate

The extraoral presence of taste signal transduction proteins has recently been reported in rodents and humans. Here, we report for the first time the presence of these signal transduction proteins in the caecum of a non-human primate, the common marmoset. Quantitative RT-PCR data on the gene expression of taste signal transduction molecules (gustducin and TRPM5) in common marmosets suggested high expression in the caecum, which was not observed in other non-human primates. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the specific presence of gustducin and taste receptors in marmoset caecal cells. These results may relate to the specific feeding behaviour of marmosets, which consume plant exudates, primarily gums.

Cutaneous Receptive Field Organization in the Ventral Posterior Nucleus of the Thalamus in the Common Marmoset

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 1865-1875 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Wilson ◽  
P. D. Kitchener ◽  
P. J. Snow
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
The Body ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
The Common ◽  
Receptive Field Organization

The organization of cutaneous receptive fields in the ventroposterior (VP) thalamus of the common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus) was determined from single-unit recordings, and these data were correlated with the cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry of the thalamus in the same animals. Under continuously maintained ketamine anesthesia, the receptive fields of a total of 192 single units were recorded from the right VP thalamus using 2 MΩ glass microelectrodes. After the receptive fields were mapped, the brains were reacted for CO histochemistry on 50-μm coronal frozen sections through the entire VP thalamus. The majority of units were localized to the CO-reactive regions that define the medial and lateral divisions of VP (VPm and VPl). Apart from the expected finding of the face being represented in VPm and the body in VPl, reconstructing the electrode tracks and unit locations in the histological sections revealed a general association between discrete regions of CO reactivity and the representation of specific body regions. Some low-threshold cutaneous units were apparently localized to VPi (the CO weak regions dorsal, ventral, and interdigitating with, the CO regions of VP). These VPi units were clearly part of the same representational map as the VPl and VPm units. We conclude that the low-threshold cutaneous receptive fields of the marmoset are organized in a single continuous representation of the contralateral body surface, and that this representation can most simply be interpreted as being folded or crumpled into the three-dimensional space of VP thalamus. The folded nature of the body map in VP may be related to the folded nature of VP as revealed by CO histochemistry.

scholarly journals Juda Hirsch Quastel, 2 October 1899 - 15 October 1987

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 379-418 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Family Members ◽  
The West ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Garment Factories ◽  
The Subject ◽  
East End ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Juda Hirsch Quastel, who contributed for more than 60 years to the growth of biochemistry, was born in Sheffield, in a room over his father’s rented sweet shop on the Ecclesall Road. The date was 2 October 1899, and his parents, Jonas and Flora (Itcovitz) Quastel, had lived in England for only a few years. They had emigrated separately from the city of Tamopol in eastern Galicia, which was then within the Austro-Hungarian Empire; it has since, after a period under Polish rule, become part of the Ukrainian Republic of the Soviet Union. Tamopol at the end of the 19th century was a city of some 30 000 and the centre of an agricultural district. Its inhabitants were ethnically mixed, but about half of them were Jews, many of whom under the relatively benevolent Austrian regime were fairly prosperous. Quastel used to recall how his father and grandfather had held the Emperor Franz Joseph in great respect. His grandfather, also Juda Hirsch (married to Yetta Rappoport), had at one time worked as a chemist in a brewery laboratory in Tamopol. The parents of the subject of this biography had been in commerce there, and were not poor; but today’s family members know little about the life of Jonas and Flora in Tamopol, or about the reasons that persuaded them, like many of their neighbours, to emigrate to the West. An uncle had already gone to England, and perhaps had encouraged them to follow because of the greater opportunities. In England they lived at first in London’s east end, where they worked in garment factories; but their move to Sheffield, and to Jonas’s modest entrepreneurship, had been completed in the late 1890s. It was there that Juda Hirsch and his four younger siblings (Charles, Doris, Hetty and Anne) were born.

scholarly journals Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) as a Nonhuman Primate Model To Assess the Virulence of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Strains

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (18) ◽  
pp. 9035-9042 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Paige Adams ◽  
Judith F. Aronson ◽  
Suzette D. Tardif ◽  
Jean L. Patterson ◽  
Kathleen M. Brasky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Arboviral Disease

ABSTRACT Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) produces the most severe human arboviral disease in North America (NA) and is a potential biological weapon. However, genetically and antigenically distinct strains from South America (SA) have seldom been associated with human disease or mortality despite serological evidence of infection. Because mice and other small rodents do not respond differently to the NA versus SA viruses like humans, we tested common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) by using intranasal infection and monitoring for weight loss, fever, anorexia, depression, and neurologic signs. The NA EEEV-infected animals either died or were euthanized on day 4 or 5 after infection due to anorexia and neurologic signs, but the SA EEEV-infected animals remained healthy and survived. The SA EEEV-infected animals developed peak viremia titers of 2.8 to 3.1 log10 PFU/ml on day 2 or 4 after infection, but there was no detectable viremia in the NA EEEV-infected animals. In contrast, virus was detected in the brain, liver, and muscle of the NA EEEV-infected animals at the time of euthanasia or death. Similar to the brain lesions described for human EEE, the NA EEEV-infected animals developed meningoencephalitis in the cerebral cortex with some perivascular hemorrhages. The findings of this study identify the common marmoset as a useful model of human EEE for testing antiviral drugs and vaccine candidates and highlight their potential for corroborating epidemiological evidence that some, if not all, SA EEEV strains are attenuated for humans.

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