scholarly journals Self-organising Logic of Structures as a Basis for a Dependency-based Dynamic Semantics Model

2015 ◽  
pp. 25-55
Author(s):  
Maciej Piasecki
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Expressive Power ◽  
Dynamic Semantics ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Representation Language ◽  
Local Range

Self-organising Logic of Structures as a Basis for a Dependency-based Dynamic Semantics ModelWe present Self-organising Logic of Structures (SLS), a semantic representation language of high expressive power, which was designed for a fully compositional representation of discourse anaphora following the Dynamic Semantics paradigm. The application of SLS to the description of possible meanings of Polish multiple quantifier sentences is discussed. Special attention is paid to the phenomena of: cardinality dependency/independency of Noun Phrase quantifiers and variety of quantification. Semantic representation based on several formal operators is proposed. They can be combined in many different ways, if one takes a purely theoretical perspective. However, in the paper we show that this huge number is practically reduced in the language use and is governed by several constraints motivated by the analysis of Polish language data. The Hypothesis of Local Range of Cardinality Dependency is formulated as an alternative to representations based on quantifier rising technique. SLS provides a multi-layered language description of inter-linked representation of sever antification, reference, presupposition and anaphora.

scholarly journals Acquiring markedness constraints

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 188-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen van de Weijer ◽  
Marjoleine Sloos
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Ambient Data ◽  
Made In

This paper questions the assumption made in classic Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993 [2004]) that markedness constraints are an innate part of Universal Grammar. Instead, we argue that constraints are acquired on the basis of the language data to which L1 learning children are exposed. This is argued both on general grounds (innateness is an assumption that should not be invoked lightly) and on the basis of empirical evidence. We investigate this issue for six general markedness constraints in French, and show that all constraints could be acquired on the basis of the ambient data. Second, we show that the order of acquisition of the marked structures matches the frequency of violations of the relevant constraints in the input quite well. This argues in favour of a phonological model in which constraints are acquired, not innate, i.e. a model in which grammatical notions such as constraints are derived from language use.

scholarly journals Curso Autoformativo de Português para Intercâmbio (CAPI): materiais didáticos baseados nas noções de uso da linguagem e gênero do discurso

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33348
Author(s):  
Kétina Allen da Silva Timboni ◽  
Andrea De Araújo Rupert ◽  
Margarete Schlatter
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Online Course ◽  
Massive Open Online ◽  
Exchange Programs ◽  
Massive Open Online Course ◽  
Academic Exchange ◽  
The University ◽  
The City ◽  
Selection Of

Curso Autoformativo de Português para Intercâmbio (CAPI) is a MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) that aims to prepare students for academic exchange programs. The didactic materials of CAPI are being designed based on a perspective of language use (Clark, 2000) and discourse genres (Bakhtin, 2011). This paper analyzes the course contents in order to examine how this theoretical construct was put into practice in the selection of themes and texts and in the design of the pedagogical tasks. The materials are coherent with the theoretical perspective in that they foster the learning of Portuguese in use and to use through the interaction with oral and written texts in social practices in which students might participate in the university and the city of destination, thus preparing them for their stay. The addition of explicit reflection on possible implications of interlocutors’ relations to the use of linguistic-discursive and cultural repertoires is suggested.

scholarly journals Rethinking the Black Box in Architecture Design Studio

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402092740
Author(s):  
Serap Durmus Ozturk
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Design Studio ◽  
Formal Representation ◽  
Architectural Production ◽  
Critical Action ◽  
Internal Information ◽  
Architectural Design Studio

Design as a critical action can be defined as a concrete-utilitarian construction process and a state-related symbolic ritual. The process of design is defined by the abstraction area, which is accompanied by abstract forms of representation for the physical environment in a built environment and the response to problems. Black Box is defined as tool, system, or object that in art and science is evaluated by inputs and outputs and does not include any internal information. The Black Box problem, which is part of the architectural design process, has been reconstructed as a critical stance to the closed and implicit architectural production process, supporting open thought to the end but formally designing houses that remain faithful to this black box. Hence, this article is an example of a physical and semantic representation production with an emphasis on design as a critical action and metaphor. This article, which presents the black box problem through a theoretical perspective and architectural design studio examples, focuses on the semantic and formal representation of all conditions of a cube. This aspect aims to provide a creative cross section from the potential of infinite design.

Semantic Representation of Flatness Based on ALC(R) and Mathematical Definition

2013 ◽  
Vol 662 ◽  
pp. 961-965
Author(s):  
Yun Feng Xie ◽  
Yu Lu Du ◽  
Yan Ru Zhong ◽  
Yu Chu Qin
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Heterogeneous Systems ◽  
Mathematical Representation ◽  
Small Displacement ◽  
3D Cad ◽  
Logical Language ◽  
Small Displacement Torsor ◽  
Tolerance Specification ◽  
Representation Language ◽  
Important Significance

The information of form tolerances in existing 3D CAD systems is just a kind of symbol and text which is lack of engineering semantic at present. Therefore, a reasonable explanation and Semantic representation of form tolerances has very important significance. In order to reduce the uncertainty and support the semantic interoperability in tolerance specification design, an approach for mathematical representation of flatness based on the Small Displacement Torsor (SDT) is proposed. Based on this, a representation of flatness using description logical language ALC(R) with concrete domain is proposed. Then flatness information is formalized using OWL, an ontology representation language devised by W3C, to be shared and interoperated between heterogeneous systems by building OWL ontology. At last, there is a practical example to verify the feasibility of this approach.

scholarly journals Form-Independent Meaning Representation for Eventualities

2019 ◽  
pp. 604-623
Author(s):  
Mark Steedman
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Logical Form ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Conceptual Representation ◽  
Natural Language Semantics ◽  
Language Semantics ◽  
Representation Language ◽  
Meaning Representation

Linguists and philosophers since Aristotle have attempted to reduce natural language semantics in general, and the semantics of eventualities in particular, to a ‘language of mind’, expressed in terms of various collections of underlying language-independent primitive concepts. While such systems have proved insightful enough to suggest that such a universal conceptual representation is in some sense psychologically real, the primitive relations proposed, based on oppositions like agent-patient, event-state, etc., have remained incompletely convincing. This chapter proposes that the primitive concepts of the language of mind are ‘hidden’, or latent, and must be discovered automatically by detecting consistent patterns of entailment in the vast amounts of text that are made available by the internet using automatic syntactic parsers and machine learning to mine a form- and language-independent semantic representation language for natural language semantics. The representations involved combine a distributional representation of ambiguity with a language of logical form.

scholarly journals On the Formal Approach to Describing Natural Language. Notes on the Margin of Leśniewski’s Ontology

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
Halina Święczkowska
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Ordinary Language ◽  
Formal Theory ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Ethnic Language ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Theory Of Language

Abstract This article is an attempt to recreate the intuitions which accompanied Leśniewski when he was creating his calculus of names called Ontology. Although every reconstruction is to some extent an interpretation, and as such may be defective, still, there are reasons justifying such reconstruction. The most important justification is the fact that both Leśniewski and his commentators stressed that ontology originated from reflections about ordinary language, in which sentences such as A is B appear in one of the meanings associated with them in Ontology, and that the users of the Polish language use such sentences accordingly and properly identify them. Assumed it is so, let us try, based on Leśniewski’s guidelines as well as comments and elaborations on Ontology (Leśniewski 1992: 364-382, 608-609; Kotarbiński 1929: 227-229; Rickey 1977: 414-229; Simons 1992: 244; Lejewski 1960: 14-29), to evaluate the accuracy of this approach, referring also to certain knowledge of the Polish language. To make it clear, this article is not about Ontology as a formal theory of language. It is solely an attempt to assess whether some syntactical constructs of the Polish language and this language’s properties are significant conditions of a proper understanding of Ontology, and whether Ontology is, in fact, in a relationship with the ethnic language of its author.

Analyzing Qualitative Data

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet Langman
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Minority Population ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Participant Observer

In the case of sociolinguistic research, qualitative research requires a focus on the details and particularities of language use in context. This chapter outlines current perspectives on conducting qualitative research in multilingual contexts. It focuses on providing an understanding of the unique opportunities and challenges of conducting qualitative research in multilingual contexts in which proficiency in the various languages and multiple varieties employed in the research context is a key component of research. Using data from over ten years of ethnographic fieldwork among members of the Hungarian-minority population in Eastern Europe as one example, the chapter illustrates processes involved in qualitative research, beginning with outlining a theoretical perspective, conceptualizing a research problem, gaining access in the field, developing participant and participant-observer stances, gathering and organizing data, and analyzing and verifying analyses of such data.

scholarly journals Modelling meaning composition from formalism to mechanism

2019 ◽  
Vol 375 (1791) ◽  
pp. 20190298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea E. Martin ◽  
Giosuè Baggio
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Expressive Power ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mechanistic Models ◽  
Language And Thought ◽  
Statistical Regularities ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Linguistics

Human thought and language have extraordinary expressive power because meaningful parts can be assembled into more complex semantic structures. This partly underlies our ability to compose meanings into endlessly novel configurations, and sets us apart from other species and current computing devices. Crucially, human behaviour, including language use and linguistic data, indicates that composing parts into complex structures does not threaten the existence of constituent parts as independent units in the system: parts and wholes exist simultaneously yet independently from one another in the mind and brain. This independence is evident in human behaviour, but it seems at odds with what is known about the brain's exquisite sensitivity to statistical patterns: everyday language use is productive and expressive precisely because it can go beyond statistical regularities. Formal theories in philosophy and linguistics explain this fact by assuming that language and thought are compositional : systems of representations that separate a variable (or role ) from its values ( fillers ), such that the meaning of a complex expression is a function of the values assigned to the variables. The debate on whether and how compositional systems could be implemented in minds, brains and machines remains vigorous. However, it has not yet resulted in mechanistic models of semantic composition: how, then, are the constituents of thoughts and sentences put and held together? We review and discuss current efforts at understanding this problem, and we chart possible routes for future research. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Towards mechanistic models of meaning composition’.

Sensors to Events: Semantic Modeling and Recognition of Events from Data Streams

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. 461-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om Prasad Patri ◽  
Anand V. Panangadan ◽  
Vikrambhai S. Sorathia ◽  
Viktor K. Prasanna
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Real World ◽  
Data Streams ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Expressive Power ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Semantic Computing

Detecting and responding to real-world events is an integral part of any enterprise or organization, but Semantic Computing has been largely underutilized for complex event processing (CEP) applications. A primary reason for this gap is the difference in the level of abstraction between the high-level semantic models for events and the low-level raw data values received from sensor data streams. In this work, we investigate the need for Semantic Computing in various aspects of CEP, and intend to bridge this gap by utilizing recent advances in time series analytics and machine learning. We build upon the Process-oriented Event Model, which provides a formal approach to model real-world objects and events, and specifies the process of moving from sensors to events. We extend this model to facilitate Semantic Computing and time series data mining directly over the sensor data, which provides the advantage of automatically learning the required background knowledge without domain expertise. We illustrate the expressive power of our model in case studies from diverse applications, with particular emphasis on non-intrusive load monitoring in smart energy grids. We also demonstrate that this powerful semantic representation is still highly accurate and performs at par with existing approaches for event detection and classification.

scholarly journals Возможности лингвистического анализа иноязычных вкраплений польского происхождения в лексике русского языка

2021 ◽  
Vol XXV (1) ◽  
pp. 101-109
Author(s):  
Лукаш Плесник
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Intermediate Language ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The Russian Language

The article is devoted to the problem of foreign language inclusions of Polish origin in the vocabulary of the Russian language. The main attention is paid to three linguistic analyzes (etymological, semantic and stylistic), which are presented on the basis of the created database of language data. Etymological analysis examines the inclusions of Polish origin according to their belonging to the Polish language as a source or intermediate language, semantic analysis pays attention to the distribution of Polish-language inclusions according to lexical and semantic groups, stylistic analysis classifies the inclusions of Polish origin according to their speech style.

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