scholarly journals International Law is Western Made Global Law: The Perception of Third-World Category

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 337-356
Author(s):  
Brian-Vincent Ikejiaku
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Third World ◽  
The West ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Global North ◽  
Global Peace ◽  
Multinational Businesses ◽  
Global Law

Abstract The way in which international law has been constructed and reconstructed over the ages in favour of the Western countries has driven some Third-World scholars to perceive international law as ‘a global law made by the West’ for the purpose of controlling global undertakings. In the past, international law was used by the Westerners to legitimise colonialism and all their acts of exploitation in the developing countries. In the modern period, international law is predominantly used to protect, project and promote (3Ps) the interest of the Westerners. This includes their multinational businesses scattered globally, and protectionist bid against terrorist attacks. This paper uses theoretical, critical and multidisciplinary approaches to examine this perception of international law. It concludes that construction and reconstruction of international law in favour of Western countries has been one key instrument that perpetuate severe inequality between the Global North and Global South, which in turn hampers efforts toward global-peace and security.

scholarly journals TULKU INSTITUTE: TRADITIONS AND MODERNITY

2018 ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
Dulma V. Ayusheyeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Buddhism ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
The West ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Near Future

At the present stage of development of Tibetan Buddhism in the West, the tulku institution, which presence in this tradition is its main characteristic, began to take roots. In the past twenty years, Tibetan monks have begun to recognize the reincarnation of representatives of the lineage of succession, not only among Tibetans, but also Westerners. Analyzing this process, the author comes to the conclusion that the difficulty of introducing this model into the practice of Buddhism in the West is that Western adepts should agree that his teacher, the authoritative Tibetan lama, in his next birth can be identified in the person of a Western man and in this regard, there will be problems of relationship of students with the reincarnation of their spiritual teacher. The building of such relations is an increasingly important element in creating and maintaining the integrity required for the survival and further successful development of Tibetan Buddhism in the West. The author claims that, as a rule, children-reincarnates do not visit Western countries for various reasons. Many of them live in Tibetan monasteries in India and Nepal, where they are subject to strict regime and instructions. However, in the near future these children will grow into leaders of their societies located in Western countries.

ПРИНЦИПЫ ВАШИНГТОНСКОГО КОНСЕНСУСА КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТАРИЙ ПОЛИТИКИ ПОСТПРАВДЫ В ПОСТСОВЕТСКОЙ И СОВРЕМЕННОЙ РОССИИ

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
O. V. Lagutin ◽  
A. B. Rukavishnikov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Third World ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
The West ◽  
Economic Stratification ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
Soviet Russia

The article issues the theoretical models of economic development and and the practical experience of their implementing in different countries. The author tries to analyze genesis and evolution of economical power and global domination of the West. Also the rules of economic policies, which realisation became the basis of the government's economic stratification during the periods of classic capitalism and joint-stock companies capitalism are emphasized. The principles of the strategy of comparative advantages formed the basis of economic policy provided by Washington regarding other countries in the modern period, and are presented in document Washington Consensus, first used in 1989. By the term post-truth policy in this context we mean the imposing of the Wasshington Consensus ideology on the countries of the second and third world countries economies and popularisattion of its principles at the expense of development of the mentioned countries. The research also pays an attention to the big business’ development in post Soviet Russia, which has a criminal genesis without any alternative. The article also analyses the positive experience of Russian Federation’s economic development during the period of capitalistic relations’ development and during the social period. In this research we also made an attempt to justify the objective factors in terms of choosing new economic model

Decolonizing the Responsibility to Protect: On pervasive Eurocentrism, Southern agency and struggles over universals

2021 ◽  
pp. 096701062110278
Author(s):  
Coralie Pison Hindawi
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Third World ◽  
Global South ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Responsibility To Protect ◽  
The West ◽  
Liberal Ideal ◽  
Southern States ◽  
Critical Literature

Many postcolonial or critical scholars are rather sceptical of the Responsibility to Protect principle. In most of the critical literature, Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is presented as a product from the West, whose liberal ideal relies on a perception of Southern states being potentially dysfunctional, which in turn justifies an interventionist discourse with neocolonial overtones. The problem with this interpretation of R2P is that it essentially ignores non-Western, particularly Southern, inputs on the concept, falling precisely into the trap that, many authors claim, vitiates Responsibility to Protect: its West-centrism. Building upon a mix of critical, decolonial, postcolonial and Third World Approaches to International Law scholarship, this article proposes a number of additional steps to decolonize R2P in an effort to avoid what Pinar Bilgin describes as ‘conflating the critiques of the particularity of universals with critiques of the idea of having universals’. What successive decolonizing layers expose is a negotiation process in which the agency of states from the global South in shaping the – still controversial – principle has proved particularly obvious. Decolonizing Responsibility to Protect, this article argues, requires critical scholars to engage in a contrapuntal analysis in order to acknowledge the concept’s mutual constitution by the West and the ‘rest’ and the deeper struggles over universals hiding underneath.

Restitution and the Politics of Repair

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Zolkos
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
The Political ◽  
Religious Thought ◽  
The West ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Politics And Law

This book develops a political philosophic approach to restitution and repatriation of objects, by arguing that the development of restitutive norms in the West has been auxiliary to the emergence of modern state sovereignty. It draws on critiques of international law of cultural heritage return, and of its Western humanistic underpinnings, including the ontological binary distinction between things and persons. Rather than accept the restitutive goals of politics and law seeking to do justice for the past and to ‘undo’ the expropriations and dispossessions that have occurred, and are still occurring (be it in contexts of coloniality or war), this book looks at the limits and aporias of restitution in texts of philosophy, literature and social theory. As such, it identifies figures and objects situated beyond the possibility of restitution and repair. This includes analysis of the social fantasies and imaginaries that ‘prop’ our contemporary reparative politics—making the past ‘unhappen’, or cancelling out the occurrence of wrongs. What the analysed texts have in common is that they articulate restitution through the motifs of undoing and making-unhappen, as a reparative and curative procedure, and a prelapsarian return to a place, time or condition prior to the event of violence. Insofar as this reading uncovers the mythical-religious ‘substrate’ of the restitutive tradition, and illuminates the political and affective allures of prelapsarianism, this book also offers insights into Western secularism, not as disappearance of religious thought in the public domain, but as its ‘repression’ (in a psychoanalytic sense).

Performing the Past in the Present

2021 ◽  
pp. 704-720
Author(s):  
Rowan McLelland
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global North ◽  
The Creation

This chapter explores the conscious adoption, reformation, and indigenization of ballet in China in the mid-twentieth century to foreground how this historical development has contributed to the creation of a new genre of ballet unique to China in the contemporary period. Using The Red Detachment of Women (1964, [红色娘子军]) and the more recent Eight Heroines (2015, [八女投江]), the chapter highlights ballet’s contemporaneity in China at the convergence of the unique legacy of the sociopolitical reimagining of the form with tangible links to both the past and the present in ballet in the Global North as a modern transnational practice. It concludes that it is in its very divergence from the style of contemporary ballet more commonly performed in the West that Chinese contemporary ballet embodies the pluralistic cosmopolitan values that contemporary ballet adopts.

“Imagined Identities, Imagined Nationalisms: Print Culture and Egyptian Nationalism in Light of Recent Scholarship.” A Review Essay of Israel Gershoni and James P. Jankowski,Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930–1945, Cambridge Middle East Studies (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Pp. 297

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Smith Charles
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
Third World ◽  
The West ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Middle East Studies ◽  
Modern Era

Anthony D. Smith has argued that the idea of the “nation-state” conflates two historical and ideological processes that, even with Western European history serving as the paradigm, were often distinct. Nor was there any uniform evolution in these processes from one stage to the other. For Smith this has meant that “Eastern Europe and the Third World have all been trying to imitate a rather singular model whose ethnic homogeneity, like its parliamentary institutions, simply cannot be transplanted. They have been pursuing a Western mirage … [where] even in the West, the much soughtafter marriage of state and ethnie has not turned out to be all that happy and enduring.” Smith assumes that true nations are based onethnie, meaning a shared memory of culture, language, and history identified with specific territory stretching into the past that creates both a bond within the group, the precursor to nationhood, and a sense of distinction against other such groups. Here he opposes those whom he calls the “modernists,” who may argue with one another about what constitutes nationalism but agree that it reflects the development of nationhood in the modern era and is not an inevitable extension of ancient historical and cultural bonds.

scholarly journals Litteratur efter orientalismen

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (62) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabry Hafez
Keyword(s):  
World Literature ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Literary Field ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Status

Sabry Hafez: “Literature after Orientalism – The Enduring Lure of the Occident: Modernity, Canon and Translatability”After reflecting on the status and challenge of “world literature”, the article addresses three issues concerning orientalism: modernity, canon and translatability. The attraction to the West played a significant role in the formation of the modern Arabicliterary canon, despite Arabic culture’s long history and tradition of creating its own canon. Unlike the West, in which the concepts of canon and canonical literary texts goes only to the 18th century, Arabic culture has had its classics and classification of writers and works since pre-Islamic time and the idea of Mu’allaqat, when a few poems were selected to be hung on the walls of the Ka‘bah. The concept of classics, and the formation of the literary canon in the modern period, benefitted from some of the achievements of the past, but had its eyes on the occident, which was clearly in the desire to have works recognised by the West, first by its specialists, read orientalists, then by its literary circles. The intervention of the international literary field led to a crisis of canon and a distortion of the literary field in Arabic culture, which was already distorted by the intervention of the establishment. Finally, the article considers the marginal role Arabic literature plays in world literature today.

Une interprétation des représentations occidentales de l'Islam

1984 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan S. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Traditional View ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
The West ◽  
Negative Image ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Institu Tions

Traditional western views of Muslims were a catalogue of prejudice in focusing on the alleged authoritarian and fatalistic character of Islam. In the western imagery, Muslims were sly, cruel and sensual, and this image was the product of cultural con flicts in which Islam was seen as a theological and political threat to Christianity. In more recent scholarship, it has been suggested that the negative image of Islam was the product of an Oriental discourse which survived for centuries, regardless of the inten tions of individual commentators on Islam. The idea that western attitudes were wholly negative and consistent is too simplistic. There were two distinct western views of Islam, namely a roman tic aristocratic version and a critical bourgeois image of the Orient. The aristocratic wing was generally sympathetic towards Islam, because it was hostile to the development of industrial capi talism in Europe. For such traditionalists, Islam represented an escape from a process of modernisation which they saw as des tructive of traditional values and institutions. By contrast, bour geois critics saw Islam as representative of precisely those institu tions and attitudes which they sought to destroy. In both cases, Islam as a construct was employed as a critical myth in the evalua tion of western society. The transformation of Islamic societies in the modern period has rendered both forms of imagery irrelevant in sociological terms, but their existence in the past makes it impossible to speak of one Oriental discourse. Social imagery is fractured by the cultural and class characteristics of the carriers of ideology and the traditional view of Islam in the West was bifur cated along class lines.

Internal Self-Determination in International Law: A Critical Third-World Perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalana SENARATNE
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Third World ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third World ◽  
World Perspective

Internal self-determination is a popular dimension of self-determination in international law. Often regarded as a right to democratic governance, its early promoters were largely Western states and international lawyers. A central observation made by such promoters was that the West favoured internal self-determination while the Third World did not. The present article will argue why this is a misconception and an outdated observation today. However, having argued so, the article proceeds to develop a Third World-oriented constructive critique of internal self-determination, suggesting why the Third World should nevertheless be more critically cautious and vigilant about the promotion of internal self-determination by Western actors as a distinct and concrete right in international law.

Industrial Relations in a Third World Setting: A Possible Model

1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Late Development ◽  
The West ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Explanatory Framework ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Distinct Features

The present paper sets out an explanatory framework for understanding Third World industrial relations systems. In the framework, distinct features of the Third World industrial relations systems are explained from a macro-based analysis of the past and present social, political and economic environment. It is also argued that the distinctive features of Third World industrial relations systems, compared with the west, are not expected to be eliminated in the foreseeable future. Thus, the explanatory framework for studying Third World industrial relations systems in this paper rejects the idea of 'convergence' between the industrial relations systems of the west and the Third World based on both the 'logic of industrialism' and the 'organizational-oriented late development' theses.

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