The endoparasite Pilostyles ulei (Apodanthaceae – Cucurbitales) influences wood structure in three host species of Mimosa

Pilostyles species (Apodanthaceae) are endoparasites in stems of the plant family Fabaceae. The body comprises masses of parenchyma in the host bark and cortex, with sinkers, comprising groups of twisted tracheal elements surrounded by parenchyma that enter the secondary xylem of the host plant. Here we report for the first time the effects of Pilostyles parasitism on host secondary xylem. We obtained healthy and parasitized stems from Mimosa foliolosa, M. maguirei and M. setosa and compared vessel element length, fiber length, vessel diameter and vessel frequency, measured through digital imaging. Also, tree height and girth were compared between healthy and parasitized M. setosa. When parasitized, plant size, vessel diameter, vessel element length and fiber length are all less than in healthy plants. Also, vessel frequency is greater and vessels are narrower in parasitized stems. These responses to parasitism are similar to those observed in stressed plants. Thus, hosts respond to the parasite by changing its wood micromorphology in favour of increased hydraulic safety.

Download Full-text

Effect of fertilization on cell size in wood of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden

CERNE ◽

10.1590/s0104-77602010000400006 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 465-472 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Israel Luiz de Lima ◽

Eduardo Luiz Longui ◽

Luiz Santini Junior ◽

José Nivaldo Garcia ◽

Sandra Monteiro Borges Florsheim

Keyword(s):

Cell Size ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Fiber Length ◽

Fiber Diameter ◽

Eucalyptus Grandis ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Radial Position ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Fiber Wall ◽

Vessel Element Length

The use of fertilization in forest stands results in yield gains, yet little attention has been directed to its potential effects on the quality of wood produced. Information is scarce about the effect of fertilization on anatomical structures of older Eucalyptus wood. This work aims to study the effect of fertilization on tissue cell size of wood from a Eucalyptus grandis stand at age 21 years, the management system of which is based on selective thinning and fertilizer application at the start of the thinning season. Factors to consider include: presence or absence of fertilizers, two log positions and five radial (pith to bark) positions. Results led to the conclusion that fertilization significantly influenced only vessel frequency. Vessel element length was influenced by tree height. Fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel diameter and vessel frequency were influenced by the radial position of the sample in relation to the log. A positive correlation was observed between fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel diameter, ray width and radial position, while a negative correlation was observed between ray frequency and radial position.

Download Full-text

Eco-Anatomical Wood Features of Species from a Very Dry Tropical Forest

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001370 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 361-376 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Helga Lindorf

Keyword(s):

Tropical Forest ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Dry Forest ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Deep Roots ◽

Vessel Element Length ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Hydraulic Safety

In 19 species of a very dry forest in Venezuela vessel diameter, vessel frequency, vessel grouping, vessel element length, and intervessel pit size, were studied and compared with data from other habitats. A predominance of characters that presumably contribute to hydraulic safety was observed: numerous grouped vessels of small diameter, short vessel elements, and minute intervessel pits. In some species, a xeromorphic wood anatomy coexists together with adaptations such as deciduousness, xeromorphic foliage, deep or superficially-extended roots, and succulence. In other species studied, the presence of xerophytic adaptations such as assimilating stems, succulence, and deep roots, seem to mitigate the xeromorphic wood appearance and, to some extent, lend it a mesomorphic character.

Download Full-text

Relationships Between Water Availability and Selected Vessel Characteristics in Eucalyptus Grandis and Two Hybrids

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001410 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 269-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ed C. February ◽

W.D. Stock ◽

W.J. Bond ◽

D.J. Le Roux

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Water Uptake ◽

Water Availability ◽

Eucalyptus Grandis ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Limited Region ◽

Vessel Element Length ◽

Watering Treatment

The primary objective of this study was to determine the relationships between water availability, plant growth and selected vessel characteristics for Eucalyptus grandis and two hybrids, so as to ascertain whether these xylem characteristics predict water use efficiency. Cuttings of Eucalyptus grandis, E. grandis × camaldulensis and E. grandis × nitens were planted in 220 litre drums from which rainfall was excluded. One half of the individuals received a low watering treatment; one half received a higher watering treatment. Soil moisture depletion through root uptake was monitored weekly and the removed water replaced to maintain 60 and 80 litres in the pots of the low and high watering treatments respectively. Mean values for tangential vessel diameter, vessel frequency and vessel element length were compared for the two treatments. In E. grandis and the hybrid E. grandis × camaldulensis vessel diameter (P < 0.01 ' P < 0.05 respectively) and vessel element length (P < 0.05 for both) increased from the dry to the wet treatment as water uptake through transpiration increased. There is no significant correlation between available water and vessel frequency. For E. grandis × nitens, on the other hand, only vessel frequency was significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with water uptake. In all three species/hybrids water availability also had a significant influence on stem diameter (P < 0.0001) and transverse sectional stem area (P < 0.0001) which increased with increased water consumption. These results suggest that E. grandis × nitens may be more water use efficient than E. grandis, which is commonly grown for timber and thus could potentially be used as a replacement species that is more water conservative in this water limited region.

Download Full-text

Wood anatomy of Cussonia and Seemannaralia (Araliaceae) with systematic and ecological implications

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000087 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 163-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bernard J. De Villiers ◽

Alexei A. Oskolski ◽

Patricia M. Tilney ◽

Ben-Erik Van Wyk

Keyword(s):

Vessel Diameter ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Wood Structure ◽

Vessel Element Length ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Group A ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Wood Evolution

The wood structure of two related African genera, Cussonia Thunb. (15 of 21 species) and the monotypic Seemannaralia R.Vig. (Araliaceae) is examined. The considerable diversity in wood anatomical characters within these taxa is mostly related to environmental factors; taxonomic groupings or phylogenetic relationships seem to be less important. The shortening of vessel elements and fibres, an increase in vessel number per group, a decrease in vessel diameter and a reduction in the number of bars of perforation plates, are associated with the more temperat species. The changes in vessel grouping show a significant correlation with rainfall. The placement of the simple-leaved Cussonia species in the subgenus Protocussonia and the isolated position of C. paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh., the only member of the subgenus Paniculatae, are supported. Many Cussonia species share a very low fibre to vessel element length ratio. Despite the basal position of Seemannaralia relative to Cussonia revealed by molecular data (Plunkett et al. 2004), its wood structure is more specialised in terms of the Baileyan major trends in wood evolution. This discrepancy may be the effect of a long-term adaptation of tropical ancestors of Seemannaralia to drier biomes.

Download Full-text

Wood Anatomy of Papaveraceae, with Comments on Vessel Restriction Patterns

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001073 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 253-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Sherwin Carlquist ◽

Scott Zona

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Secondary Xylem ◽

Restriction Pattern ◽

The Other ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Restriction Patterns ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Vessel Element Length

Qualitative and quantitative features are reported for Bocconia, Dendromecon, Dicentra, Hunnemannia, and Romneya. Bocconia differs from the other genera by its wide vessels, few per group, and few per mm2; it shows paedomorphosis in vessel element length and ray histology. In respects other than these, it agrees with features common to woody Papaveraceae; these features in turn occur in families of Papaverales (Berberidaceae, Lardizabalaceae, Ranunculaceae): vessels in diagonal groups; presence of both libriform fibres and vasicentric tracheids; nucleated nature of libriform fibres; rays almost exclusively multiseriate; rays wide, tall, and composed mostly of procumbent cells; wood storied to various degrees. Additional features show resemblance between one or more genera of Papaveraceae and other families of Papaverales. Bocconia is distinctive among Papaveraceae in its relatively mesomorphic wood, which may in part be explainable on the basis of stern succulence. The occurrence of avessei restriction pattern - vessels in the centre of fascicular areas (axial portions of secondary xylem between rays) not in contact with rays - in Dicentra and Hunnemannia is like that of other genera of Papaverales such as Nandina. An explanation for the significance of vessel restriction, involving genera other than those of Papaverales (Launea, Valeriana), is attempted.

Download Full-text

Wood Anatomy of Lecythidaceae Species called “Tauari”

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000046 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 97-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rocío A. Bernal ◽

Vera Coradin ◽

José Camargos ◽

Cecília Costa ◽

José Pissarra

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Important Group ◽

Vessel Element Length ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Microscopic Features ◽

Anatomical Characters ◽

Important Character

Woods from an important group of Lecythidaceae species called “tauari” can hardly be identified in the field by their gross and general features. In this study we show that, when properly delimited to the genera Allantoma, Cariniana and Couratari, wood anatomical characteristics can be used to identify the species known as “tauari”, even though it is not possible to separate all species. In addition to anatomical characters, wood colour is an important character to help distinguish species of Cariniana and Allantoma from species of Couratari. Detailed wood anatomical descriptions from “tauari” woods Allantoma, Cariniana and Couratari are given and a table with diagnostic differences is presented. Common characters of this group are axial parenchyma in narrow continuous bands, prismatic crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells and silica bodies in ray cells. Microscopic features that help in species identification are: fibre pitting (minutely or distinctly bordered), traumatic intercellular canals, average vessel diameter, vessel element length, axial parenchyma strand length, and ray height and width.

Download Full-text

Radial Variation of Fiber Length Increment in Acacia Mangium

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000119 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 339-352 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

K. Honjo ◽

I. Furukawa ◽

M.H. Sahri

Keyword(s):

Fiber Length ◽

Climatic Factors ◽

Wood Fiber ◽

Time Lag ◽

Acacia Mangium ◽

Radial Variation ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Intrusive Growth ◽

Vessel Element Length ◽

Length Increment

The radial variation of fiber length increment (due to intrusive growth) and its relation with internal and external (climatic) factors were investigated for Acacia mangium trees collected in Indonesia and Malaysia. Wood fiber length and fiber length increment were approximated with respect to the distance from the pith (x) by a logarithmic function and vessel element length by a linear function. The results were y = 0.14 . ln(x) + 0.48, y = 0.0005 . x + 0.20, and y = 0.13 . ln(x) + 0.31, respectively. The radial variation of fiber length was related to the growth rate rather than the age of the cambium. The results of the cross-correlation function between wood fiber length increment and climatic factors showed that fiber lengths responded to changes in precipitation with a time lag of between zero to four months.

Download Full-text

Electro-Quasistatic Animal Body Communication for Untethered Rodent Biopotential Recording

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-81108-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shreeya Sriram ◽

Shitij Avlani ◽

Matthew P. Ward ◽

Shreyas Sen

Keyword(s):

Lower Energy ◽

Sensor Node ◽

State Of The Art ◽

The Body ◽

Animal Body ◽

Current State ◽

Communication Modalities ◽

First Time ◽

Biopotential Recording

AbstractContinuous multi-channel monitoring of biopotential signals is vital in understanding the body as a whole, facilitating accurate models and predictions in neural research. The current state of the art in wireless technologies for untethered biopotential recordings rely on radiative electromagnetic (EM) fields. In such transmissions, only a small fraction of this energy is received since the EM fields are widely radiated resulting in lossy inefficient systems. Using the body as a communication medium (similar to a ’wire’) allows for the containment of the energy within the body, yielding order(s) of magnitude lower energy than radiative EM communication. In this work, we introduce Animal Body Communication (ABC), which utilizes the concept of using the body as a medium into the domain of untethered animal biopotential recording. This work, for the first time, develops the theory and models for animal body communication circuitry and channel loss. Using this theoretical model, a sub-inch$$^3$$ 3 [1″ × 1″ × 0.4″], custom-designed sensor node is built using off the shelf components which is capable of sensing and transmitting biopotential signals, through the body of the rat at significantly lower powers compared to traditional wireless transmissions. In-vivo experimental analysis proves that ABC successfully transmits acquired electrocardiogram (EKG) signals through the body with correlation $$>99\%$$ > 99 % when compared to traditional wireless communication modalities, with a 50$$\times$$ × reduction in power consumption.

Download Full-text

Experiential ownership and body ownership are different phenomena

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-90014-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Caleb Liang ◽

Wen-Hsiang Lin ◽

Tai-Yuan Chang ◽

Chi-Hong Chen ◽

Chen-Wei Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Conscious Experience ◽

Distinct Type ◽

Body Part ◽

The Body ◽

Body Ownership ◽

Rubber Hand ◽

Person Perspective ◽

The One ◽

First Time ◽

Full Body

AbstractBody ownership concerns what it is like to feel a body part or a full body as mine, and has become a prominent area of study. We propose that there is a closely related type of bodily self-consciousness largely neglected by researchers—experiential ownership. It refers to the sense that I am the one who is having a conscious experience. Are body ownership and experiential ownership actually the same phenomenon or are they genuinely different? In our experiments, the participant watched a rubber hand or someone else’s body from the first-person perspective and was touched either synchronously or asynchronously. The main findings: (1) The sense of body ownership was hindered in the asynchronous conditions of both the body-part and the full-body experiments. However, a strong sense of experiential ownership was observed in those conditions. (2) We found the opposite when the participants’ responses were measured after tactile stimulations had ceased for 5 s. In the synchronous conditions of another set of body-part and full-body experiments, only experiential ownership was blocked but not body ownership. These results demonstrate for the first time the double dissociation between body ownership and experiential ownership. Experiential ownership is indeed a distinct type of bodily self-consciousness.

Download Full-text

Normalizing Vision: The Representation and Use of Spectacles and Eyeglasses in Victorian Britain

Journal of Victorian Culture ◽

10.1093/jvcult/vcab007 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gemma Almond

Keyword(s):

Assistive Technology ◽

Cultural Context ◽

Assistive Technologies ◽

The Body ◽

Visual Aids ◽

Medical Texts ◽

Victorian Britain ◽

Victorian Period ◽

First Time ◽

Material Evidence

Abstract This study explores the representation and use of Victorian visual aids, specifically focusing on how the design of spectacle and eyeglass frames shaped ideas of the ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ body. It contributes to our understanding of assistive technologies in the Victorian period by showcasing the usefulness of material evidence for exploring how an object was produced and perceived. By placing visual aids in their medical and cultural context for the first time, it will show how the study of spectacle and eyeglass frames develops our understanding of Victorian society more broadly. Contemporaries drew upon industrialization, increasing education, and the proliferation of print to explain a rise in refractive vision ‘errors’. Through exploring the design of three spectacle frames from the London Science Museum’s collections, this study will show how the representations and manufacture of visual aids transformed in response to these wider changes. The material evidence, as well as contemporary newspapers, periodicals, and medical texts, reveal that visual aids evolved from an unusual to a more mainstream device. It argues that visual aids are a unique assistive technology, one that is able to inform our understanding of how Victorians measured the body and constructed ideas of ‘normalcy’ and ‘abnormalcy’.

Download Full-text