Lawmaking in China: Understanding Substantive and Procedural Changes

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-60
Author(s):  
Benjamin van Rooij ◽  
Annemieke van den Dool
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Massive Growth ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
Health Laws ◽  
Strong Control ◽  
People's Congress

This paper provides a sociolegal overview of law and lawmaking in China. It combines existing studies with original data published by the National People’s Congress as well as new case studies of recent lawmaking processes. The paper focuses its analysis on the development of regulatory laws that seek to prevent and control risk, including environmental, food safety, land, labor, and occupational health laws. The paper finds large changes in the substance of legislation over the past two decades. Amid generally massive growth in lawmaking at all levels, national legislation has become more ambitious, with a greater regulatory burden. It has become more specific, allowing for less discretion. And it has grown stronger teeth, with greater sanctions against violations. These regulatory laws allow for more public participation, albeit within a tightly confined authoritarian space. Such substantive changes come as the process of lawmaking has evolved. While central leadership retains strong control over lawmaking, the process has become more transparent, allowing more actors to exert influence. Successful legislative entrepreneurs are able to shape lawmaking by timing their advocacy at the right stage of the legislative process and, if possible, linking it to ongoing crises.

Lustration and Truth Claims: Unfinished Revolutions in Central Europe

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 117-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Łoś
Keyword(s):  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
East European ◽  
The Past ◽  
Institutional Issues ◽  
Truth Claims ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

This article focuses on discourses conducted in Central/East European countries, and Poland in particular, with respect to the issue of participation of former secret agents in the new power structures. It exposes the reader to the range, style, content, and variety of lustration discourses. It explores their relevance for the ongoing power struggle, paying special attention to their focus on and contribution to the processes of construction and control of truth about the past. Given that the procedural and legal-institutional issues occupy a marginal place in the debate, it is inferred that the main sources of discord are more ideological and political than legal. The two main strains within the global lustration discourse are identified as: (1) dystopian discourses that paint a frightful picture of a lustrated society and imply that the upheaval of lustration would ruin the chance for democratic evolution, and (2) affirmative discourses that assert the need for lustration and portray the refusal to implement it as a barrier to successful transition to democracy. The article elaborates on assumptions and beliefs, which tend to link the dystopian opposition to lustration with the left-wing political affiliation or self-identification and the affirmative discourse with the right-wing orientation.

scholarly journals Moral Altruis dalam Filsafat Sosial Perspektif Perbandingan dengan Akhlak dalam Islam dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Ekonomi

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-46
Author(s):  
Muhammad Djakfar
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Social Philosophy ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
Moral Will ◽  
Information And Technology

The term Altruist moral can be corresponded with al-akhlaq al-mahmudah (good moral). The word "altruist" derives from "altruistic" (English) which means a character that emphasizes on other needs. Therefore, someone with altruist moral can be called as a person who has a character that emphasizes on other needs. Globalization era which is dominated by rapid development of information and technology has carried out an enormous changes to the life of society in many factors, including economic. Recently, many people have begun to question again about competence as well as moral role and ability to manage and control moral of society that becomes more permissive, not submissive anymore as occurred in the past. Analysis result says that whether in social philosophy or Islam, Altruist moral will deliver economic attitude which orients to do the obligation first, than asking for the right to its own necessity (individual egoist - annaniyah). Altruist moral, referred to Yusuf Qardhawi, will widely give effect on the whole aspect of economy, whether in the case of production, consumption, circulation or distribution.

Secession and the Sovereignty Game

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan D. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
New Caledonia ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Civil Resistance ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
The Past ◽  
Northern Cyprus ◽  
West Papua ◽  
Informal Practices ◽  
The Right

This book offers a comprehensive strategic theory for how secessionist movements attempt to win independence. Combining original data analysis, fieldwork, interviews with secessionist leaders, and case studies on Catalonia, the Murrawarri Republic, West Papua, Bougainville, New Caledonia, and Northern Cyprus, the book shows how the rules and informal practices of sovereign recognition create a strategic playing field between existing states and aspiring nations that the book terms “the sovereignty game.” To win sovereign statehood, all secessionist movements have to maneuver on the same strategic playing field while varying their tactics according to local conditions. To obtain recognition, secessionist movements use tactics of electoral capture, nonviolent civil resistance, and violence. To persuade the home state and the international community, they appeal to normative arguments regarding earned sovereignty, decolonization, the right to choose, inherent sovereignty, and human rights. The pursuit of independence can be enormously disruptive and is quite often violent. By advancing a theory that explains how sovereign recognition has succeeded in the past and is working in the present, and by anticipating the practices of future secessionist movements, the book also prescribes solutions that could make the sovereignty game less conflictual.

organizing legislative initiative in kurdistan region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hewa Rasul
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
The Past ◽  
Internal System ◽  
Legislative Initiative ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Right ◽  
Council Of Ministers

The regulation of the legislative initiative is one of the sensitive and important issues in the field of regulating the relations between the three authorities in the state, especially the legislative and executive authorities, and that is why we find that the majority of countries dealt with it in their constitutions through general constitutional principles, because the constitution determines and regulates the powers of the authorities, in the Kurdistan Region not We have a constitution at the time of writing this research, and that is why the Kurdish legislator was forced to deal with it through the ordinary laws and the internal system of the Parliament of Kurdistan, and this is what made it subject to many changes during the past thirty years. This competence, for example, in light of the abolished internal system of Parliament, the Council of Ministers in the region had the competence of two types of legislative initiative, namely, the submission of draft laws as well as draft legislative decisions. He was left with nothing but the right to present draft laws, and these many changes led to a state of instability in the organization of this jurisdiction Which is an important part of the legislative process, and based on this, we took the initiative to write this research in order to show how to organize it in the light of the developments that took place in this field at the level of different countries and in a way that serves the stability of relations between the authorities in the region.

Fifty years ago: ‘Parameters of occupational health in America’

2020 ◽  
pp. 94-95
Author(s):  
H. Beric Wright
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Standards ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Right ◽  
Selection Of

This series provides a selection of articles from the past. In Fifty years ago: ‘Parameters of occupational health in America’ H. Beric Wright briefly explores the short supply of occupational specialists in the UK and America, how to attract and train the right doctors, and how to progress in the field and maintain high standards.

Rancang Bangun Sistem Penerimaan Dan Mutasi Barang Pada PDAM Tirta Kerta Raharja

Sensi Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-246
Author(s):  
Ilamsyah Ilamsyah ◽  
Yulianto Yulianto ◽  
Tri Vita Febriani
Keyword(s):  
System Analysis ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Visual Modeling ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
Web Based System ◽  
The Web

The right and appropriate system of receiving and transferring goods is needed by the company. In the process of receiving and transferring goods from the central warehouse to the branch warehouse at PDAM Tirta Kerta Raharja, Tangerang Regency, which is currently done manually is still ineffective and inaccurate because the Head of Subdivision uses receipt documents, namely PPBP and mutation of goods, namely MPPW in the form of paper as a submission media. The Head of Subdivision enters the data of receipt and mutation of goods manually and requires a relatively long time because at the time of demand for the transfer of goods the Head of Subdivision must check the inventory of goods in the central warehouse first. Therefore, it is necessary to hold a design of information systems for the receipt and transfer of goods from the central warehouse to a web-based branch warehouse that is already database so that it is more effective, efficient and accurate. With the web-based system of receiving and transferring goods that are already datatabed, it can facilitate the Head of Subdivision in inputing data on the receipt and transfer of goods and control of stock inventory so that the Sub Head of Subdivision can do it periodically to make it more effective, efficient and accurate. The method of data collection is done by observing, interviewing and studying literature from various previous studies, while the system analysis method uses the Waterfall method which aims to solve a problem and uses design methods with visual modeling that is object oriented with UML while programming using PHP and MySQL as a database.

COMMONWEALTH Forum: The Politics of Science or the Science of Politics

Commonwealth ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Arway
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
The Past ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
Environmental Agency ◽  
Laws And Regulations

The challenges of including factual information in public policy and political discussions are many. The difficulties of including scientific facts in these debates can often be frustrating for scientists, politicians and policymakers alike. At times it seems that discussions involve different languages or dialects such that it becomes a challenge to even understand one another’s position. Oftentimes difference of opinion leads to laws and regulations that are tilted to the left or the right. The collaborative balancing to insure public and natural resource interests are protected ends up being accomplished through extensive litigation in the courts. In this article, the author discusses the history of environmental balancing during the past three decades from the perspective of a field biologist who has used the strength of our policies, laws and regulations to fight for the protection of our Commonwealth’s aquatic resources. For the past 7 years, the author has taken over the reins of “the most powerful environmental agency in Pennsylvania” and charted a course using science to properly represent natural resource interests in public policy and political deliberations.

EFEKTIVITAS METODE DEMONSTRASI DALAM MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN PADA PENGAJARAN SISTEM KOLOID

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Hamda Situmorang ◽  
Manihar Situmorang
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Abstract Concept ◽  
Vocational High School ◽  
School Students ◽  
Lecture Method ◽  
Colloid System ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

Abstract Implementation of demonstration method in the teaching of chemistry is assigned as the right strategy to improve students’ achievement as it is proved that the method can bring an abstract concept to reality in the class. The study is conducted to vocational high school students in SMKN1 Pargetteng getteng Sengkut Pakfak Barat at accademic year 2013. The teaching has been carried out three cycles on the teaching of chemistry topic of colloid system. In the study, the class is divided into two class, experiment class and control class. The demontration method is used to teach students in experimental class while the teaching in control class is conducted with lecture method. Both are evaluated by using multiple choise tests before and after the teaching procedures, and the ability of students to answer the problems are assigned as students’ achievements. The results showed that demonstration method improved students’ achievement in chemistry. The students in experimental class who are taughed with demonstration method (M=19.08±0.74) have higher achievements compare with control class (M=12.91±2.52), and both are significantly different (tcalculation 22.85 > ttable 1.66). The effectivity of demostration method in experimental class (97%) is found higer compare to conventional method in control class (91%).

On-Surface Radical Oligomerisation: A New Approach to STM Tip-Induced Reactions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaolei Zhan ◽  
Younes Makoudi ◽  
Judicael Jeannoutot ◽  
Simon Lamare ◽  
Michel Féron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Surface ◽  
Scanning Tunnelling Microscope ◽  
Transfer Event ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Organic Nanostructures ◽  
Scanning Tunnelling ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Surface Fabrication ◽  
And Control

Over the past decade, on-surface fabrication of organic nanostructures has been widely investigated for the development of molecular electronic devices, nanomachines, and new materials. Here, we introduce a new strategy to obtain alkyl oligomers in a controlled manner using on-surface radical oligomerisations that are triggered by the electrons/holes between the sample surface and the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope. The resulting radical-mediated mechanism is substantiated by a detailed theoretical study. This electron transfer event only occurs when <i>V</i><sub>s</sub> < -3 V or <i>V</i><sub>s</sub> > + 3 V and allows access to reactive radical species under exceptionally mild conditions. This transfer can effectively ‘switch on’ a sequence leading to formation of oligomers of defined size distribution due to the on-surface confinement of reactive species. Our approach enables new ways to initiate and control radical oligomerisations with tunnelling electrons, leading to molecularly precise nanofabrication.

Accelerating Agricultural Growth—Is Irrigation Institutional Reform Necessary? (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (4I) ◽  
pp. 399-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Mellor
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Institutional Reform ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
The Past ◽  
Major Reform ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Economic Growth Rates

The right to the flow of income from water is vigorously pursued, protected, and fought over in any arid part of the world. Pakistan is of course no exception. Reform of irrigation institutions necessarily changes the rights to water, whether it be those of farmers, government, or government functionaries. Those perceived rights may be explicit and broadly accepted, or simply takings that are not even considered legitimate. Nevertheless they will be fought over. Pakistan has a long history of proposals for irrigation reform, little or none being implemented, except as isolated pilot projects. Thus, to propose major changes in irrigation institutions must be clearly shown to have major benefits to justify the hard battles that must be fought and the goodwill of those who might win those battles for reform. Proponents of irrigation institution reform have always argued the necessity of the reforms and the large gains to be achieved. Perhaps, however, those arguments have not been convincing. This paper will briefly outline the failed attempts at irrigation reform to provide an element of reality to the discussion. It will then proceed to make the case of the urgency of reform in a somewhat different manner to the past. Finally, current major reform proposals will be presented. This paper approaches justification of irrigation reform by focusing on the agricultural growth rate. It does so because that is the critical variable influencing poverty rates and is a significant determinant of over-all economic growth rates. The paper decomposes growth rates and suggests a residual effect of deterioration of the irrigation system that is large and calls for policy and institutional reform. The data are notional, suggesting the usefulness of the approach and paves the way for more detailed empirical analysis and enquiry for the future.

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