Psychological and Theological Predictors of Environmental Attitudes among a Sample of UK Churchgoers

Abstract This paper builds on previous studies of UK churchgoers by examining the factors that predict concern for the environment and willingness to make sacrifices to preserve it. A sample of 825 churchgoers from a range of denominations completed a questionnaire that contained items used to assess psychological preferences, biblical literalism, and a range of theological stances toward creation. Psychological variables showed both direct and indirect effects on environmentalism that were in line with previous work by environmental psychologists. Indirect effects were related to the way that some psychological type preferences either shape biblical interpretation or are associated with religious conservatism. Religious affiliation had no direct effects on environmentalism, but did have indirect effects through literalism and religious conservatism. Beliefs about dominion and eschatology directly reduced concern, but dominion was also positively associated with stewardship, which emerged as the main promoter of both concern and sacrifice.

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Separating direct and indirect effects of rising temperatures on biogenic volatile emissions in the Arctic

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.2008901117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 117 (51) ◽

pp. 32476-32483

Author(s):

Riikka Rinnan ◽

Lars L. Iversen ◽

Jing Tang ◽

Ida Vedel-Petersen ◽

Michelle Schollert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Indirect Effects ◽

Model Simulation ◽

Atmospheric Composition ◽

The Arctic ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Arctic Ecosystems ◽

Voc Emissions ◽

Local Climate

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released from biogenic sources in a temperature-dependent manner. Consequently, Arctic ecosystems are expected to greatly increase their VOC emissions with ongoing climate warming, which is proceeding at twice the rate of global temperature rise. Here, we show that ongoing warming has strong, increasing effects on Arctic VOC emissions. Using a combination of statistical modeling on data from several warming experiments in the Arctic tundra and dynamic ecosystem modeling, we separate the impacts of temperature and soil moisture into direct effects and indirect effects through vegetation composition and biomass alterations. The indirect effects of warming on VOC emissions were significant but smaller than the direct effects, during the 14-y model simulation period. Furthermore, vegetation changes also cause shifts in the chemical speciation of emissions. Both direct and indirect effects result in large geographic differences in VOC emission responses in the warming Arctic, depending on the local vegetation cover and the climate dynamics. Our results outline complex links between local climate, vegetation, and ecosystem–atmosphere interactions, with likely local-to-regional impacts on the atmospheric composition.

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Effect of Expectation and Disconfirmation on Postexposure Product Evaluations: A Causal Path Analysis

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1979.45.3.803 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 803-810 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

James L. Taylor ◽

Richard M. Durand

Keyword(s):

Path Analysis ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Causal Model ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Hierarchical Analysis ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Product Evaluations ◽

Variance Design ◽

Causal Path

Oliver (1977) recently analyzed the direct effects of consumers' expectations and disconfirmation on posttrial evaluations of products using a hierarchical analysis of variance design. The research reported by Oliver is reevaluated and extended in this paper. A causal model is presented and path analysis used to assess both direct and indirect effects of consumers' expectations and a disconfirming experience on ratings of posttrial affect and intentions to purchase. Results suggest that (1) both expectations and disconfirmation influence postexposure ratings of affect with the experience of disconfirmation exerting the greater effect; (2) disconfirmation only indirectly influences intentions to purchase through its impact on affective evaluations; and, (3) expectations influence intentions to purchase in two different ways—both directly and indirectly through posttrial judgments of affect.

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Path analysis for grain yield in barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) link )

Bangladesh Journal of Botany ◽

10.3329/bjb.v44i1.22739 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 147-150

Author(s):

R Prakash ◽

C Vanniarajan

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Association Studies ◽

Path Coefficient ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Path Coefficient Analysis ◽

Barnyard Millet ◽

Straw Yield ◽

Echinochloa Frumentacea

Path coefficient analysis was studied in 65 genotypes of barnyard millet to find out the association studies of characters and their direct and indirect effects on grain yield/plant. Results exhibited that single earhead weight had maximum direct effects on grain yield/plant followed by straw yield/plant, earhead length and plant height. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v44i1.22739 Bangladesh J. Bot. 44(1): 147-150, 2015 (March)

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Stomatal Traits and Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) Forage Yield in Drought Conditions of Northeastern Mexico

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10071318 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1318

Author(s):

Foroughbakhch Pournavab Rahim ◽

Torres Tapia María Alejandra ◽

Zamora Villa Víctor Manuel ◽

Treviño Ramirez José Elías ◽

Ngangyo Heya Maginot

Keyword(s):

Indirect Effects ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Block Design ◽

Forage Yield ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Lower Side ◽

Infrared Technology ◽

Positive Direct

Infrared technology is a practical, fast, non-destructive method that helps in forecasting plant development and can be used to select physiological traits, instead of other methodologies that require more time and breeding efforts. According to the statistical analyses and the relationship between the direct and indirect effects of the variables, this technology could serve as the basis for implementing a genotype selection methodology. Awnless barley was assessed in a randomized block design with three replicates in two crop seasons at Mexico’s northeastern region. Two samplings were carried out during crop development: at 75 and 90 days after sowing. The infrared and stomatal sensors were used to identify the direct and indirect effects of stomata’s traits on dry forage yield. The data were analyzed in a subdivided plot design, using mean comparison tests, correlation coefficients and path analyses, finding significant differences (p < 0.05) among localities and among samplings. Dry forage yield was significant and positively correlated with plant height (r = 0.578) and canopy temperature (r = 0.724), and negatively correlated with the leaf upper side stomatal width (r = −0.409) and the leaf lower side stomatal width (r = −0.641), chlorophyll content and vegetation index. Temperature, chlorophyll, density and leaf lower side stomatal index had the strongest direct effects on yield. Therefore, the infrared technology appears as a way to select high yielding awnless forage barley, to obtain the correlation, the positive direct effect of temperature and the negative effect of chlorophyll. Due to their direct effects, low density and low leaf underside stomatal indexes can also help in the indirect selection of higher yielding forage barley genotypes.

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Motivasi, Komunikasi, dan Kepuasan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Tenaga Kependidikan Pada Fakultas Insititut Pertanian Bogor

Jurnal Manajemen ◽

10.32832/jm-uika.v7i2.1111 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 152

Author(s):

Sri Nooryani ◽

Hendri Tanjung ◽

Ibdalsyah MA

Keyword(s):

Job Satisfaction ◽

Path Analysis ◽

Indirect Effect ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

P Value ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Test Results ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Positive Effects

The path analysis shows that motivation has significantly direct and indirect effects to communication. Motivation does not have significant effects to performance but have indirect effects through job satisfaction. This is because motivation has significant direct effects to job satisfaction. Communication has direct and indirect effects to performance. The indirect effect is through job satisfaction. Job satisfaction has significant direct effects to performance.The T-test results show that the effects of independent variables (motivation and communication) have significant positive effects to job satisfaction with p-value of 0.00. This value is less than alpha value (5%). Coefficient determination (R2) is of 0.741. This means that motivation and communication can explain the diversity of job satisfaction as high as 74.1% and the rest, which is of 25.9%, explains by other factors that are not used in this research. Independent variables (motivation, communication and job satisfaction) have significant positive effects to performance with p-value of 0.00. The coefficient determination (R2) is of 0.574. This means that motivation, communication, and job satisfaction can explain performance as high as 57.4% and the rest, which is of 42.6%, explains by other factors.

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Hierarchical path analysis of deer responses to direct and indirect effects of climate in northern forest

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2007.2206 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 363 (1501) ◽

pp. 2357-2366 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Atle Mysterud ◽

Nigel G Yoccoz ◽

Rolf Langvatn ◽

Nathalie Pettorelli ◽

Nils Chr Stenseth

Keyword(s):

Boreal Forest ◽

Body Mass ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Red Deer ◽

Early Summer ◽

Hierarchical Bayes ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Spring Temperature ◽

Large Herbivores

A problem in climate studies has been on how to treat causal chains of explanations and both direct and indirect effects. Mammals in strongly seasonal environments of the boreal forest typically lose condition during winter and gain mass (and reproduce) during the summer season when biomass and plant quality peak. Mass decay of large herbivores during winter is due to direct effects of winter weather, such as increased costs of movement, thermoregulation and reduced access to food when snow is deep. Deer condition during summer is thought to be affected mainly indirectly by weather through plants. High spring temperature speeds up plant development, and deep snow can delay phenology in early summer. Current statistical modelling does not take into account these mechanistic pathways. We used hierarchical Bayes modelling to more mechanistically link global climate, local weather and plant phenology to autumn body mass of red deer in Norway. Red deer were much more affected indirectly through trophic interactions. No solid evidence of direct effects of snow depth was found on autumn body mass. We discuss the implications of our results relative to our ability to predict effects of global change on large mammalian herbivores in the boreal forest.

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8. Remedies: direct and indirect effects and state liability

EU Law Directions ◽

10.1093/he/9780198853909.003.0008 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 194-225

Author(s):

Nigel Foster

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Case Law ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Procedural Law ◽

Court Of Justice ◽

Eu Directives ◽

State Liability ◽

Direct Applicability

This chapter examines the remedies developed by the Court of Justice (CJEU) for member states who violate European Union (EU) laws. It considers the concept of direct applicability and reviews the development of the doctrine of direct effects through an analysis of case law. The chapter proposes ways for overcoming the lack of horizontal effect for EU Directives to avoid the result of the ‘Marshall’ ruling and discusses state liability in the CJEU cases C-6 and 9/90 Francovich. These remedies are known as the enforcement from below as a part of the dual system of vigilance of EU law. It also considers national procedural law and the system of remedies developed by the CoJ.

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Direct Democracy and Minority Rights: Direct and Indirect Effects on Religious Minorities in Switzerland

Politics and Religion ◽

10.1017/s1755048311000666 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 133-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Anna Christmann ◽

Deniz Danaci

Keyword(s):

Indirect Effects ◽

Direct Democracy ◽

Minority Rights ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Popular Vote ◽

Religious Minorities

AbstractMost of the research on the effects of direct democracy on minority rights is empirically limited to the direct effects of direct democracy. This article takes the issue a step further and examines both direct and indirect effects by investigating the rights of religious minorities in Switzerland. The analysis provides two main insights: all direct effects are negative and can be observed when the rights of out-groups like Islamic minorities are at stake. Second, indirect effects on the parliamentary process can be observed, too: parliaments make laws more restrictive toward Islamic minorities if they fear a popular vote. However, they develop strategies to enforce their liberal interests, as shown by the fact that extensions of the rights of religious minorities are passed in total revisions.

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Aplicability of phenotypic and canonic correlations and path coefficients in the selection of oat genotypes

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162006000100003 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 11-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Claudir Lorencetti ◽

Fernando Irajá Félix de Carvalho ◽

Antônio Costa de Oliveira ◽

Igor Pirez Valério ◽

Irineu Hartwig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Direct Selection ◽

Individual Plant ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Genetic Progress ◽

Path Coefficients ◽

Selection Of

Indirect selection through traits of higher heritability and of case measurements can result in larger genetic progress compared to using direct selection. This work was performed with the following objectives: (1) to estimative the phenotypic correlations between individual plant grain yield and agronomic traits of importance in the selection of white oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes; (2) to identify traits that have the higher direct and indirect effects on grain yield; (3) to determine the intensity of association between primary and secondary components of grain yield; and, (4) to evaluate the consistency of these estimates using five oat genotypes crossed in a diallel format. The number of panicles per plant (NPP) showed to be the trait highest correlated with individual plant grain yield (GY) both through single correlations and through direct effects on grain yields. For weight of a thousand grains (WTG) ´ GY, in most crosses there was no detected association, leading to possible troubles for breeders, since larger grains were not associated to higher yield, except for the crosses UPF16 ´ UFRGS17 and UFRGS17 ´ URPel95/015. The trait number of grains per plant (NGP) was directly correlated with GY in all crosses, although the direct effects estimates on GY were negative for the crosses UPF16 ´ UPF18, UPF16 ´ URPel95/015, UPF18 ´ UFRGS17 and UFRGS7 ´ URPel95/015, indicating that correlations are not the main causes altering GY, which could be explained, in the present work, by indirect effects via NPP and mainly via panicle weight (PW).

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Catastrophes, disturbances and density-dependence: population dynamics of the spiny pocket mouse (Heteromys desmarestianus) in a neotropical lowland forest

Journal of Tropical Ecology ◽

10.1017/s0266467407004415 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 507-518 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Rob Klinger

Keyword(s):

Population Dynamics ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Juvenile Survival ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Lowland Forest ◽

Density Dependent ◽

Demographic Rates ◽

Independent Events ◽

Pocket Mouse

Capture–mark–recapture methods were used to study the influence of density-dependent and density-independent factors on population dynamics of the spiny pocket mouse Heteromys desmarestianus in a lowland forest in Belize. Fourteen trapping sessions were conducted in six 0.5-ha grids at irregular intervals from July 2000 to March 2005. Responses by H. desmarestianus to four disturbance events depended on the type and magnitude of the events. Although fluctuations in density were strongly related to fruit availability, the disturbances tended to magnify direct and delayed density-dependent effects on reproduction and juvenile survival. A catastrophic flood in July 2000 eliminated the entire population, but by September 2001 population density had increased from 34.4 individuals ha−1 immediately pre-flood to 42.5 individuals ha−1. Indirect effects from a hurricane in October 2001 had greater and longer lasting influences on demographic rates than direct effects from less severe floods in August 2002 and September 2003. Fruiting ceased for almost 2.5 y after the hurricane, resulting in extremely low juvenile survival and a decline in density from 46.8 individuals ha−1 in January 2002 to 23.0 individuals ha−1 in January 2004. Fruiting began again in January 2004, and after several subsequent pulses of reproduction and generally higher rates of juvenile survival the population reached a maximum of 77.3 individuals ha−1 in March 2005. Inferences from the study, especially on the duration of delayed-density-dependent effects, must be made cautiously because of the irregular trapping intervals resulting from the unplanned disturbances. However, the results indicate that population dynamics of many tropical small-mammal populations will be driven by direct and indirect effects from density-independent events that amplify density-dependent influences on demographic rates.

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