Rhabdomoplea, a new superorder for the thaumatopsylloid copepods: the consequence of an alternative hypothesis of copepod phylogeny

Crustaceana ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank D. Ferrari ◽  
J. Carel von Vaupel Klein
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Abdominal Somite

Abstract The superorder Rhabdomoplea is established for copepods belonging to the order Thaumatopsylloida. Apomorphies for Rhabdomoplea are an adult prosome, including thoracic somites 1-4, complete at copepodid I, development of the posterior articulation of thoracic somite 7 of males delayed to copepodid IV and of abdominal somite 1 delayed to copepodid V, and absence of a posterior articulation of abdominal somites 2-3 forming with the anal somite a rod-like somite complex as part of the urosome. Rhabdomoplea appears to be the earliest branch of copepods because only thoracic somites 1-4 are broad throughout copepodid development, and thoracic somites 5 and 6 remain narrow. On podopleans and gymnopleans thoracic somite 5 is transformed from the anterior narrow somite to the posterior broad somite during the moult to copepodid II. On gymnopleans thoracic somite 6 also is transformed from the anterior narrow somite to the posterior broad somite but during the moult to copepodid III. Thus rhabdomopleans differ from podopleans in their body architecture as much as podopleans differ from gymnopleans. An alternative and traditional phylogeny that posits gymnopleans as the earliest branch of copepods requires reversal of these two transformations during copepod evolution; this hypothesis is not favoured here because the parsimonious hypothesis of direct, progressive transformations seems reasonable and plausible.

Idiographic Dynamics of Positive Affect in GAD

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 500-509
Author(s):  
Hannah G. Bosley ◽  
Devon B. Sandel ◽  
Aaron J. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Regulatory Strategy ◽  
Constant State ◽  
Automatic Search ◽  
Time Lagged ◽  
Exploratory Procedure

Abstract. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is associated with worry and emotion regulation difficulties. The contrast-avoidance model suggests that individuals with GAD use worry to regulate emotion: by worrying, they maintain a constant state of negative affect (NA), avoiding a feared sudden shift into NA. We tested an extension of this model to positive affect (PA). During a week-long ecological momentary assessment (EMA) period, 96 undergraduates with a GAD analog provided four daily measurements of worry, dampening (i.e., PA suppression), and PA. We hypothesized a time-lagged mediation relationship in which higher worry predicts later dampening, and dampening predicts subsequently lower PA. A lag-2 structural equation model was fit to the group-aggregated data and to each individual time-series to test this hypothesis. Although worry and PA were negatively correlated in 87 participants, our model was not supported at the nomothetic level. However, idiographically, our model was well-fit for about a third (38.5%) of participants. We then used automatic search as an idiographic exploratory procedure to detect other time-lagged relationships between these constructs. While 46 individuals exhibited some cross-lagged relationships, no clear pattern emerged across participants. An alternative hypothesis about the speed of the relationship between variables is discussed using contemporaneous correlations of worry, dampening, and PA. Findings suggest heterogeneity in the function of worry as a regulatory strategy, and the importance of temporal scale for detection of time-lagged effects.

TEACHING READING BY UTILIZING HOT POTATOES SOFTWARE TOWARD STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION OF DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Abdullah Farih
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Teaching Reading ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control

The objective of this study is to measure whether there is or not significant effect of teaching reading by utilizing Hot Potatoes software toward students’ reading comprehension of descriptive text. The variables used were the teaching treatment of Hot Potatoes Software as the independent variable and the students’ reading comprehension of Descriptive Text as dependent variable. Then, the research designed was Quasi-experimental design and the presentation of data used was quantitative. The data were obtained from the eleventh grade, of which 28 students were taken as sample. The students are divided into two groups; experiment group consisted of 12 students and control group consists of 16 students. To get the data, the pre-test and post-test were applied and then analyzed using t-test formula. The researcher had concluded that there is Significant effect of Hot Potatoes Software toward the students’ reading comprehension achievement. The result showed that mean of students’ post-test was increased. It is proved by the t-test (8.54) which is higher than t-table (2.05) at level of significance 5%. It means that the alternative hypothesis was accepted and it proved that Hot Potatoes Software had significant effect toward students’ reading comprehension of Descriptive Text

THE EFFECT OF USING COLLABORATIVE STRATEGIC READING (CSR) ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN READING COMPREHENSION ON HORTATORY EXPOSITION TEXT

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rut Emi Febriyani Simamora ◽  
Lince Sihombing ◽  
Johannes Jefria Gultom
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Strategic Reading ◽  
Collaborative Strategic Reading ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Csr Strategy ◽  
Experimental Group

This study is aimed at finding out the effect of Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) on students’ achievement in reading comprehension on hortatory exposition text. Experimental design was applied in this research. The population was the 2014/2015 second year students (grade XI) of SMA Swasta YAPIM Medan. There were two paralel classes that consisted of 34 students. The total number of the population were 68 students. The total number of the sample were 68 students. The researcher selected the sample by using total sampling technique. The sample was divided into two groups, experimental group and control group. The experimental group was taught by using Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) strategy while the control group was taught without using Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) strategy. The data were taken by administering the pre-test and post-test to both control and experimental groups. These data were analyzed by using t-test. The result of computing the t-test obviously showed that t-observed (5.61) is higher than t-table (1.99) with the degree of freedom (df= 66) at the level significance 0.05. It means that the alternative hypothesis stating that there is a significant effect of Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) on students’ achievement in reading comprehension on hortatory exposition text is accepted. Keywords : Collaborative Strategic Reading, Reading Comprehension

The Effect of Applying POSSE (Predict- Organize-Search-Summarize-Evaluate) on the Students’ Reading Comprehension

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eka Rejeki Maha ◽  
Berlin Sibarani
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multiple Choice Test ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

This study was aimed at finding out The Effect of Applying POSSE (Predict-Organize-Search-Summarize-Evaluate) Strategy on the Students’ Reading Comprehension. This study used the experimental design. The population of this study was the students of SMA Negeri 2 Medan. There were sixty students taken as the sample of the research. This study was conducted with two randomized groups namely experimental and control group. The experimental group was taught by applying POSSE strategy while control group was taught without applying POSSE strategy. The instrument of collecting the data was multiple choice test which consists of 40 items. To obtain the reliability of the test, the researcher used Kuder-Richardson (KR-21). The calculation shows the reliability was 0.81(high). The data were analyzed by using t-test. The calculation shows that t-observed (4.76) is higher than t-table (2.00) at the level of significance (α) 0.05 with the degree of freedom (df) 58. Therefore, the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. It means that there was a significant effect of applying POSSE strategy on the students’ reading comprehension. Keywords: POSSE Strategy, Reading Comprehension.

The Effect of Applying Learning Together Method on the Students’ Reading Comprehension

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haryato Siregar ◽  
Elia Masa Ginting
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Teaching Reading ◽  
Multiple Choice Test ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Learning Together

This study was aimed at finding out the effect of applying Learning Together Method on the students’ reading comprehension. This study used the experimental design. The population of this study was the students of SMP Negeri 1 Muara. There were sixty students of eighth class as the sample of the research. This study was conducted with two randomized groups namely experimental and control group. The experimental group was taught by applying Learning Together Method while control group was taught without applying Learning Together Method. The instrument of collecting the data was multiple choice test which consists of 20 items. To obtain the reliability of the test, the researcher used Kuder-Richardson (KR-21) formula. The calculation shows the reliability was 0.82(high). The data were analyzed by using t-test. The calculation shows that t-observed (4.9) is higher than t-table (2.00) at the level of significance (α) 0.05 with the degree of freedom (df) 58. Therefore, the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. It means that teaching reading comprehension by applying Learning Together Method significantly affect reading comprehension. Keywords: Learning Together Method, Reading Comprehension

THE EFFECT OF PEER REVIEW STRATEGY ON THE STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Agus Murniasih And I Wayan Dirgeyasa
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Class Viii ◽  
And Control ◽  
Essay Test ◽  
Experimental Group

This study was conducted to know the effect of applying Peer Review Strategy on the students’ achievement in writing descriptive paragraph. It was conducted by using experimental research method. This research design was conducted pre-test, post test in experimental and control group. The population of this research was the eight (VIII) grade students of SMP IT IQRA’ Medan. The sample of this research was taken by lottery technique. They were in class VIII-1 by experimental group and the class VIII-2 by control group. The experimental group was taught by using Peer Review Strategy while the control group was given no treatment. The instrument used to collect the data was writing essay test. The data were analyzed by using t-test formula. The result showed that the value of t-observed was higher than the value of t-table. (3,55 > 2,05 (a = 0.05)) with the degree of freedom (df) = 28. It means that there was a significant effect of applying Peer Review Strategy on the students’ achievement in writing descriptive paragraph. So, the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted.

THE EFFECT OF APPLYING THINK-TALK-WRITE STRATEGY ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Indah Pratiwi And Lince Sihombing
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Senior High School ◽  
T Test ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Control Group ◽  
English Teacher ◽  
Written Test ◽  
Experimental Group

This study is an attempt to discover the effect of applying Think-Talk-Write strategy on students’ achievement in writing descriptive text. The objective of this study were to find out whether applying Think-Talk-Write strategy affect the students’ achievement in writing descriptive text. This study was an experimental research. In conducting the research, the writer used 60 students of Al-Fattah Senior High School Medan as the sample. The 60 students were taken from two classes and they were divided into two groups namely the experimental group who was taught by using Think-Talk-Write strategy and the control group who was taught without Think-Talk-Write strategy. The data of the test were collected by administering written test. The data were analyzed by using t-test formula. The result of the analysis shows that the value of t-observed is higher than the value of t-table (2,3> 2,00 (α = 0.05)) with the degree of freedom (df) = N-2 = 58. It means that there is significant effect of applying Think-Talk-Write strategy on students’ achievement in writing descriptive text. So the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. The conclusion is that applying Think-Talk-Write strategy can encourage and increase the students’ achievement in writing descriptive text. Therefore, it is suggested that English teacher should try to apply this strategy.

THE EFFECT OF USING NOTING INTERACTING SUMMARIZING AND PRIORITIZING STRATEGY ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN READING COMPREHENSION

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maruh Sianturi And Berlin Sibarani
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
First Year ◽  
Teaching Reading ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Experimental Group

This study was aimed at finding out the effect of using Noting, Interacting, Summarizing, and Prioritizing Strategy on Students’ Achievement in Reading Comprehension. This study was designed with the experimental design. The population of this study was the first year students at academic 2013/2012 of SMA swasta YP St. Paulus Martubung, Medan. There were fourty students taken as the sample of the research. The sample was divided into two groups: the first group (20 students) as the experimental group and the second group (20 students) as the control group. The experimental group was taught by Using Noting, Interacting, Summarizing, and Prioritizing Strategy, while the control group was taught by using conventional method. The instrument for collecting the data was multiple choices which consisted of 40 items. To obtain the reliability of the test, the researcher used Kuder -Richardson (KR-21) formula. The calculation showed that the reliability of the test was 0.75. The data were calculated by using t-test formula. The result of the analysis shows that t-observed (4.98) was higher than t-table (2.025) at the level of significance (α) 0.05 and the degree of freedom (df) 38. Therefore, the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected and alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. It meant that teaching reading comprehension by using Noting, Interacting, Summarizing, and Prioritizing Strategy significantly affects reading comprehension.

HOW ANCIENT CAN HUMANITY BE?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vjacheslav Skosar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
The Earth

The hypothesis of the African ancestral home of humanity and the time of the appearance of man is questioned. An alternative hypothesis is proposed, according to which people began to settle from the Armenian Highlands later 34 million years ago, then they lived east of Mesopotamia, after which they came to Mesopotamia and founded Babylon ~ 10-0.6 million years ago. After ~ 0.6 million years ago, there was a resettlement of people from Babylon throughout the earth, including the group that came to Africa at the same time. These data can be verified in further research.

Suggestopedia method as an effective method in teaching reading comprehension for senior high school

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-101
Author(s):  
Deavy Safitri Murfita ◽  
Dian Novita
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Teaching Reading ◽  
Program Calculation ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Main Activity ◽  
Test Treatment

This research is to know is there is significant effect in reading comprehension achievement in X grade at SMK Walisongo 1 Gempol, being taught by suggestopedia method. This research uses quantitative research. The research’s object is X AK-2 of SMK Walisongo 1 Gempol has 28 students. The researcher divides the main activity into pre-test, treatment and post-test. Based on the SPSS 23 Program calculation from mean result of pre-test 70.1 and the result mean of post-test is 83.5. The students’ score is increasing after being given by the treatment. The result of the calculation of this research showed that (sig 2-tailed = 0.002) which is less from (<) 0.05 and significance 5%. It mean that the alternative hypothesis is accepted and the null hypothesis is rejected. From the result of the data analysis above, the use suggestopedia method gives significant effect in students’ reading comprehension achievement This article investigates major points of the speech verbs. On this case, different meaning of verbs was analyzed from Russian into English.  Therefore, analyses of the theory with methodology were described to make better diffusion. To conclude with both outcomes and shortcomings were outlined to get further analyses as the whole.

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