The Frontispiece of Peter the Great’s Simvoly i Emblemata (1705): An Iconographical Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-472
Author(s):  
Endre Sashalmi
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Russian Translation ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
Military Leader ◽  
Grand Tour ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Book Of Daniel

The reign of Peter the Great witnessed a “revolution in Russian imagery,” to borrow the title of James Cracraft’s book. A crucial role in this revolution was played by a handbook of Western symbolism, Simvoly i Emblemata, published in Amsterdam in 1705 on Peter’s order. While Tsar Peter was on his grand tour of Western Europe in 1697-98, he became fascinated by the emblem book of Daniel de la Feully (Devises et Emblémes), published in Amsterdam in 1691. Peter ordered a Russian translation of the book and a new frontispiece as well. The frontispiece, designed by Joseph Mulder, contained Peter’s Western-style portrait surrounded by eight 8 devices (images and mottos) with bilingual Latin and Russian inscriptions. Until now, there has been no study of the iconography of the frontispiece which aimed to glorify Tsar Peter as a military leader – a new Hercules – in Russia and abroad. Careful study of the frontispiece reveals hidden messages addressed to the enemies of Russia and also shows how Peter was presented as the creator of a new Golden Age of Russia. Iconographical analysis is used here to decode the ideological and propaganda messages conveyed by the frontispiece.

scholarly journals Outbreaks of Tomostethus nigritus (Fabricius, 1804) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) on Fraxinus angustifolia ‘Raywood’ in Belgium

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 67-81
Author(s):  
Fons Verheyde ◽  
Geert Sioen
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Satisfactory Explanation ◽  
Fraxinus Angustifolia ◽  
The City

In Western Europe the ash sawfly Tomostethus nigritus is known to occur at low densities on Fraxinus excelsior and is uncommonly reported as a pest species. However, we show here that outbreaks can occur on non-endemic trees such as F. angustifolia, and that the species is able to spread quickly using city infrastructure. At the visited localities near the city of Ghent, foliage of Fraxinus angustifolia ‘Raywood’ emerged approximately one month earlier than on F. excelsior. At the same time, changed climatic conditions in the last decade, i.e. higher temperatures in March, caused adults to emerge earlier. Synchronicity of the potential hosts and T. nigritus may therefore have altered, playing a crucial role in population dynamics. Future research should aim to confirm if the species dramatically declines in numbers after reaching its peak population level, an effect which was observed in previous studies, but for which there is still no satisfactory explanation.

scholarly journals A Handwritten Greek Hagiography of Russian Saints from Mount Athos: The Life of St Mitrofan of Voronezh

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Bibikov
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Russian Translation ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Greek Text ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Greek Manuscript

Modern methods for studying old Russian texts are based on the reconstruction of foreign translations: this makes it possible to define the extent to which the world of the Middle Ages and the early modern period was acquainted with them. Post-Byzantine translations of the hagiographic works of old Rus’ and later periods are rare cases of such texts. The archive of the Athos Russian Monastery of St Panteleimon contains a text which makes up part of the Greek manuscript Cod. Athos. Panteleemon. gr. 283 (1848): it speaks of the life of St Mitrofan of Voronezh (†1703), a famous associate of Peter the Great canonised by the Russian Church in 1832. At the time of his canonisation, a handwritten abridged hagiography was released: this was followed a few years later by a longer version which the Greek text relies on. A codicological investigation has helped to identify the codex’s author and scribe: the monk Jacobos Neaksytiotes (1790s–1869), an outstanding theologian and historian (his opus magnum was Athonias) of Athos. The reconstruction of his biography and legacy allows the author of this article to understand this monk’s interest in Russian history and his translations of some hagiographic works from Russian into Greek. The article also contains a Russian translation of the Greek hagiographic text.

Charlemagne, the Carolingian Empire, and Its Successors

2021 ◽  
pp. 468-498
Author(s):  
Rosamond McKitterick
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Western World ◽  
Administrative System ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Christian Culture ◽  
Carolingian Empire ◽  
Political Units

Both the Christian empire of Charlemagne and the subsequently hugely influential imperial ideology of the early Middle Ages were rooted in the Roman past. This chapter addresses the reality of the early medieval empire and the ways in which it was represented by contemporaries for posterity. It examines the career of Pippin III, the first king of the Carolingian dynasty, and the expansion of the Carolingian Empire under his illustrious son Charlemagne, by both design and chance, to embrace most of western Europe. This vast realm was governed by an elaborate and efficient political and administrative system in which both lay and ecclesiastical magnates played a crucial role. This system of governance was maintained even within the smaller political units of the later ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries. The Latin Christian culture initially promoted by Charlemagne, moreover, is the most enduring legacy of the medieval empire to the Western world.

Das russische Verfassungsexperiment 1906–1918: Zum Verhältnis von Tradition und Modernität

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-115
Author(s):  
Dietmar Neutatz
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
The Public ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The One ◽  
Special Circumstances ◽  
The Relationship

The Russian Constitutional Experiment, 1906–1918: On the Relationship between Tradition and Modernity The revolution of 1905 turned the virtually unlimited autocracy of the Russian Empire into a constitutional monarchy. However, this experiment survived the fall of the Tsar in 1917 by only a few months and was obliged to give way to the Bolshevik dictatorship. This article investigates how far the failure of constitutionalism in Russia was due to the special circumstances surrounding the crisis of 1917, or whether it is better explained by the ill-conceived application of a notion imported from Western Europe that could not be grafted onto indigenous Russian traditions. The article discusses the competing concepts of Western-style parliamentarianism on the one hand and a ‹Russian› ideal of direct popular representation on the other (i.e. the ‹Zemskij Sobor› dating from the era before Peter the Great). It investigates the constraints within which the State Duma worked, and the social and political practice of Russian constitutionalism between 1906 and 1918, in order to analyse how deeply rooted constitutional concepts were in late Tsarist society. Special attention is paid to the following themes: the capacity of the Duma to address practical problems; the changing character of political culture; new forms of the public sphere and the growth of civil society; the relationship between parliament and the peasantry; the activities of both supporters of a parliamentary order and their right- and left-wing opponents; and finally the importance of ‹Russian›-style counter-proposals to ‹Western›-style constitutionalism during the crisis years of 1917/18.

scholarly journals The Digital Divide in Western Europe: Problems and Prospects

10.28945/2456 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rod Carveth ◽  
Susan B. Kretchmer
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Internet Penetration ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Public Partnerships

This paper reviews the digital divide in Western Europe, as well as policy options for combating that divide. While age, income and gender are significant predictors of the digital divide in Western Europe, geography plays a crucial role. The countries in Southern Europe have less computer and Internet penetration than their Northern European counterparts. The paper then discusses four policy options for combating the divide, suggesting that the most effective solution would be private/public partnerships.

scholarly journals STYLISTIC PECULIARITIES OF A BIOGRAPHICAL NOVEL AS A PROBLEM OF TRANSLATION (BASED ON THE NOVEL BY B. JOHNSON “THE CHURCHILL FACTOR: HOW ONE MAN MADE HISTORY”)

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1010-1017
Author(s):  
N.M. Shutova ◽  
I.V. Khlebnikov
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Russian Translation ◽  
Russian Text ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Literal Translation ◽  
The Usa

The paper is concerned with stylistic peculiarities of W. Churchill’s biography written by B. Johnson and published in the USA in 2014 [1] in terms of their preservation in the Russian translation made by A. Galaktionov in 2015 [2]. The author of the biography is convinced that it was W. Churchill who played a crucial role in the victory over fascist Germany and arranging the after war Europe. Churchill is presented as a very strong personality - exceptionally strong and brave in his young days and domineering and very influential in the years of manhood. Much attention is given to Churchill’s journalistic and literary activities. The main character of the book is described through a great number of vivid metaphors, similes, epithets, repetitions, etc. The author is not afraid to make his narration emotional and evaluative. Many of the stylistic devices call for the translator’s special attention, it is necessary to consider the appropriateness of preserving the imagery in view of another addressee. Unfortunately, the translator often resorts to literal translation and introduces the devices used by the author into the Russian text ignoring the peculiarities of the receiving language and culture.

‘All the Laws in the Book’: The Transgressive Impulse of Hammett's The Maltese Falcon

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-112
Author(s):  
Matthew Paul Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Detective Fiction ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Previous Decade ◽  
Detective Stories

Scholars of detective fiction have long acknowledged Dashiell Hammett's crucial role in the formation of the American hard-boiled style. However, a closer look at his third novel, The Maltese Falcon (1930), reveals the extent to which Hammett self-consciously engaged with the generic conventions of the Golden Age mysteries that had dominated the previous decade. By partially following the rules, Hammett continually toys with the reader's expectations, charting a new course for detective fiction while simultaneously offering a self-reflexive commentary on the genre's history. In addition to providing a fresh reading of The Maltese Falcon, this essay contextualises Hammett's efforts by showing how he responds to contemporary crime novelists, especially the American Willard Huntington Wright (better known by his pseudonym S. S. Van Dine). In 1928, Wright published his famous ‘Twenty Rules for Writing Detective Stories’ in an attempt to define the genre's specific appeal, creating a pact between author and audience. The Maltese Falcon explores the nature of that pact and ultimately violates it through a series of reversed expectations. By showing just how deeply embedded this transgressive impulse is in The Maltese Falcon, this essay sheds new light on a pivotal moment in both Hammett's career and in the evolution of detective fiction.

Autocracy

2020 ◽  
pp. 315-318
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Total Power ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Structure ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Western European ◽  
The Government

This chapter looks at autocracy as the concept most widely used to describe the political culture of the Russian state before 1917. It explains how autocracy, understood as the unlimited rule of the monarch over his subjects, is often taken as the signature characteristic of Russian political culture in general. It also identifies historians that see the political structure of Russia as essentially oligarchical, with power shared in a mutually beneficial way among various layers of the nobility and the government. The chapter presents autocracy in the relatively stable political culture from 1450 to 1650 and discusses the changes wrought in that culture by massive influences from Western Europe under Peter the Great and his immediate predecessors. It considers the accounts of Western European visitors to Russia from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries, which was responsible for the trope of total power of the Russian ruler over its subjects.

1. The enduring idea and changing ideal of the university

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
David Palfreyman ◽  
Paul Temple
Keyword(s):  
Golden Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Professional Life ◽  
Universities And Colleges ◽  
Dark Ages ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Medieval Universities ◽  
The University

The model for the modern university and college began its long evolution c.1,000 years ago in medieval Western Europe. The ‘12th-century renaissance’ saw the emergence of universities and colleges at Bologna, Paris, Oxford, and Cambridge drawing on earlier Hellenistic learning, sustained by ‘the Golden Age of Islam’ and added to during ‘the Dark Ages’ of Western Europe. ‘The enduring idea and changing ideal of the university’ explains how medieval universities were, essentially, businesses delivering concrete skills and competencies through education to fee-paying students. Distinctly utilitarian and vocational, they opened a door to professional life for their students. Now we talk of them crucially contributing to the ‘knowledge society’.

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