Role of upwind precipitation in transboundary pollution and secondary aerosol formation: A case study during the KORUS-AQ field campaign

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Accurate Prediction ◽  
Weather Research And Forecasting ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Transboundary Transport ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Wet Scavenging ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Clouds and precipitation play critical roles in wet removal of aerosols and soluble gases in the atmosphere, and hence their accurate prediction largely influences accurate prediction of air pollutants. In this study, the impacts of clouds and precipitation on wet scavenging and long-range transboundary transport of pollutants are examined during the 2016 Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) field campaign using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry. Two simulations in which atmospheric moisture is constrained vs. it is not are performed and evaluated against surface and airborne observations. The simulation with moisture constraints is found to better reproduce precipitation as well as surface PM2.5, whereas the areal extent and amount of precipitation are overpredicted in the simulation without moisture constraints. As a results of overpredicted clouds and precipitation and consequently overpredicted wet scavenging, PM2.5 concentration is generally underpredicted across the model domain in the simulation without moisture constraints. The effects are significant not only in the precipitating region (upwind region, southern China in this study) but also in the downwind region (South Korea) where no precipitation is observed. The difference in upwind precipitation by 77% on average between the two simulations leads to the difference in PM2.5 by ∼39% both in the upwind and downwind regions. The transboundary transport of aerosol precursors, especially nitric acid, has a considerable impact on ammonium-nitrate aerosol formation in the ammonia-rich downwind region. This study highlights that skillful prediction of atmospheric moisture can have ultimate potential to skillful prediction of aerosols across regions.

scholarly journals Regional differences in mortality rates during the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Danila Azzolina ◽  
Giulia Lorenzoni ◽  
Luciano Silvestri ◽  
Ilaria Prosepe ◽  
Paola Berchialla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Admission Rates ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Disease Diffusion

Abstract Objective The COVID-19 outbreak started in Italy on February 20th, 2020, and has resulted in many deaths and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. This study aimed to illustrate the epidemic COVID-19 growth pattern in Italy by considering the regional differences in disease diffusion during the first three months of the epidemic. Study design and methods Official COVID-19 data were obtained from the Italian Civil Protection Department of the Council of Ministers Presidency. The mortality and ICU admission rates per 100 000 inhabitants were calculated at the regional level and summarized via a Bayesian multilevel meta-analysis. Data were retrieved until April 21st, 2020. Results The highest cumulative mortality rates per 100 000 inhabitants were observed in northern Italy, particularly in Lombardia (85.3, 95% credibility intervals [CI] 75.7–94.7). The difference in the mortality rates between northern and southern Italy increased over time, reaching a difference of 67.72 (95% CI = 66–67) cases on April 2nd. Conclusions Northern Italy showed higher and increasing mortality rates during the first three months of the epidemic. The uncontrolled virus circulation preceding the infection spreading in southern Italy had a considerable impact on system burnout. This experience demonstrates that preparedness against the pandemic is of crucial importance to contain its disruptive effects.

scholarly journals Geometry and the Mechanism of Landslide Occurrence in a Limestone Area – Case Examples of Landslides in Vietnam and from Europe, China, and Japan –

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 646-657
Author(s):  
Bui Duc Tung ◽  
Ngoc Ha Do ◽  
Nguyen Kim Thanh ◽  
Le Hong Luong ◽  
Osamu Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Accretionary Prism ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Sedimentary Characteristics ◽  
Tethys Sea ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mechanism Of Landslide

Landslide damage has been reported in many limestone areas in Europe, where the population lives close to limestone areas, and in Guilin in southern China and Ha Long in Vietnam, which are known for their unique limestone landscapes. There are few studies on the mechanism and type of landslide motion in and around such limestone areas. The lack of basic data is a problem for risk assessment and countermeasures in limestone areas. In this study, we summarized the causes and mechanisms of landslide occurrence, including geology and groundwater, focusing on six landslides that occurred in limestone areas in northern Vietnam, and classified them into six types of landslide movement. In the case of Japan, the occurrence of landslides in limestone areas is rare despite the wide distribution of limestone, and it is difficult to classify the type of movement. Differences in the landslide mechanisms are caused by the difference between limestones generated in the pelagic environment of Japan and limestones developed along the Tethys Sea coast, which are mixed with pelitic rocks as shallow-water sediments in Europe, China, and Vietnam. It is necessary to elucidate the relationship between landslides and the formation environment and sedimentary characteristics of limestone as an accretionary prism based on comparisons of a wide range of cases in future studies.

Operational Precipitation Forecast Over China Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model at a Gray-Zone Resolution: Impact of Convection Parameterization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
XU ZHANG ◽  
YUHUA YANG ◽  
BAODE CHEN ◽  
WEI HUANG
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Precipitation Forecast ◽  
Weather Research And Forecasting ◽  
Operational System ◽  
Quantitative Precipitation Forecast ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Convection Parameterization

AbstractThe quantitative precipitation forecast in the 9 km operational modeling system (without the use of a convection parameterization scheme) at the Shanghai Meteorological Service (SMS) usually suffers from excessive precipitation at the grid scale and less-structured precipitation patterns. Two scale-aware convection parameterizations were tested in the operational system to mitigate these deficiencies. Their impacts on the warm-season precipitation forecast over China were analyzed in case studies and two-month retrospective forecasts. The results from case studies show that the importance of convection parameterization depends on geographical regions and weather regimes. Considering a proper magnitude of parameterized convection can produce more realistic precipitation distribution and reduce excessive grid-scale precipitation in southern China. In the northeast and southwest China, however, the convection parameterization plays an insignificant role in precipitation forecast because of strong synoptic-scale forcing. A statistical evaluation of the two-month retrospective forecasts indicates that the forecast skill for precipitation in the 9-km operational system is improved by choosing proper convection parameterization. This study suggests that improvement in contemporary convection parameterizations is needed for their usage for various meteorological conditions and reasonable partitioning between parameterized and resolved convection.

scholarly journals Assessing the Effects of Microphysical Scheme on Convective and Stratiform Characteristics in a Mei-Yu Rainfall Combining WRF Simulation and Field Campaign Observations

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Lin Liu ◽  
Chunze Lin ◽  
Yongqing Bai ◽  
Dengxin He
Keyword(s):  
Wrf Model ◽  
Cloud Microphysics ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Weather Research And Forecasting ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Microphysical Properties ◽  
Double Moment ◽  
Storm Dynamics ◽  
Precipitation Structure ◽  
Upper Level

Microphysics parameterization becomes increasingly important as the model grid spacing increases toward convection-resolving scales. Using observations from a field campaign for Mei-Yu rainfall in China, four bulk cloud microphysics schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model were evaluated with respect to their ability to simulate precipitation, structure, and cloud microphysical properties over convective and stratiform regimes. These are the Thompson (THOM), Morrison graupel/hail (MOR_G/H), Stony Brook University (SBU_YLIN), and WRF double-moment six-class microphysics graupel/hail (WDM6_G/H). All schemes were able to predict the rain band but underestimated the total precipitation by 23%–35%. This is mainly attributed to the underestimation of stratiform precipitation and overestimation of convective rain. For the vertical distribution of radar reflectivity, many problems remain, such as lower reflectivity values aloft in both convective and stratiform regions and higher reflectivity values at middle level. Each bulk scheme has its advantages and shortcomings for different cloud regimes. Overall, the discrepancies between model output and observations mostly exist in the midlevel to upper level, which results from the inability of the model to accurately represent the particle size distribution, ice processes, and storm dynamics. Further observations from major field campaigns and more detailed evaluation are still necessary.

scholarly journals Wintertime secondary organic aerosol formation in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH): Contributions of HONO sources and heterogeneous reactions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Xing ◽  
Jiarui Wu ◽  
Miriam Elser ◽  
Shengrui Tong ◽  
Suixin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Heterogeneous Reactions ◽  
Weather Research And Forecasting ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Formation Pathway ◽  
Residential Living ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Haze Days

Abstract. Organic aerosol (OA) concentrations are simulated over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region from 9 to 26 January, 2014 using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-CHEM), with the goal of examining the impact of heterogeneous HONO sources on SOA formation and the SOA formation from different pathways during wintertime haze days. The model generally performs well in simulating air pollutants and organic aerosols against measurements in BTH. Model results show that heterogeneous HONO sources substantially enhance the near-surface SOA formation, increasing regional average near-surface SOA concentration by about 46.3 % during the episode. Oxidation and partitioning of primary organic aerosols treated as semi-volatile dominate the SOA formation, contributing 58.9 % of the near-surface SOA mass in BTH. Irreversible uptake of glyoxal and methylglyoxal on aerosol surfaces constitutes the second most important SOA formation pathway during the episode, with SOA contribution increasing from 8.5 % in non-haze conditions to 30.2 % in haze conditions. Additionally, direct emissions of glyoxal and methylglyoxal from residential living sources contribute about 25.5 % to the total SOA mass on average in BTH. Our study highlights the importance of heterogeneous HONO sources and primary residential emissions of glyoxal and methylglyoxal to SOA formation in winter over BTH.

scholarly journals I. Numerical elements of Indian meteorology.—Series II. Insolation, and its connexion with atmospheric moisture

1865 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 111-112
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Different Parts

The author regards as an approximate measure of insolation the difference of the maximum temperatures observed by two similar thermometers one in the sun, and the other in the shade, disturbing influences being as much as possible avoided in both cases, and the observations being confined to those days on which the sun shone sufficiently clearly to cast a distinct shadow during some part of the interval between noon and 4 p .m . Comparing the differences of insolation in different parts of India and in different seasons, he is led to regard insolation as dependent greatly on relative humidity. Thus, generally speaking, it is greater on the seaboard than in the interior of India.

scholarly journals EVALUASI PERENCANAAN ATAS PAJAK PENGHASILAN (PPH) PASAL 21 SEBAGAI UPAYA MEMINIMALKAN BIAYA PAJAK PADA PT GRAHA POWER ENERGY

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Budi Tri Rahardjo, Ak., M.Ak., CA
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Tax Planning ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tax Cost ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tax Savings

The purpose of this study is to know the tax planning undertaken by the company is appropriate and in accordance with the applicable tax laws in an effort to minimize the taxation terutangnya. The research method used is descriptive analysis method. The object of research used is evaluation of planning on Income Tax (PPh) Article 21. This research evaluate planning of Income Tax (PPh) Article 21 as an effort to minimize tax cost. The results achieved are having a considerable impact on the company's activities. The owner of the company would want to enjoy the results of his business to the fullest. Therefore it is necessary to prepare a tax planning coordinated with long-term plans and short-term plans of the company. The conclusion is that the difference that occurs after applying the tax planning is a tax savings that can be obtained by the company. Where before the implementation of tax planning, income tax to be paid company is Rp. 425,671,743.25 and seteah doing tax planning to Rp. 341,456,597.75. So obtained tax savings of Rp. 84,215,145.50 the difference can be used by the company for something more useful and useful

scholarly journals Secondary Aerosol Formation in an Arctic Oil Field Campaign Report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerri Pratt ◽  
◽  
Andrew Lambe ◽  
Kathryn Kulju ◽  
Nicole Perkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Field ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Secondary Aerosol

scholarly journals Resprouting Responses Dynamics of Schima superba Following a Severe Ice Storm in Early 2008 in Southern China: A Six-Year Study

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Yonghui Cao ◽  
Benzhi Zhou ◽  
Xiaoming Wang ◽  
Lianhong Gu
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Ice Storm ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Schima Superba ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Damage Types

In 2008, an unexpected and severe ice storm affected the forest of southern China. This storm caused damage in regeneration of an important dominant tree, Schima superba (Gugertree). To study this damage, we set up permanent monitoring plots in an ice-storm-damaged subtropical evergreen broad-leaved secondary forest dominated by S.superba in Jianglang Mountains, China. We surveyed the damage to all trees with a minimum basal diameter of 4 cm and monitored their growth for 6 consecutive years. We analyzed the degrees and types of damage for S.superba and their relationships with resprouting characteristics. The results revealed that the main damage types of S.superba were decapitation (45.45%) and uprooting (28.41%). The distribution percentage for both decapitated and uprooted trees were commonly highest in the range of 10–16 cm basal diameter (BD) size class. A great number of individuals sprouted vigorously after the storm. The mean total sprout number and sprout biomass per tree for S.superba varied by tree BD size class. During the first three years after the ice storm, decapitated trees of larger BD classes produced more sprouts per tree than trees of smaller BD classes. However, the opposite trend was seen in uprooted and leaning trees. There was a trade-off between the total number and length of the sprouts. The difference of mean sprouts number and biomass per tree with size class was mainly related to the damage types. As the recovery progressed since the ice storm, the number of sprouts and sprout biomass in uprooted trees was found mainly on the middle trunk sections of uprooted trees, but in the upper sections of decapitated trees. After six years, the mean number of sprouts per tree, on different parts of the tree and for the three types of damaged trees all declined; however, sprout biomass per tree all increased. The mean number of sprout and sprout biomass per tree on different sections for decapitated trees was always highest over time since the storm. Our study will help to provide data on resprouting ability to develop a predictive model for resprouting.

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