scholarly journals Development Aid and Solidarity Work: East and West German Health Cooperation with Low-Income Countries, 1945 to 1970

Gesnerus ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-187
Author(s):  
Walter Bruchhausen ◽  
Iris Borowy
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
International Health ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Strong Position ◽  
Scale Composition

Between 1949 and 1989, both the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) in the West and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the East, engaged in health-related relations with low-income countries in the global South. The strong position of the churches in West Germany and the dominant position of the state in the East provided the preconditions for diverging international health activities, as did differences in ideology and economic status. Activities entailed similarities (an initial focus on clinical therapy and material donations) and differences (in scale, composition of actors and conceptualization). Programs evolved gradually, reacting to circumstances rather than a master plan. By the late 1960s, international health assistance was mainly organized as a component of “development aid” in the FRG, while regarded as “solidarity” in the GDR, in both cases designed to spur changes in recipient countries according to the respective Northern models as components of a perceived direct, global East-West confrontation.

scholarly journals Medical Science Meets ‘Development Aid’ Transfer and Adaptation of West German Microbiology to Togo, 1960–1980

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Carola Rensch ◽  
Walter Bruchhausen
Keyword(s):  
Doctoral Students ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
International Health ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
German Development ◽  
German Model ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Work Abroad

After losing the importance it had held around 1900 both as a colonial power and in the field of tropical medicine, Germany searched for a new place in international health care during decolonisation. Under the aegis of early government ‘development aid’, which started in 1956, medical academics from West German universities became involved in several Asian, African and South American countries. The example selected for closer study is the support for the national hygiene institute in Togo, a former German ‘model colony’ and now a stout ally of the West. Positioned between public health and scientific research, between ‘development aid’ and academia and between West German and West African interests, the project required multiple arrangements that are analysed for their impact on the co-operation between the two countries. In a country like Togo, where higher education had been neglected under colonial rule, having qualified national staff became the decisive factor for the project. While routine services soon worked well, research required more sustained ‘capacity building’ and did not lead to joint work on equal terms. In West Germany, the arrangement with the universities was a mutual benefit deal for government officials and medical academics. West German ‘development aid’ did not have to create permanent jobs at home for the consulting experts it needed; it improved its chances to find sufficiently qualified German staff to work abroad and it profited from the academic renown of its consultants. The medical scientists secured jobs and research opportunities for their postgraduates, received grants for foreign doctoral students, gained additional expertise and enjoyed international prestige. Independence from foreign politics was not an issue for most West German medical academics in the 1960s.

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-395
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Military Expenditure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
River Blindness ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Health Organization

The annual military bill is now approaching 450 billion US dollars, while official development aid accounts for less than 5 per cent of this figure. Four examples: 1. The military expenditure of only half a day would suffice to finance the whole malaria eradication programme of the World Health Organization, and less would be needed to conquer river-blindness, which is still the scourge of millions. 2. A modern tank costs about one million dollars; that amount could improve storage facilities for 100,000 tons of rice and thus save 4000 tons or more annually; one person can live on just over a pound of rice a day. The same sum of money could provide 1000 classrooms for 30,000 children. 3. For the price of one jet fighter (20 million dollars) one could set up about 40,000 village pharmacies. 4. One-half of one per cent of one year's world military expenditure would pay for all the farm equipment needed to increase food production and approach self-sufficiency in food-deficit low-income countries by 1990.

Bilateral Aid Allocation for International Development: Impact of the Financial Crisis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (4) ◽  
pp. 100-121
Author(s):  
Elena Balter ◽  
Aleksandra Morozkina
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
International Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
External Financing ◽  
Bilateral Aid ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Allocation Decisions

This article examines the impact of financial crisis of 2008-2009 on allocation of development aid. Using OECD data on Official Development Assistance (ODA) allocation for international development by key donor countries, authors test three hypotheses: first, general impact of crisis on ODA allocation; second, impact of crisis on three recipient income groups; third, impact of crisis on relative importance of analyzed factors for ODA allocation decisions. The results show that general impact of crisis on ODA volumes was negative, although donors preferred to increase aid to low-income countries. Impact of factors describing economic situation in donor countries (public debt level, government expenditures and donor growth) increased after crisis. Donor countries might make use of these results to increase efficiency of their development assistance strategies, whereas recipient countries may exploit these results in order to attract more external financing for development.

scholarly journals The burden of serious health-related suffering among cancer decedents: Global projections study to 2060

2020 ◽  
pp. 026921632095756
Author(s):  
Katherine E Sleeman ◽  
Barbara Gomes ◽  
Maja de Brito ◽  
Omar Shamieh ◽  
Richard Harding
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Palliative care improves outcomes for people with cancer, but in many countries access remains poor. Understanding future needs is essential for effective health system planning in response to global policy. Aim: To project the burden of serious health-related suffering associated with death from cancer to 2060 by age, gender, cancer type and World Bank income region. Design: Population-based projections study. Global projections of palliative care need were derived by combining World Health Organization cancer mortality projections (2016–2060) with estimates of serious health-related suffering among cancer decedents. Results: By 2060, serious health-related suffering will be experienced by 16.3 million people dying with cancer each year (compared to 7.8 million in 2016). Serious health-related suffering among cancer decedents will increase more quickly in low income countries (407% increase 2016–2060) compared to lower-middle, upper-middle and high income countries (168%, 96% and 39% increase 2016-2060, respectively). By 2060, 67% of people who die with cancer and experience serious health-related suffering will be over 70 years old, compared to 47% in 2016. In high and upper-middle income countries, lung cancer will be the single greatest contributor to the burden of serious health-related suffering among cancer decedents. In low and lower-middle income countries, breast cancer will be the single greatest contributor. Conclusions: Many people with cancer will die with unnecessary suffering unless there is expansion of palliative care integration into cancer programmes. Failure to do this will be damaging for the individuals affected and the health systems within which they are treated.

scholarly journals Health Literacy and Health Behavior Among Women in Ghazni, Afghanistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Harsch ◽  
Asadullah Jawid ◽  
Ebrahim Jawid ◽  
Luis Saboga-Nunes ◽  
Kristine Sørensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Health Behavior ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Voluntary Basis

Background:Health literacy is a determinant of health and assessed globally to inform the development of health interventions. However, little is known about health literacy in countries with one of the poorest health indicators worldwide, such as Afghanistan. Studies worldwide demonstrate that women play a key role in developing health literacy. Hence, this study's purpose is to explore health literacy of women in Afghanistan and the associated factors.Methods:From May to June 2017, we randomly recruited 7–10 women per day at the hospital in Ghazni, a representative province of Afghanistan. Two trained female interviewers interviewed 322 women (15–61 years old) orally in Dari or Pashto on a voluntary basis and assessed their health literacy using the HLS-EU-Q16, associated socio-demographics, and health behavior.Results:Health literacy of women (among educated and illiterates) is low even compared to other Asian countries. Health literacy is linked to age and education. We found mixed evidence of the relationship between health literacy and contextual factors, help-seeking, and health-related behavior.Conclusion:This study provides novel data on health literacy and astonishing insights into its association with health behavior of women in Afghanistan, thus contributing to health status. The study calls for recognition of health literacy as a public health challenge be addressed in Afghanistan and other low-income countries affected by crises.

scholarly journals The Impact of Systems of Care on International Health Security

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Reis ◽  
James Cipolla
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Systems Of Care ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Neonatal Resuscitation ◽  
International Health ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
The Impact

International health security (IHS) prioritizes cross-border threats to nations such as epidemics, bioterrorism, and climate change. In the modern era, however, the leading causes of mortality are not infectious. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Over three-quarters of CVD deaths take place in low-income countries, illustrating a disparity in care. Traumatic injury also remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, placing a particularly heavy burden upon countries with limited resources. Cerebrovascular disease and acute stroke syndromes are major causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Programs leading to timely revascularization have proven to be the most powerful predictor of disease outcomes. The health of women and children is vital to creating a healthy world. The impact of neonatal resuscitation programs on mortality has been a major force in advancing international health security. Finally, the establishment of emergency medical services (EMS) systems has been shown to improve the health of communities in both high- and low-income nations. In order to address health security on a global scale, government authorities and public health institutions must incorporate access to modern systems of care addressing the major determinants of health and primary causes of mortality.

scholarly journals Aid to education and sustainable development

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 816-837
Author(s):  
Keith Lewin
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Comparative Education ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Accelerate Development ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
National Investment

The Sustainable Development Goals commit all countries to make rights to education realities for all children. Most of those out of school, and in school but not learning, are in Low Income Countries. Poor countries allocate 3%-4% of GDP to education. 6% is needed to finance universal primary and secondary school. Aid can help. However, aid to education in poor countries has stagnated since 2010 at USD 12 Billion annually. Aid can accelerate development that is self-sustaining through investment in human capitals and the promotion of public goods. Over the last three decades national investment has helped some countries transform their education systems. In other countries progress has been disappointing. The challenge for old and new donors to education is how should future aid be provided to promote sustainable development aid and how can Comparative Education help?

scholarly journals Scoping Review of Oral Health-Related Birth Cohort Studies: Toward a Global Consortium

2022 ◽  
pp. 002203452110624
Author(s):  
K.G. Peres ◽  
G.G. Nascimento ◽  
A. Gupta ◽  
A. Singh ◽  
L. Schertel Cassiano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Health Related

The multidisciplinary nature and long duration of birth cohort studies allow investigation of the relationship between general and oral health and indicate the most appropriate stages in life to intervene. To date, the worldwide distribution of oral health-related birth cohort studies (OHRBCSs) has not been mapped, and a synthesis of information on methodological characteristics and outcomes is not available. We mapped published literature on OHRBCSs, describing their oral health-related data and methodological aspects. A 3-step search strategy was adopted to identify published studies using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and OVID databases. Studies with baseline data collection during pregnancy or within the first year of life or linked future oral health data to exposures during either of these 2 life stages were included. Studies examining only mothers' oral health and specific populations were excluded. In total, 1,721 articles were suitable for initial screening of titles and abstracts, and 528 articles were included in the review, identifying 120 unique OHRBCSs from 34 countries in all continents. The review comprised literature from the mid-1940s to the 21st century. Fifty-four percent of the OHRBCSs started from 2000 onward, and 75% of the cohorts were from high-income and only 2 from low-income countries. The participation rate between the baseline and the last oral health follow-up varied between 7% and 93%. Ten cohorts that included interventions were mostly from 2000 and with fewer than 1,000 participants. Seven data-linkage cohorts focused mostly on upstream characteristics and biological aspects. The most frequent clinical assessment was dental caries, widely presented as decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT/dmft). Periodontal conditions were primarily applied as isolated outcomes or as part of a classification system. Socioeconomic classification, ethnicity, and country- or language-specific assessment tools varied across countries. Harmonizing definitions will allow combining data from different studies, adding considerable strength to data analyses; this will be facilitated by forming a global consortium.

scholarly journals Approaches at Community Level for Care of the Preterm Neonates in Low-Income Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pontius Bayo ◽  
Juliet Ajok
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Preterm Babies

The survival of preterm babies has significantly improved over the last several decades in the high-income countries because of the availability of Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU’s) in both large and small hospitals, presence of specially trained physicians, nurses, and other health care personnel with easy access to sophisticated equipment. However, the bigger public health advances that saw improvements in socio-economic status of the populations, improvements in education and sanitation conditions and reductions in malnutrition and rates of infectious diseases were probably the main reasons for this improved survival rates for preterm neonates. Low in-come countries are currently highest bearers of the burden of preterm morbidity and mortality. The current preventive and care interventions do not reach all the neonates and their mothers, the coverage has remained low, access is poor and the quality of care is low. The aim of this chapter is to propose ideas on how the current preterm neonatal care interventions can be adapted for community scale up through community-based health system structures like community health workers to improve survival of neonates who have been delivered from home or after they have been discharged from hospital.

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