Inter-ethnic Restructuring in Malaysia, 1970-80: The Employment Perspective

1982 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-48
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Employment Structure ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Target Date ◽  
Restructuring Process

AbstractThe New Economic Policy (NEP) was launched in 1970 in the aftermath of the racial riots of May 1969 which were widely held as an expression of the discontent felt among Malays vis-à-vis Chinese domination of the Malaysian economy. Under this new strategy, more rapid "Malaysianization" of society was planned and a commitment was made to "restructure" the economy so as to give Malays an economic status equivalent, or equal, to that of non-Malays. Efforts extended from increasing Malay equity participation in industry and upgrading the employment structure of Malays to poverty eradication, notably in low-income rural areas where most Malays live. The target date for completion of the process of restructuring was 1990 but before that a series of detailed plans mapped out evolving strategies to achieve a steady progression in the restructuring process. It is in this context that this paper sets out to examine the main trends in the employment structure over the past quarter of a century, within limits of data availability, to see to what extent ethnic restructuring has occurred and the nature of the changes that have taken place.

scholarly journals The Uneven Perils of Unemployment and Underemployment: The Role of Employment Structure in explaining Rural-Urban Poverty Differences, 1970-2018.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew M Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Employment Structure ◽  
Discouraged Workers ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

There has been a persistent gap in the poverty rate between urban and rural areas of the United States. Much of this gap has be attributed to industrial composition, however employment composition also likely plays a key role. Underemployment and labor force non-participation have been become significant issues in rural areas. This study uses data from the Current Population Survey for 1970 to 2018 to understand how poverty rates among 6 employment groups —(1) not in the labor force, (2) discouraged workers, (3) unemployed workers, (4) low hours workers, (5) low income workers, and (6) adequately employed workers— can explain the persistent gap in poverty between urban and rural areas. Demographic standardization and decomposition techniques reveal that majority of the poverty gap is explained by differences in poverty rates for the employment groups. Rural individuals in all employment group have higher poverty rates than urban individuals in the same group. Analysis also shows that if rural America had either the employment structure or the employment specific poverty rates of urban America than poverty rates would be much lower in rural areas.

scholarly journals Farmers’ Poverty Eradication Policies and Resolution of Developing Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thanh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Real

The problem of farmers' poverty eradication is one of puzzles of many governments. Beside political purposes, the real subsidy of governments for farmers varies from countries to others. Their policies usually aim to enhance the live of poor farmers who are the most low income stratum in the society. The governmental policies could alleviate this social problem in short term, and most of them seem to be modestly successful and confronted serious criticism. The resolution of the socio-economic situation is still a question for many agricultural countries. This paper presents the subsidy policies of some developing countries with their success and failures; the author also introduces the experiences of solving farmers' poverty in rural areas and proposes resolutions.

scholarly journals Open defecation free: where do we need to focus ?

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ramesh Adhikari ◽  
Sudha Ghimire
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Middle Income

BackgroundDespite major national and international efforts, many households in Nepal (as in other low-income and middle-income countries) still lack toilets. This paper assesses various determinants that act as main contributing factors because of which households in Nepal still do not have toilets. MethodsData from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2016 was used for this study. Bivariate analysis was done to assess the association between dependent variables (toilet status- having and not having toilets in the household) and independent variables (demographic, socio-economic and geographical characteristics) using Chi-square test. Then, a multi variate logistic regression model was used to assess significant predictors for a household not having a toilet after controlling other variables. ResultsOut of the total number of sampled households (11040), nearly a fifth (18%) belonged to province no. 2, where nearly half of the households (49%) did not have toilet facilities. Similarly, households in rural areas were found to be less likely to have toilets than households in urban areas (aOR=1.56, CI1.35-1.80). In the Terai, households were almost ten times as likely not to have toilets (aOR=9.65, CI6.56-14.19) as compared to households in the mountain region. Furthermore, there is a strong positive association between households with toilets and their economic status. Poorest (aOR=15.19, CI11.26-20.47), poorer (aOR=8.75, CI6.89-11.11) and middle income (aOR=5.12, CI4.15-6.32) households were less likely to have a toilet than richer or richest households. ConclusionsDespite some real achievements and progress in Open Defecation Free (ODF) status, Nepal still has a large number of residences without a toilet. Thus, it is crucial to address all the multifaceted factors such as geographical, provincial and economic when considering sustainable ODF programming.

Changes in Individual Economic Activities and Regional Market Structures Caused by Rural Road Improvements in Cambodia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rika Idei ◽  
Hironori Kato
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Regional Market ◽  
Rural Road

In rural areas of developing countries, most individuals engage in farming of staple foods and trading them in their local markets for daily earnings. If a road is improved, what would happen to those markets and the local populations’ economic activities? This study aimed to examine the effects of rural road improvements on local economic activities and market structures in rural areas of Cambodia using quantitative and qualitative data collected from face-to-face interviews. The data included both individual economic status and households’ travel behavior around their markets. This study showed that improving road conditions helps low-income individuals visit a market frequently and releases rice farmers from the time and cost burdens of transporting their rice to markets or enables customers to now approach them directly for trades. The enhancement of economic activities was also confirmed among local populations on the roadsides, particularly groups with economic capacities, and this effect was distributed to markets even beyond the roadsides. Our findings suggest that rural road improvements enhance the economic status of individuals who engage in dominant economic activities along the improved roads and that these benefits extend beyond roadside markets themselves. However, such positive impacts were not realized by households that did not own any land for rice farming and whose economic status remained poor. Instruments should be integrated into future rural road improvement projects to include households of small economic capacities in the local economic development process.

scholarly journals The Challenge of Inequality in University Education: Is the District Quota Scheme Addressing Socio-Economic Disparities in Access to University Education in Uganda?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Godfrey Bagonza ◽  
Yuda Taddeo Kaahwa ◽  
Nicholas Itaaga
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
University Education ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Research ◽  
Socially Disadvantaged ◽  
The Social ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Government

Access to university education is one of the fundamental educational questions in contemporary educational debates. This is because university education is seen as having an array of benefits to individuals, their households, and their nations. However, the challenge of inequality in terms of gender, income, location, and socio-economic status has constrained some individuals and households to access quality university education. In 2005 the government of Uganda introduced the District Quota Scheme to address the social inequalities in accessing university education. This study examined how the District Quota Scheme is addressing the rural-urban divide in access to university; how the District Quota Scheme has increased access to university education for children with parents who have low levels of education; and whether the District Quota Scheme is improving access to university education for children from low-income families. Following the social constructivist research paradigm and integrating both quantitative and qualitative research methods, the study found a change in access to university education by students from rural areas, students whose parents have lower levels of education, and those from low-income families as a result of introducing the District Quota Scheme. The study recommends that the government of Uganda and other stakeholders in the higher education sector should address the structural challenges to ensure that mainly the socially disadvantaged students take the biggest advantage of this scheme. 

scholarly journals Analisis korelasi tingkat pendidikan dan status ekonomi terhadap kesejahteraan sosial dengan tingkat pendapatan sebagai contingency variable di kabupaten labuhanbatu

JURNAL PUNDI ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurintan Asyiah Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Low Level

Social Welfare is a common goal to be achieved. Therefore there is a need to increase the quality of education in the district of Labuhanbatu. Because with a low level of education will result in social welfare and low in support with low economic status and low income levels again. A high level of crime that occurred in the district of labuhanbatu caused by the low income level that effect cause social welfare disrupted. For long-term author want to achieve is able to formulate a policy that can improve tarap community living that has a low level of education so that the level of kriminilitas can minimalize. Special targets to be achieved in this research is the regional government can know exactly how the situation of social welfare that occurs in the rural areas. The method to achieve that goal is to provide skills training and motivation to be increased education kejenjang higher. This research uses the primary data obtained or collected directly from the source of the data through the spread of a list of questions (questionaire) and interview (interview). Keywords: The level of education, Economic status, Social Welfare, Income Level

scholarly journals Dropout Intention, Motivation and Socio-Demographics of Forestry Students in Romania

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 618
Author(s):  
Elena Cocoradă ◽  
Alexandru Lucian Curtu ◽  
Laura Elena Năstasă ◽  
Iosif Vorovencii
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Dropout Rate ◽  
Academic Program ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Dropping Out ◽  
Psychological Instruments ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Academic Year

Reducing students’ dropout rate is a major challenge for universities. Based on a quantitative approach, this study aims to analyze and explain students’ dropout intention at the largest forestry school in Romania by collecting data in their first two months of the academic year prior to failing any courses. The study participants are undergraduate freshmen, male and female students, and the tools are psychological instruments commonly used or specifically developed for this study. Our findings partly confirm previous results, such as the higher intention of dropping out among male students compared to females, and also among students with admission GPA lower or equal to seven, on a GPA scale from 1 to 10, and among students from families with low income. Dropout intention can be explained by the academic performance expectancy, gender, family, socio-economic status, and perceived barriers to completion of studies. There were no differences regarding whether students were from urban or rural areas, proximity of university to home, and high school academic program. Our results may help to implement efficient measures for increasing student retention.

scholarly journals Economic status and catastrophic health expenditures in China in the last decade of health reform: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingqing Yuan ◽  
Yuxuan Wu ◽  
Furong Li ◽  
Min Yang ◽  
Dandi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Reform ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditures

Abstract Background In order to solve the problem of “expensive medical treatment and difficult medical treatment” for patients and improve the equity of medical services, China started the health-care reform in 2009, and proposed ambitious goals of providing fair and high-quality basic medical and health services to all citizens and reducing economic burden of diseases. This study was to systematically explore the association between population economic status and incidence of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) in mainland China in the last decade since 2009 health reform. Methods This systematic review was reported according to the standard of preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). We systematically searched Chinese Electronic literature Database of China Journal Full Text Database, Chinese Biomedical Journal Database, Wan fang Data Resource System, VIP Database, and English literature databases of PubMed, SCI, EMbase and Cochrane Library from January 2000 to June 2020, and references of included studies. Two reviewers independently selected all reports from 2000 to 2020 for empirical studies of CHE in mainland China, extracted data and evaluated the quality of the study. We conducted meta-analysis of the incidence of CHE and subgroup analysis according to the time of the study and the economic characteristics of residents. Results Four thousand eight hundred seventy-four records were retrieved and eventually 47 studies with 151,911 participants were included. The quality scores of most of studies were beyond 4 points (91.49%). The pooled incidence of CHE of Chinese residents in the last two decades was 23.3% (95% CI: 21.1 to 25.6%). The CHE incidence increased from 2000 to 2017, then decreased over time from 2017 to 2020. From 2000 to 2020, the CHE incidence in rural areas was 25.0% (95% CI: 20.9 to 29.1%) compared to urban 20.9% (95% CI: 18.3 to 23.4%); the CHE incidence in eastern, central and western China was 25.0% (95% CI: 19.2 to 30.8%), 25.4% (95% CI: 18.4 to 32.3%), and 23.1% (95% CI: 17.9 to 28.2%), respectively; the CHE incidence was 30.9% (95% CI: 22.4 to 39.5%), 20.3% (95% CI: 17.0 to 23.6%), 19.9% (95% CI: 15.6 to 24.1%), and 23.7% (95% CI: 18.0 to 29.3%) in poverty group, low-income group, middle-income group, and high-income group, respectively. Conclusions In the past two decade, the incidence of CHE in rural areas is higher than that of urban residents; higher in central areas than in eastern, western and other regions; in poverty households than in low-income, middle-income and high-income regions. Further measures should be taken to reduce the incidence of CHE in susceptible people.

TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Runcan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

Households Discrimination in School Enrolment in Pakistan: Does gender matter?

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Ali Muhammad ◽  
Zahoor Ul Haq ◽  
Imad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Female Education ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

This study uses Pakistan Social and Living Measurement Survey 2016 to study gender discrimination in school enrollment across the four provinces of Pakistan using bi-variate analysis. Results show that there is highly significant difference between male and female education in rural areas (x^2=4940.50 and p<0.05). Analysis indicate that gender disparity in enrollment is significantly higher in low income households (x^2=115.468 and P<0.05). The study also showed that as compared to male, fewer female are enrolled in both public and private sectors. Hence, socio-economic factors play important role in making decision about children enrollment in different types of school. The study recommends that government to take appropriate steps to reduce gender discrimination in school enrollment by offering subsidy on female education in the country.

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