中国的非正规经济再论证

Rural China ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-82 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
The Other ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Labor Laws ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Blue Collar Workers ◽  
The Social ◽  
China Today ◽  
China’S Economy

Abstract China’s economy-society today, excepting high officials and capitalists, is made up principally of two status groups. One is the formal employees-workers who are protected by the state’s so-called “labor” laws-regulations and enjoy good benefits, who include the white collar employees of state agencies-units and of the larger formal enterprises, and only small numbers of blue-collar workers privileged with formal status. The other is the informal workers-employees who are not protected by the state’s labor laws and do not have (or have only low level) social benefits, including mainly the peasant migrant workers and the other working members of their “half worker half cultivator” families. This article documents in detail that the former totals just one-sixth of the total workforce and is in fact in large measure something of a privileged status group, while the latter totals five-sixths. The so-called labor laws today in fact have little to do with the majority of true laborers. The gap between the two status groups are the key to the social-economic crisis confronting China today and cries out for reform. (This article is in Chinese.) 摘要 中国今天的经济-社会, 除了顶层的高级官员和资本家之外, 主要由两个等级组成。一方面是受到国家所谓 “劳动” 法规保护的、带有优厚社会福利的正规职工, 其中包括国家机关、事业单位以及正规企业的白领职员, 而只包含较少数享有正规身份的蓝领工人。 另一方面则是不受到国家劳动法规保护的、没有社会福利（或只有低等福利）的非正规职工, 主要包含农民工以及其 “半工半耕” 家庭的其他就业人员。本文详细论证, 前者总数只是全社会所有就业人员中的六分之一, 其实一定程度上是个具有特权的阶层, 后者则占到六分之五。事实上, 国家今天所谓的劳动法规已经脱离大多数真正意义上的劳动人民。两个等级间的差别是今天中国社会经济危机的关键, 亟需改革。

scholarly journals Social Policy, COVID-19 and Impoverished Migrants: Challenges and Prospects in Locked Down India

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohini Sengupta ◽  
Manish K. Jha
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Vulnerable Group ◽  
Income Loss ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Economic Climate ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government

As countries shore up existing safeguards to address the social and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, India faces a humanitarian disaster of unprecedented proportions. Ninety per cent of the Indian workforce is employed in the unorganised sector; uncounted millions work in urban areas at great distances from rural homes. When the Government of India (GOI) announced the sudden ‘lockdown’ in March to contain the spread of the pandemic, migrant informal workers were mired in a survival crisis, through income loss, hunger, destitution and persecution from authorities policing containment and fearful communities maintaining ‘social distance’. In this context, the article analyses how poverty, informality and inequality are accentuated by the COVID-19 pandemic experiences of ‘locked down’ migrant workers. The article examines the nature and scope of existing social policy, designed under changing political regimes and a fluctuating economic climate, to protect this vulnerable group and mitigate dislocation, discrimination and destitution at this moment and in future.

scholarly journals Welfare Index of Migrant Workers: The Case of Qatar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdoulaye Diop ◽  
Semsia Al-Ali Mustafa ◽  
Michael Ewers ◽  
Trung Kien Le
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Guest Workers ◽  
Labor Laws ◽  
World Cup ◽  
Human Rights Organizations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Welfare Index ◽  
The Impact

In December 2010, Qatar won the rights to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The announcement came with increasing pressure from international human rights organizations, media and other groups for Qatar to reform its labor laws, which governs the lives and working conditions of foreign workers in the country. Although Qatar continues to develop and implement major reforms to its labor laws, until now there was no one unique tool based on survey data to evaluate the impact of the government’s policies on guest workers. The objective of this paper is to present the Qatar Guest Workers’ Welfare Index (GWWI), a multi-dimensional comprehensive tool based on survey data of migrant workers developed by the Social and Economic Survey Research Institute (SESRI). In addition to assessing and tracking the welfare of this population, the objective of the index is to identify areas of improvement to guide policy formulation.

Clandestine Migrant Workers in Japan

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 623-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshikazu Nagayama
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
Security System ◽  
Labor Laws ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Labor Policies ◽  
The Social

Illegal migration in Japan is a recent phenomenon, resulting from restrictive labor import policies and shortages accompanying economic restructuring. Labor policies, regulations, types of immigration violations, and the role of the recruitment industry are described. Most of the estimated 200,000 illegal workers are employed in small and medium sized enterprises, especially construction and manufacturing, which pay them wages well below the normal rate. A key issue is the infringement of human rights of these illegal workers, who lack the protection of labor laws and the social security system.

scholarly journals Brazil: the institutional changes in the recent period and the new government

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 36785
Author(s):  
Rosa Maria Marques ◽  
Paulo Nakatani
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
The Other ◽  
Constitutional Amendment ◽  
Institutional Changes ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Labor Laws ◽  
Recent Period ◽  
Labor Reform ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
The One

This text discusses institutional changes implemented in the recent period in Brazil. If they are not reversed in a future government, they will have, on the one hand, redefined the place of the state in the economy and society, resulting, among other consequences, in the shrinking of public policies in general, and especially of social policies; on the other hand, they will have substantially altered the country’s labor market, expanding the presence of the already important and structural segment of informal workers. They consist of the Constitutional Amendment 95 (EC 95) and the set of articles and provisions of the Consolidation of Labor Laws (CLT) that were amended by the labor reform. In the first section, aspects concerning the conditions inherited by the new government are analyzed; in the second one, we discuss the Constitutional Amendment 95; in the following section, we go over the labor reform and the labor market, both inherited from Michel Temer’s government. In section four, some of the ongoing measures of the new government are presented into detail.Keywords: Temer Government. Bolsonaro Government. Labor reform. Constitutional Amendment 95. Social politics.***Brasil: as alterações institucionais no período recente e o novo governo***Este texto discute as alterações institucionais que foram realizadas no período recente no Brasil. Caso elas não sejam revertidas em um futuro governo, terão, de um lado, redefinido o lugar do Estado na economia e na sociedade, resultando, entre outras consequências, no encolhimento das políticas públicas em geral e, especialmente, das políticas sociais; de outro, terão alterado substancialmente o mercado de trabalho do país, ampliando a presença do já importante e estrutural segmento de trabalhadores informais. São elas: a Emenda Constitucional 95 (EC 95) e o conjunto de artigos e dispositivos da Consolidação das Leis Trabalhistas (CLT) que foram alterados pela reforma trabalhista. Em sua primeira seção, são analisados alguns aspectos das condições herdadas pelo novo governo; na segunda, discutimos a Emenda Constitucional 95 e, na seguinte, vemos a reforma trabalhista e o mercado de trabalho, ambas herdadas do governo de Michel Temer. Na seção quatro, detalhamos algumas das medidas em curso do novo governo.

Non-legalistic activism from the social margin: Informal workers with pneumoconiosis in Shenzhen

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lulu Fan ◽  
Kenneth Tsz Fung Ng
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Occupational Illness ◽  
Kinship Networks ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
The Social ◽  
External Agents

This article, contrary to existing studies, argues that informal workers suffering from pneumoconiosis, an occupational illness, prefer to engage in collective action. Migrant workers mobilize collective action through kinship networks and urban ties, which in turn attracts media coverage and encourages external agents to be involved. Local bureaucracies facing mounting pressure usually provide workers with a one-off compensation. The authors, however, note that increasing activism carried out by such workers has been constrained by the current incomplete stage of proletarianization, and resulting, therefore, in ‘non-legalistic, cellular activism’, which has not yet introduced any significant changes with regard to the root causes of pneumoconiosis.

Labour Market Regulations and In-formalisation of Migrant Worker: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Sector

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irfan Ahmad Sofi ◽  
Mohd Imran Khan ◽  
Mohd Hussain Kunroo ◽  
Abdul Qayoom Khachoo
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Migrant Labour ◽  
The Social ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
Indian Manufacturing Sector

AbstractIndia is considered as one of the countries with a stringent body of labour laws. Though there is no lack of pro-worker employment protection legislation (EPL) and contract labour laws, the vulnerabilities of workers seem to be increasing rapidly in this neo-liberal phase of the global economy. Over the past two decades, there has been a rising trajectory of in-formalisation even in the organised manufacturing sector. Under this backdrop, we study the in-formalisation of migrant labour and try to find out whether EPL does protect the interests of migrant workers. We found that in-formalisation of migrant workers are higher in the states with relatively stringent labour laws. The finding of our econometric analysis indicates that informal migrant labour is used to evade the social security provisions laid down under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 among other legislation. Since informal workers fall outside the purview of most of the pro-workers labour laws, the trajectory of in-formalisation is likely to have serious repercussions on the welfare of workers especially that of migrants. Migrant labour, which occupies a substantive role in the contemporary labour markets, must be brought into an apt regulatory framework to address its vulnerabilities.

Providing Freshmen with a Good “Starting-Block”

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikaël De Clercq ◽  
Charlotte Michel ◽  
Sophie Remy ◽  
Benoît Galand
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Student Adjustment ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Pivotal Phase ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Study Task ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Belonging ◽  
Intention To Persist

Abstract. Grounded in social-psychological literature, this experimental study assessed the effects of two so-called “wise” interventions implemented in a student study program. The interventions took place during the very first week at university, a presumed pivotal phase of transition. A group of 375 freshmen in psychology were randomly assigned to three conditions: control, social belonging, and self-affirmation. Following the intervention, students in the social-belonging condition expressed less social apprehension, a higher social integration, and a stronger intention to persist one month later than the other participants. They also relied more on peers as a source of support when confronted with a study task. Students in the self-affirmation condition felt more self-affirmed at the end of the intervention but didn’t benefit from other lasting effects. The results suggest that some well-timed and well-targeted “wise” interventions could provide lasting positive consequences for student adjustment. The respective merits of social-belonging and self-affirmation interventions are also discussed.

Fakir Baykurt’un Almanya öykülerinde Türk göçmen çocukları

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-28
Author(s):  
Efnan Dervişoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Home Life ◽  
Literary Forms ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Life Education

Almanya’ya işçi göçü, neden ve sonuçları, sosyal boyutlarıyla ele alınmış; göç ve devamındaki süreçte yaşanan sorunlar, konunun uzmanlarınca dile getirilmiştir. Fakir Baykurt’un Almanya öyküleri, sunduğu gerçekler açısından, sosyal bilimlerin ortaya koyduğu verilerle bağdaşan edebiyat ürünleri arasındadır. Yirmi yılını geçirdiği Almanya’da, göçmen işçilerle ve aileleriyle birlikte olup işçi çocuklarının eğitimine yönelik çalışmalarda bulunan yazarın gözlem ve deneyimlerinin ürünü olan bu öyküler, kaynağını yaşanmışlıktan alır; çalışmanın ilk kısmında, Fakir Baykurt’un yaşamına ve Almanya yıllarına dair bilgi verilmesi, bununla ilişkilidir. Öykülere yansıyan çocuk yaşamı ise çalışmanın asıl konusunu oluşturmaktadır. “Ev ve aile yaşamı”, “Eğitim yaşamı ve sorunları”, “Sosyal çevre, arkadaşlık ilişkileri ve Türk-Alman ayrılığı” ile “İki kültür arasında” alt başlıklarında, Türkiye’den göç eden işçi ailelerinde yetişen çocukların Almanya’daki yaşamları, karşılaştıkları sorunlar, öykülerin sunduğu veriler ışığında değerlendirilmiş; örneklemeye gidilmiştir. Bu öyküler, edebiyatın toplumsal gerçekleri en iyi yansıtan sanat olduğu görüşünü doğrular niteliktedir ve sosyolojik değerlendirmelere açıktır. ENGLISH ABSTRACTMigration and Children in Fakir Baykurt’s stories from GermanyThe migration of workers to Germany has been taken up with its causes, consequences and social dimensions; the migration and the problems encountered in subsequent phases have been stated by experts in the subject. Fakir Baykurt’s stories from Germany, regarding the reality they represent, are among the literary forms that coincide with the facts supplied by social sciences. These stories take their sources from true life experiences as the products of observations and experiences with migrant workers and their families in Germany where the writer has passed twenty years of his life and worked for the education of the worker’s children; therefore information related to Fakir Baykurt’s life and his years in Germany are provided in the first part of the study.  The life of children reflected in the stories constitutes the main theme of the study.  Under  the subtitles of “Family and Home Life”, “Education Life and related issues”, “Social environment, friendships and Turkish-German disparity” and “Amidst two cultures”, the lives in Germany of children who have been  raised in working class  families and  who have immigrated from Turkey are  evaluated under the light of facts provided by the stories and examples are given. These stories appear to confirm that literature is an art that reflects the social reality and is open to sociological assessments.KEYWORDS: Fakir Baykurt; Germany; labor migration; child; story

KONSEP DIRI “ I “ DAN “ME” TOKOH HIROKO DALAM NOVEL NAMAKU HIROKO KARYA NH.DINI

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Besin Gaspar
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Fictional Character ◽  
Social Customs ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City

This research deals with the development of  self concept of Hiroko as the main character in Namaku Hiroko by Nh. Dini and tries to identify how Hiroko is portrayed in the story, how she interacts with other characters and whether she is portrayed as a character dominated by ”I” element or  ”Me”  element seen  from sociological and cultural point of view. As a qualitative research in nature, the source of data in this research is the novel Namaku Hiroko (1967) and the data ara analyzed and presented deductively. The result of this analysis shows that in the novel, Hiroko as a fictional character is  portrayed as a girl whose personality  develops and changes drastically from ”Me”  to ”I”. When she was still in the village  l iving with her parents, she was portrayed as a obedient girl who was loyal to the parents, polite and acted in accordance with the social customs. In short, her personality was dominated by ”Me”  self concept. On the other hand, when she moved to the city (Kyoto), she was portrayed as a wild girl  no longer controlled by the social customs. She was  firm and determined totake decisions of  her won  for her future without considering what other people would say about her. She did not want to be treated as object. To put it in another way, her personality is more dominated by the ”I” self concept.

FUNDAMENTALISMO RELIGIOSO CRISTÃO E ISLÂMICO: TENDÊNCIAS SOCIOPOLÍTICAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 073
Author(s):  
Marcio Luis Costa ◽  
Alex Silva Messias
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Religious Fundamentalism ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
International Level ◽  
Social Politics ◽  
Political Pressure ◽  
Historical Responsibility ◽  
The Social ◽  
External Forces

Nas últimas décadas se observa o retorno da religião sob forma de fundamentalismo religioso, utilizando a mídia e instrumentos de pressão política para fazer valer suas crenças, pois diante do receio ao questionamento, os fundamentalistas veem no “outro”, no diferente, uma ameaça a ser combatida e, em alguns casos, extirpada para preservar suas convicções. O presente estudo tem por objetivo discutir as tendências sócio-políticas do fundamentalismo religioso cristão. Para tanto, com método bibliográfico narrativo, visitamos alguns autores em nível nacional e internacional, que abordam as condições que fizeram emergir o fenômeno social do fundamentalismo religioso, sua estruturação e atuação, até suas demandas sócio-políticas. Os resultados apontam que quando se identifica e transfere qualquer responsabilidade pessoal e histórica para as forças externas, o “outro”, entendido como pessoa e/ou instituição, não podemos negar que esse processo alcança dimensões de problema social. Notamos algumas tendências como mudança de movimento religioso para ideologia acirrada, da postura de fiel para militância, do “ad intra” das religiões para demandas “ad extra”, dos altares e púlpitos para ocupações políticas.Palavras-chave: Fundamentalismo Religioso; Protestante; Católico. CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM: SOCIAL-POLITICS TENDENCIESAbstractIn the last decades the return of religion in religious fundamentalism form can be observed, using media and instruments of political pressure, because when facing the fear of questioning, fundamentalists see in the “other”, in the different, a threat to be stopped and, in some cases, extirpated top preserve their convictions.  This study aims to discuss the social-politics tendencies of the Christian religious fundamentalism. For that, with the narrative bibliographic method, we visited some authors of national and international level, that approach the conditions that caused the emergence of the religious fundamentalism social phenomenon, its structure and role, until its social-politics demand. The results show that when any personal or historical responsibility is identified and transferred to external forces, the “other”, understood as person and/or institution, we cannot deny this process reaches dimensions of social problem. We notice some tendencies such as the change of the religious movement to fierce ideology, from the posture of faithful to militancy, from “ad intra” of religions to “ad extra” demands, from the altars and pulpits to political positions.Keywords: Religious Fundamentalism; Protestant; Catholic.

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