Rescuing the Empire: Chinese Nation-building in the Twentieth Century

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Fiskesjö
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
European American ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Chinese Nation ◽  
Chinese Model ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
New Formulation

AbstractThis paper takes modern China's dilemma of how to deal with the legacy of its imperial past as the starting point for a discussion of the drawn-out re-creation of China in the twentieth century. The particular focus is on the important role of non-Han ethnic minorities in this process. It is pointed out that the non-recognition and forced assimilation of all such minorities, in favour of a unified citizenship on an imagined European, American or Japanese model, was actually considered as a serious alternative and favoured by many Chinese nation-builders in the wake of the overthrow of the last imperial dynasty in 1911. The article then proceeds to a discussion of why, on the contrary, ethnic minorities should instead have been formally identified and in some cases even actively organised as official minorities, recognised and incorporated into the state structure, as happened after 1949. Based on the formal and symbolic qualities of the constitution of these minorities, it is argued that new China is also a new formulation of the imperial Chinese model, which resurrects the corollary idea of civilisation as a transformative force that requires a primitive, backward periphery as its object.

Language contact through translation

Target ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-455
Author(s):  
Shuangzi Pang ◽  
Kefei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Parallel Corpus ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Sample Points ◽  
Chinese Texts

Abstract This article investigates the role of translations from English in language change in Chinese. It employs a new corpus, the Chinese Diachronic Composite Corpus (CDCC), which incorporates a parallel corpus and comparable corpus in three sampling periods in the twentieth century, and a refe­rence corpus as a starting point in the timeframe. We examine whether explicitness in English–Chinese translations has exerted an impact on the target language, focusing on adversative conjunctions as a measure of explicitness. The results of the study demonstrate that: (1) translated Chinese texts have changed in step with original Chinese texts in the frequency of adversative conjunctions; (2) translated Chinese texts and original Chinese texts are interrelated throughout the three periods, but the correlation between them has changed perceptibly over the three sample points; and (3) source language interference found in translated Chinese texts increases over the three periods.

A Theoretical Conceptualization of the Hidden Curriculum in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-40
Author(s):  
Dejan Hozjan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social System ◽  
Hidden Curriculum ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Theoretical Conceptualization

The chapter is based on the presentation of an understanding of the hidden curriculum in the twentieth century. In this period, four theoretical concepts existed: functionalism, criticism, liberalism, and postmodernism. The starting point for the concept of the hidden curriculum was that of the functionalists. Their understanding of the hidden curriculum was based on the transfer of social norms and values to students. Representatives of criticism, for example, Michael Apple, Michael Young, carried the knowledge of functionalists to the concrete social environment and sought the reasons for social inequality and the role of the hidden curriculum in this. Also, liberal authors, such as John Dewey and Phillip Jackson, dealt with practical issues, being, however, interested in the impact of the hidden curriculum in educational practice. With postmodernists, like Michael Foucault, a critical view of the presented concepts is shown and a warning that the hidden curriculum takes place in a complex social system. This chapter explores a theoretical conceptualization of the hidden curriculum in the second half of the twentieth century.

Photography and Illustration

2020 ◽  
pp. 265-279
Author(s):  
Frances Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Visual Journalism ◽  
Press History ◽  
Economic Constraints

This chapter examines press images as an interaction between visual and technological/ economic constraints and opportunities of print technology in dialogue with other mediums of mass communication throughout the twentieth century, including an account of different workers and their expertise in visual production such as printers, graphic designers, art directors or commercial photographers. The opening question was why and how news images (initially technically challenging and expensive) have only gained in importance across the twentieth century. In addition, the narrative scope across Britain and Ireland in this collected press history allowed this chapter to engage with the role of news images in processes of nation building since the rise of Irish independence and to offer a different analysis from other accounts of visual journalism in press history, which may be either more general in scope, or focused on one specific time or place. Instead, the chapter examined diverging practices under the local cultural conditions developing in Ireland (South and North) and Great Britain, and the role of images within the ‘imagined communities’ sketched by particular publications as varied as Picture Post or An Phoblacht.

Sustainable Economic Growth and the Role of Natural Capital

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Helm
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Growth Path ◽  
Capital Maintenance ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth ◽  
Microeconomic Foundations

The conventional economic approaches to economic growth have focused on macroeconomic aggregates and on neoclassical microeconomic foundations; on flows rather than stocks; and on utility rather than capabilities. This chapter presents an alternative asset-based approach, focused on balance sheets and capital maintenance. The starting point is the assets necessary to provide the capability for consumers and businesses to participate in the economy. Many of these are infrastructures and public goods, and among these natural capital plays a central role. The depletion of natural capital in the twentieth century, notably the atmosphere and biodiversity, has overstated economic growth and left a legacy of capital maintenance and enhancement. The chapter defines the rules for a sustainable economic growth path, incorporating natural capital.

Indigenous Medicine and Nation-Building

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-148
Author(s):  
Edward Chauca
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Literary Fiction ◽  
Indigenous Medicine ◽  
National History ◽  
National Medical ◽  
History Of

This chapter discusses the role of Andean culture in Peruvian physician Hermilio Valdizán’s project of creating and disseminating a national medical history in the early twentieth century. Valdizán’s interest in indigenous medicine and its healing treatments emerged as a critique of certain European intellectuals and physicians who suggested that people in the Americas were intrinsically inferior and unhealthy. Through the use of medical literature, crónicas de indias, literary fiction, newspapers, dictionaries, and pre-colonial pottery, Valdizán defended indigenous peoples’ intellectual capability, emphasizing how they categorized mental illnesses and their treatments. His ground-breaking research was the first attempt to insert traditional Andean medicine into the national history of medicine and mental health.

scholarly journals Cultural Institutions as Formative Elements in the Work of Behrens, Utzon and Kahn

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E.T. Horn ◽  
Peter R. Proudfoot
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Cultural Activity ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Human Institution

This paper is concerned with the role of human institutions as generators of architectural form, with reference to the writings and works of Peter Behrens, Jørn Utzon, and Louis Kahn. These architects were willing to regard human institutions as living cultural entities, which ought to have a determinative influence on the design of the buildings that were to house them. This may be contrasted with the naïve functionalism promoted by some of their contemporaries. The paper begins with a brief view of the theoretical background alluded to above, and then turns to the theatre as a primary cultural activity, and the prominent place it held in Behrens's thinking during the opening years of the twentieth century. Affinities are explored between Behrens's concept of the theatre and Utzon's subsequent treatment of the theatre as a central civic institution in his design for the Sydney Opera House (1956). A parallel is seen in Louis Kahn's insistence that the starting-point for an architectural project should lie in a vision of the human institution which the project is to serve. A critical role for cultural institutions as objects of architectural attention indeed was present in urban schemes produced from the early twentieth century, as exemplified by the work of Tony Garnier.

scholarly journals Varig, “a Real Brazilian Embassy Outside”: Anthropological reflections on aviation and national imaginaries

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Castellitti
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Flight Attendants ◽  
The Political ◽  
Critical Perspective ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Television Advertisements ◽  
Social Markers

This paper proposes some anthropological notes on aviation and national imaginaries, taking Varig, an important Brazilian airline with international projection and recognition, as a starting point. The analysis is based on an explorative perspective, which included fieldwork among Varig’s former employees, especially female flight attendants who joined the carrier in the 1970s and 1980s and remained until the closure of its activities. Alongside the testimonies of these employees, it analyses magazine and television advertisements from Varig and other Brazilian airlines, in order to throw some light on the pertinence of gender, class and race as social markers that structured the aviation field in the second half of the twentieth century. Through a critical perspective, this work launches heterodox interpretative challenges on the nation-building process, hoping thus to contribute to a better understanding of the political and ideological games that characterised the formation of the nation.

Of Thinkers and Tinkerers

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-138
Author(s):  
Eliseo Fernández ◽  
Cary Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Information Society ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Technological Research ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Growing Network ◽  
Digital Computers

Abstract Cary Campbell (ed.): This paper is one of four that were approved for publication in this journal prior to Fernández’s passing in 2017. Many of these backlogged articles did not have abstracts, so I have had to create them based on Fernández 's own in-text summary.In this brief presentation a crucial technological innovation of the early twentieth century – the invention of the triode thermionic valve – is used as a springboard for a historically informed discussion of the complex interrelations of theory and praxis in the generation of technological novelty. This episode was chosen for its critical role in triggering a whole chain of developments that culminated in the growing network of technologies and economic infrastructures that underpin our so-called “information society” and the evolving role of “technoscience.” This represents a starting point in a broadening cascade of innovations that led to the rise of television, digital computers and the expanding web of artifacts that shape our daily existence today. In the present era of technoscience, scientific and technological research are so closely entangled that it is hard to discern their respective natures and interrelations. Nevertheless, it is possible to partially distinguish both their common characteristics and their contrasting differences (i.e. in goals, cognitive styles, methods, etc.). In this context, some reflections are put forward on the activity of “tinkering” as a cognitive instrument (a form of what Peirce called Abduction) in the generation of technological novelty.

scholarly journals Samisk kunst og norsk kunsthistorie. Delvise forbindelser

10.16993/bbm ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Grini
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Art History ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Disciplinary Boundaries ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The 19Th Century

Sápmi, the Sámi area, is transnational; it transcends four nation states, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. Art and art history has been considered natural parts of a nation state’s inventory at least since the 19th century and has contributed to the production and maintenance of national identities and narratives. What is the role of the nation state in art history, and how has the national paradigm affected the presentation of Sámi art, historically and today? Focusing on the discipline of art history in Norway, the volume exposes the prevailing representation of Sámi art, duodji, and dáidda as ethnographic material and relates it to the politics of nation building in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The book examines the representation of Sámi art, artefacts, practices, materialites, actors, concepts, and themes in Norwegian Art History, to uncover some of the established disciplinary mechanisms and narratives. The central method is historiography in combination with fieldwork in archives and museums, aimed at doing art historiography in the expanded field – to move beyond the traditional textual focus and question naturalized institutional and disciplinary boundaries. This is one of very few historiographical studies of the art historical discipline in Norway, and the only one that does this by centring on Sámi traditions, items, actors, and conceptualizations.

Illustrated Media, the Built Environment and Identity Politics in Fin-de-siècle Catalonia: Printing Images, Making the Nation

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-135
Author(s):  
Lucila Mallart
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Constitutive Relationship ◽  
Fin De Siecle ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fin De Siècle ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This article explores the role of visuality in the identity politics of fin-de-siècle Catalonia. It engages with the recent reevaluation of the visual, both as a source for the history of modern nation-building, and as a constitutive element in the emergence of civic identities in the liberal urban environment. In doing so, it offers a reading of the mutually constitutive relationship of the built environment and the print media in late-nineteenth century Catalonia, and explores the role of this relation as the mechanism by which the so-called ‘imagined communities’ come to exist. Engaging with debates on urban planning and educational policies, it challenges established views on the interplay between tradition and modernity in modern nation-building, and reveals long-term connections between late-nineteenth-century imaginaries and early-twentieth-century beliefs and practices.

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