Human Capabilities and Economic Development:The Extreme Outlier Societies

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-390
Author(s):  
Robert M. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Capabilities Approach ◽  
Political Freedom ◽  
Human Capabilities ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
High Level ◽  
Extreme Outlier ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Better Than

Abstract One of the problems Amartya Sen raised in his capabilities approach was: why do people in some societies realize a much lower level of various kinds of human capabilities than would be expected on the basis of their GDP per capita, while other societies do better than expected? This paper focuses on six capabilities and functionings: life expectancy, schooling, living in a society with less income inequality and less gender inequality, political freedom and life satisfaction. Empirically I start with data on 156 societies and use regression analysis and case diagnostics to identify societies that are extreme outliers. These are identified as Singapore, Saudi Arabia and South Africa, each of which does significantly worse than expected (given their relatively high level of economic development) on two or more of the six capabilities. I then use qualitative analysis to specify, through “process-tracing”, the causal mechanisms that explain why these particular societies are so “unbalanced” in the relationship between their economic development and their human capabilities.

Political and Economic Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions – a Quantitative Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-341
Author(s):  
Ole Martin Lægreid
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
High Level

AbstractThis study examines whether there is a curve linear relationship between economic development and greenhouse gas emissions, where poor and rich countries have low emissions while middle-income countries have high emissions. This is a controversial argument that suggests that persistent economic growth is the best means for achieving considerable emission reductions. The study contributes with new knowledge about the causes of variations in greenhouse gas emissions, by analyzing data for greenhouse gas emissions and testing economic explanations in relation to a broad array of political explanations. As the study demonstrates, there is a curve linear relationship between the level of economic development and greenhouse gas emissions, but the turning point – where a higher level of economic development starts to produce lower rather than higher emission levels – is far higher than previously thought. Among the study’s sample of countries, only the Scandinavian countries and Switzerland have experienced a sufficiently high level of economic development in order for increased wealth to result in lower emissions. Among the political impacts on greenhouse gas emissions, the study indicates that countries with consensual political systems produce lower emission levels than countries where the separation of powers is more centralized. A more robust “green” civil society leads to lower emissions in countries where the democratic system is functioning well, and ambitious targets regarding reduction of emissions in the Kyoto Protocol also seems to lower emissions.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF M&A TRANSACTIONS ON THE GROWTH OF THE BANKS’ MARKET VALUE

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (40) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
L. Prymostka ◽  
N. Pantielieieva ◽  
I. Krasnova ◽  
V. Lavreniuk ◽  
O. Lytvynenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Banking Business ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The globalization of markets, the need to comply with modern economic trends and introduce new technological solutions to increase the profitability of the banking business have significantly intensified the processes of mergers and acquisitions in the banking sector. M&A processes are long and complex, their results are difficult to forecast in lack of actual detailed research. The diversity of the results of the available research requires updating the data based on larger volumes of transactions and larger time intervals. The purpose of the article is to substantiate two hypotheses: first, the impact of M&A agreements especially on the increase in the value of banks; and impact of factors that show economic development level on the value of banks. The object of the study is the relationship between the value of commercial banks in domestic and foreign financial markets, M&A agreements, as well as economic indicators published by the World Bank and measuring the level of economic development of countries. The article uses statistical modeling method. The constructed model of linear regression allows to state that the fact of influence of M&A on growth of cost of consolidated banks is fair for 54.8% of cases. The study shows that the M&A processes have the greatest impact on the value of banks in the interval of 3—5 years after the conclusion of the agreement. Analysis of the relationship between economic indicators and the growth of bank value shows that the greatest impact on the value of banks has percent of the growth of GDP and GDP per capita, but the low value of the determinant at 22.9% indicates a low dependence of bank value on the level of economic indicators in general. It was found that external factors do not directly affect the growth in the value of banks in the process of M&A transactions. The question of expanding the system of factors that will influence the M&A processes and, as a consequence, the value of the banks, will be the subject of further research. Keywords: globalization of markets, mergers and acquisitions of banks, consolidation, M&A dynamic, market capitalization, bank value. JEL Classification Е44, Е47, G14 Formulas: 2; fig.: 4; tabl.: 4; bibl.: 14.

Analyzing the Bidirectional Relationship between Tourism Growth and Economic Development

2020 ◽  
pp. 004728752092231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Ignacio Pulido-Fernández ◽  
Pablo Juan Cárdenas-García
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
Development Face ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Structural Equations Model ◽  
The Relationship

After having demonstrated the relationship between tourism and economic growth, tourism-led economic growth (TLGH), and economic-driven tourism growth (EDTG), the scientific literature was concerned with studying the relationship between tourism and economic development, limiting itself to analyzing a possible unidirectional relationship between tourism, economic growth, and economic development. In this context, the aim of this article is to determine if the relationship between tourism and economic development is bidirectional given that, although tourism can be a tool for economic development, it is also true that a higher level of economic development influences tourism growth. Using a sample of 143 countries, and applying confirmatory factor analysis together with a structural equations model, the bidirectional relationship is confirmed. Therefore, although tourism growth and economic development face different challenges, if public policies work in a coordinated manner, they may contribute significantly to improving economic development in countries that are configured as tourist destinations.

Measuring urban competitiveness: ranking European large urban zones

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucía Sáez ◽  
Iñaki Periáñez ◽  
Iñaki Heras-Saizarbitoria
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Urban Competitiveness ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Basic Dimension ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Weighted Aggregate ◽  
High Level ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to identify the main dimensions that determine the ability of cities to compete as locations for business and hubs for investment which can help policymakers to manage and prioritize urban development strategies. Design/methodology/approach A composite indicator is proposed as a weighted aggregate of sub-indicators for the identified component dimensions (basic, efficiency-related and innovation-related competitiveness). The indicator is used to draw up a ranking of 159 European Large Urban Zones (LUZs) located in 26 EU countries based on 31 indicators, broken down into the three core dimensions of urban competitiveness identified. Findings The dimensions underlying urban competitiveness in relation to the location of firms and attracting investment determine the level of economic development of the LUZs. The most competitive cities in the sample have a high level of economic development, and the innovation dimension is the most significant one for the three groups of cities considered, followed by the efficiency dimension and, to a lesser extent, the basic dimension. Practical implications The findings provide guidance to policymakers on the most relevant dimensions for urban competitiveness. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature shedding light on the complex relationships between efficiency-related and innovation-related factors with regard to urban competitiveness.

scholarly journals Do Carbon Emissions and Economic Growth Decouple in China? An Empirical Analysis Based on Provincial Panel Data

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Hao ◽  
Zirui Huang ◽  
Haitao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Ekc Hypothesis ◽  
Capita Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
The Relationship

Global warming has emerged as a serious threat to humans and sustainable development. China is under increasing pressure to curb its carbon emissions as the world’s largest emitter of carbon dioxide. By combining the Tapio decoupling model and the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) framework, this paper explores the relationship between China’s carbon emissions and economic growth. Based on panel data of 29 provinces from 2007 to 2016, this paper quantitatively estimates the nexus of carbon emissions and economic development for the whole nation and the decoupling status of individual provinces. There is empirical evidence for the conventional EKC hypothesis, showing that the relationship between carbon emissions and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) is an inverted U shape and that the inflection point will not be attained soon. Moreover, following the estimation results of the Tapio decoupling model, there were significant differences between individual provinces in decoupling status. As a result, differentiated and targeted environmental regulations and policies regarding energy consumption and carbon emissions should be reasonably formulated for different provinces and regions based on the corresponding level of economic development and decoupling status.

INEQUALITY, FDI AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (05) ◽  
pp. 1039-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD TARIQ MAJEED
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Regional Effects ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

This paper empirically investigates the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on inequality using a panel data set of 65 developing counties. While the existing literature mainly examines the impact of FDI on growth, this study explores the importance of domestic conditions of the host countries in determining the distributional effects of FDI. The results show that the impact of FDI is not homogenous on host countries as FDI inflows exert inequality-narrowing effect only in countries that have stronger investment in human capital, better financial sector and a high level of economic development. While FDI accentuates not ameliorates inequality in countries with low level of economic development, findings of the study are robust to the use of different specifications, different estimation methods, inclusion of regional effects and time specific effects.

scholarly journals FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neringa SLAVINSKAITĖ
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Panel Model ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Multiple Regression Method ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

The paper analyses the fiscal decentralization effects on economic growth in unitary countries of European Union for the period 2005–2014. The empirical analysis was based on the multiple regression method. The fixed effect panel model was used as framework for the analysis. In order to examine the different impact of fiscal decentralization, the same analysis was applied to subsets of countries categorized into two groups according to countries’ level of economic development. This further analysis found that there is positive relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth in low level of economically developing countries and no relationship in high level of economically developed countries. These results suggested that fiscal decentralization is not always instrument for promotion of economic growth, which means that country’s economic development level is an important factor when introducing reform of fiscal decentralization. The originality of this article – new fiscal decentralization index and evaluated fiscal decentralization level influence for countries economic growth.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KETIMPANGAN PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI DAN KETIMPANGAN DISTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN DI PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN (STUDI KASUS KOTA BANJARMASIN DAN KABUPATEN TANAH BUMBU)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Martin Vegarika Suntari ◽  
Ahmad Yunani
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Provincial Capital ◽  
And Migration ◽  
High Level

Abstract - This study aims to find out how the level of economic development inequality and the inequality of income distribution in Banjarmasin City and Tanah Bumbu Regency, and how the comparison of the economic development inequality and the inequality of income distribution in that two regions. This study uses secondary data from the period of 2013-2017. The data is obtained from BPS. The analysis of inequality level of economic development using Williamson index, and analyzing the inequality of income distribution using the index gini ratio. The comparison results of Williamson index and the gini ratio index during 2013-2017 found that each analysis tool had different results. So that, it can be explained that the inequality level of regional economic development in the Tanah Bumbu Regency area with an average of 0.171 occurred due to the economy which relies on natural resources (mining and excavation), the mobility of goods and services is not smooth (distribution of goods and migration). However, the level of inequality in income distribution is low with an average of 0.312. It is because the depreciation of people's work is not much different, so that the income distribution is more evenly distributed. The inequality of economic development in Banjarmasin city is low with an average of 0.021. It occurs because the Banjarmasin city is the center of economy activities in the Province of South Kalimantan (the provincial capital). Banjarmasin city has the better infrastructure availability than other regions. In contrary, the inequality level of income distribution is in high level with an average of 0.354. It occurs because of the differences in types of work and skills of people in Banjarmasin. In addition, it also occurs becauce Banjarmasin City has a small area so that there is an inequality in income distribution.   Keywords: Williamson Index, and Gini Ratio Index.

scholarly journals The System of Intergovernmental Relations: are there any Incentives for Economic Development

Federalism ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 80-99
Author(s):  
L. N. Lykova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Income Concentration

In the last decade, the system of inter-budgetary relations has undergone some changes, which  were  mainly  of  a  partial  nature.  The  result  is  an  established  model  with  a significant  and  non-decreasing  number  of  subsidized  regions,  a  high  level  of  income concentration, and subfederal budgets that differ significantly in the degree of income base diversification. At the same time, if half of the regions have an insufficient level of economic development to finance the necessary expenditures (relative to GRP), then for the other half this level is quite sufficient within the GRP potential, but the current tax system and the procedure for distributing tax revenues do not allow this, which requires replacing tax revenues with federal transfers. This model does not generate intention in supporting economic growth and economic activity in the regions and deprives them of incentives for development. The way out of this situation may be to take into account the formed macro-trends (changes in the place of the hydrocarbon economy, the place in the value chains, etc.) in the formation of an explicitly asymmetric model of intergovernmental relations, which may allow us to use the intention in economic development at the level of the subjects of the Russian Federation.

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