ʿAdālat al-Ṣaḥāba: The Construction of a Religious Doctrine

Arabica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 272-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amr Osman
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Presumption Of Innocence ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
Religious Doctrine ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract This article investigates the development of ʿadālat al-ṣaḥāba, a central doctrine in Sunnī orthodoxy that stresses the integrity of the Prophet Muḥammad’s Companions. The examination of relevant Sunnī works indicates that the doctrine crystalized in the 5th/11th century, by which time the basic tenets of the doctrine had been developed. These include, among other things, the definition of Companions and their essential role in securing the authenticity of Islam. Furthermore, it was around that time that medieval Sunnī scholars developed an epistemological—rather than a historical or theological—basis for the doctrine. Establishing the integrity of the Companions during the Prophet’s lifetime on the presumption of innocence that is further confirmed by textual evidence, they argued that good Muslims must continue to accept that integrity given the lack of conclusive evidence that they lost it at a later time, particularly when they participated in civil wars. I argue that this epistemological ground was furnished by Murğiʾism, as the examination of some Murğiʾī texts demonstrates.1

scholarly journals The Politics of Peoplehood

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan White ◽  
Lea Ypi
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
The People ◽  
Definition Of

Contemporary political theory has made the question of the “people” a topic of sustained analysis. This article identifies two broad approaches taken—norm-based and contestation-based—and, noting some problems left outstanding, goes on to advance a complementary account centred on partisan practice. It suggests the definition of “the people” is closely bound up in the analysis of political conflict, and that partisans engaged in such conflict play an essential role in constructing and contesting different principled conceptions. The article goes on to show how such an account does not lead to a normatively hollow, purely historical conception of “the people,” but rather highlights the normative importance of practices that, at the minimum, de-naturalise undesirable conceptions of the people and, at their best, give political legitimacy and a representative basis to those one might wish to see prosper.

A Positive View of Freedom?

2019 ◽  
pp. 147-161
Author(s):  
Brian Leiter
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Positive View ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
External Influences ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Persuasive Definition ◽  
Do So

This chapter reviews the textual evidence that Nietzsche retains a positive conception of “freedom.” Interpretive proposals due to Gemes and Poellner are shown not to be borne out by the texts. The chapter concludes that Nietzsche offers a “persuasive definition” of freedom, attaching the term’s positive valence to a sense of freedom unfamiliar in the modern Humean or Kantian traditions, but having echoes in Spinoza: “freedom” as acting from one’s inner nature rather than from external influences, something one can only do if fated to do so. The Spinoza-type view is shown not to be a kind of Control view of free will, so not one that vindicates moral responsibility.

Self-preservation and sociology’s modern moral personality: Dual structure in Durkheim’s Suicide

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-456
Author(s):  
Feiyu Sun
Keyword(s):  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Social Scientist ◽  
Chinese Mainland ◽  
Chinese Version ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
Conscious Choice ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Moral Condition ◽  
Definition Of

According to Durkheim, suicide means a conscious choice of death. The only opposite of death is being, and there is no middle ground in between. Therefore, when Durkheim discusses suicide, he certainly touches on the issue of living, or a choice of self-preservation, in a cryptical way, as well. This veiled discussion has been unacknowledged by Chinese mainland sociology because the widely adopted Chinese version of Durkheim’s Suicide loses most of the textual evidence of this clue in its translation. This paper offers a textual analysis of Durkheim’s Suicide based on that textual evidence. Durkheim treats different types of suicide as extreme forms of different types of morals, and, in many places, he asks under what kind of moral condition one can achieve self-preservation. This paper argues that there is an inner connection between Durkheim’s definitions of three types of suicide and his definition of sociology. As a social scientist who studies morality, he sees sociology as the expression of a particular modern morality, the same kind of moral condition that he calls for in his book. This paper shows that for Durkheim, this moral entity signifies for self-preservation both for the modern individual and for sociology.

scholarly journals The essential role of law in achieving the health-related Sustainable Development Goals

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i32-i35
Author(s):  
Dineke Zeegers Paget ◽  
David Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

Abstract In this article, we examine the essential role of law in achieving the health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Following the World Health Organization’s broad definition of health, all SDGs can be seen to impact on human health and hence the health goal (SDG3) should be right at the centre of the entire 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. We note recent research on the contribution of law, including international human rights law, to achieving health for all and discuss the role of law in addressing seven emerging health challenges. Law can and should play an important role in achieving all health-related SDGs, by respecting, protecting and fulfilling the right to health, ensuring that no one is left behind.

ARISTOPHANES VS TYPHON: CO(S)MIC RIVALRY, VOICE AND TEMPORALITY INKNIGHTS

Ramus ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Telò
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Political Factions ◽  
Dramatic Performance ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Somatic Experiences

Recent studies have analysed the essential role of interpoetic rivalry in Aristophanes' comic imagination. Zachary Biles has shown that ‘festival agonistics provide an underlying logic for the overall thematic design of individual plays’ and that ‘the plays can be treated as creative responses to the competitions.’ Aristophanes' dramatisation of comic competition has been viewed as a reflection of the struggles of political factions in late-fifth-century Athens or as an expression of a ‘rhetoric of self-promotion’ that builds the comic plot through the mutual borrowing of comic material (jokes, running gags). This paper suggests thatKnightspresents interpoetic rivalry as a conflict of embodied aesthetic modes. In this play, Aristophanes' tendentious definition of his comic self against his predecessor Cratinus results in opposed ways of conceptualising the sonic quality of dramatic performance and its material effects on the audience. The nexus of voice and temporality, which, as I argue, shapes the play's agonistic plot, equates the intergenerational duelling of Aristophanes' and Cratinus' political counterparts (the Sausage Seller and the older Paphlagon, respectively) to a contrast of somatic experiences grounded in sound.

Lustration as a Problem of the Social Basis of Constitutionalism

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 245-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur L. Stinchcornbe
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Social Supports ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
Regime Changes ◽  
Social Basis ◽  
Cultural Boundary ◽  
The Social ◽  
Minor Part ◽  
Definition Of

One part of building a new constitution after wars, revolutions, civil wars, or dramatic regime changes is to draw a cultural boundary in time, declaring various aspects of the old regime illegitimate and various legalities and constitutional principles of the new regime legitimate. One part of that process, in turn, is to decide how the new regime should treat the guilt of individuals for terror, collaboration, betrayal of information to the regime, and the like. This essay argues that such lustration processes should be a very minor part of the definition of the meaning of the pat, and even less of a part of building social supports under the new constitution. It also assesses the contributions on lustration in this issue in light of this view of what place lustration should play in the construction of democratic constitutions after authoritarian regimes.

scholarly journals An Investigation of Economic Sanctions and Its Implications for Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Frederick Appiah Afriyie ◽  
Jisong Jian
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
The United States ◽  
West African ◽  
African Continent ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
The Us ◽  
Definition Of

Economic sanctions are not only applied to countries in Africa by the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) but also by the African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as well. The African continent is considered to be the most affected in terms of the influences of more economic sanctions from the UN, EU, and the U.S than any other continent across the globe and these sanctions normally comes into force as a result of conflicts, civil wars and also unconstitutional overthrow of a constitutionally elected government. Also these sanctions come to serve as a punishment and a deterrent to those who deviate from or go against internationally agreed laws.Undeniably, in recent years economic sanctions have become more effective and an efficient known foreign policy tool used as the number one alternative to halt wars or military takeovers.Despite economic sanctions being widely accepted by the international community as the most effective panacea and also a preferred choice, when it is imposed on a state, it has serious repercussions on the innocent citizens while the initiators or the main officials in various positions for whom these sanctions were intended for are always left off the hook.This paper therefore investigates the merits and the demerits that are associated with economic sanctions both within some countries on the African continent and the non-African continent. In addition, we will elaborate on the implications of such sanctions relative to the Africa Continent. The paper is divided into four sections. The first section of this paper elaborates on the introduction, the importance of economic sanctions and the types of sanctions. The second section deals with the definition of economic sanction, explains the sanction process at EU, AU, UN and the US and the final part looks at both the positive and negative effects of economic sanctions.

Terrorism, Civil War, and Insurgency

2019 ◽  
pp. 347-365
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Domestic Terrorism ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Causes Of Violence ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Much of the terrorism occurring worldwide is domestic terrorism carried out by rebel groups fighting in civil wars. However, many are reluctant to categorize domestic insurgencies as terrorist groups or to identify the tactics used by domestic insurgencies as terrorist tactics. Through a survey of the literature addressing the relationship between terrorism and civil war, I contend that research on the dynamics of violence in civil war would benefit from a more standardized definition of the concept of terrorism as well as greater consensus on how the concept of terrorism ought to be used in relation to the concept of civilian targeting. The lack of conceptual clarity in distinguishing between terrorism and civilian targeting makes it difficult to compare research findings, and thus to make progress as a field in our understanding of the causes of violence and its consequences. Despite the challenges associated with making comparisons across studies, this chapter attempts to do precisely this, drawing on research on terrorism as well as research on civilian targeting to develop insights on the causes and consequences of terrorist violence employed in the context of civil war.

ANYON EQUATION ON A TORUS

1992 ◽  
Vol 07 (23) ◽  
pp. 5797-5831 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHOON-LIN HO ◽  
YUTAKA HOSOTANI
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Wave Function ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Wilson Line ◽  
Regular Function ◽  
Gauge Fields ◽  
Quantum Field ◽  
Many Body ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Chern Simons

Starting from the quantum field theory of nonrelativistic matter on a torus interacting with Chern-Simons gauge fields, we derive the Schrödinger equation for an anyon system. The nonintegrable phases of the Wilson line integrals on a torus play an essential role. In addition to generating degenerate vacua, they enter in the definition of a many-body Schrödinger wave function in quantum mechanics, which can be defined as a regular function of the coordinates of anyons. It obeys a non-Abelian representation of the braid group algebra, being related to Einarsson’s wave function by a singular gauge transformation.

Cell-derived microparticles in haemostasis and vascular medicine

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (03) ◽  
pp. 439-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Burnier ◽  
Pierre Fontana ◽  
Brenda R. Kwak ◽  
Anne Angelillo-Scherrer
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Vascular Medicine ◽  
Disease Markers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Cell Types

SummaryConsiderable interest for cell-derived microparticles has emerged, pointing out their essential role in haemostatic response and their potential as disease markers, but also their implication in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. They derive from different cell types including platelets – the main source of microparticles – but also from red blood cells, leukocytes and endothelial cells, and they circulate in blood. Despite difficulties encountered in analyzing them and disparities of results obtained with a wide range of methods, microparticle generation processes are now better understood. However, a generally admitted definition of microparticles is currently lacking. For all these reasons we decided to review the literature regarding microparticles in their widest definition, including ectosomes and exosomes, and to focus mainly on their role in haemostasis and vascular medicine.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document