scholarly journals State Segmentation and Democratic Survival in Latin America

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 1242-1270
Author(s):  
Matias López
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Citizenship Rights ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Democratic Breakdown ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Historical Pattern ◽  
Distributive Conflict ◽  
Different Levels

Popular models portray that high inequality induces elites to sponsor coups and reverse democratization as a means for repressing redistributive demands. Challenging this prediction, Latin America shifted from a historical pattern of systematic democratic breakdowns to one characterized by the resilience of democracy despite extreme levels of inequality. This article argues that the reminiscence of state-led repression under democracy explains why elites more regularly waive coups as solutions to distributive conflict in Latin American democracies. I call this state segmentation, a concept that describes the asymmetries between the enforcement of citizenship rights for those in privileged positions and for the poor. Wherever state segmentation is high, the odds of democratic breakdown should be lower. I test the argument using logistic regression models to predict the probability of coups and mandate interruptions considering different levels of state segmentation in Latin America using V-Dem data. Results show that asymmetries in access to citizenship rights indeed prevent democratic breakdowns.

scholarly journals Taming the Tiger: Voting Rights and Political Instability in Latin America

2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep M. Colomer
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Political Instability ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
Historical Survey ◽  
Electoral Rules ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThis article discusses the relationship between certain institutional regulations of voting rights and elections, different levels of electoral participation, and the degree of political instability in several Latin American political experiences. A formal model specifies the hypotheses that sudden enlargements of the electorate may provoke high levels of political instability, especially under plurality and other restrictive electoral rules, while gradual enlargements of the electorate may prevent much electoral and political innovation and help stability. Empirical data illustrate these hypotheses. A historical survey identifies different patterns of political instability and stability in different countries and periods, which can be compared with the adoption of different voting rights regulations and electoral rules either encouraging or depressing turnout.

scholarly journals IDENTIDAD DE LA TEOLOGÍA LATINOAMERICA Y LA TEOLOGÍA DE LA LIBERACIÓN

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Jorge Costadoat Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Liberation Theology ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Theological Method ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Age Of Maturity ◽  
The Status ◽  
Original Speech ◽  
America Latina ◽  
The Church

RESUMEN: El objetivo de esta investigación es suministrar argumentos para identificar la Teología latinoamericana con la Teología de la liberación, y viceversa. Entre estos argumentos se debe considerar la conciencia de alcanzar la “mayoría de edad” de la Iglesia en América Latina en el postconcilio; la convicción de los teólogos de la liberación de estar elaborando una “nueva manera” de hacer teo­logía; una toma de distancia del carácter ilustrado de la teología; y la posibilidad de reconocer en los acontecimientos regionales, particularmente en los pobres, un habla original de Dios. Este artículo pretende hacer una contribución al status quaestionis del método teológico.ABSTRACT: The objective of this paper is to provide arguments to identify Latin American Theology with Liberation Theology, and vice versa. Among these arguments, one should consider the awareness of the Church in Latin America reaching its “age of maturity” in the post-conciliar period. Other arguments are the conviction of liberation theologians to be elaborating a “new way” of doing theology; a distance from the illustrated characteristic of theology; and, the possibility of recognizing in regional events, particularly in the poor, God’s original speech. This article aims to contribute to the status quaestionis of the theological method.

Protest Issues and Political Inequality in Latin America

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 1299-1323
Author(s):  
Nicolás M. Somma ◽  
Matías Bargsted ◽  
Felipe Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Political Field ◽  
Political Inequality ◽  
Socioeconomic Resources

Many studies reveal that socioeconomic resources increase protest participation, lending more political voice to the affluent and reinforcing preexisting political inequality. But existing studies ignore whether this holds across different protest issues. We argue that some issues reinforce political inequality, while other ones do not. We differentiate between survival protests—in which people react to direct threats to their material and social survival—and furtherance protests—which press authorities to make policy changes that seek to improve some aspect of society. Regression models with Latin American survey data show that people with higher socioeconomic status are overrepresented in furtherance protests, by implication reinforcing preexisting political inequality. However, survival protests attract people socioeconomically similar to national averages, contributing to a more balanced political field. Our results emphasize the need to reconsider the place of issues in the study of protest participation, political inequality, and political behavior in general.

scholarly journals Impact of self-perceptions, social norms, and social capital on nascent entrepreneurs: a comparative analysis by level of economic development in Latin American countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Barrera-Verdugo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Nascent Entrepreneurs ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThe impact of individual psychological and social conditions on participation in entrepreneurship has been widely studied. However, little is known about these variables’ comparative influence on the development of nascent ventures in countries with different levels of gross domestic product per capita. This research compares the effects of self-perceptions, perceived subjective norms, and first-hand connections with entrepreneurs on participation in nascent entrepreneurs in Latin America. Logistic regressions are performed and the resulting coefficient magnitudes and pseudo-R2 values compared for the populations of 11 countries in this region. The evidence reveals heterogeneity in the effect of these psychological and social attributes on nascent ventures’ creation process, conditional on different levels of gross domestic product per capita. Notably, higher economic development is positively related to a greater influence of these perceptual and social variables. The findings enhance understanding of the effects of key variables from theories of entrepreneurial behaviour, incorporating economic development level as a new determinant. In addition, the results could guide programmes aimed at strengthening entrepreneurship in Latin America by supporting the adaptation of efforts to support nascent entrepreneurship according to the influence of perceptual and social variables in different countries.

scholarly journals Trends in proportion of older HIV-infected people in care in Latin America and the Caribbean: a growing challenge

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (10) ◽  
pp. 1308-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Caro-Vega ◽  
P. F. Belaunzarán-Zamudio ◽  
B. Crabtree-Ramírez ◽  
B. E. Shepherd ◽  
F. Mejia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
South American ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Living With Hiv

AbstractWe aimed to quantify the proportion of people receiving care for HIV-infection that are 50 years or older (older HIV patients) in Latin America and the Caribbean between 2000 and 2015 and to estimate the contribution to the growth of this population of people enrolled before (<50yo) and after 50 years old (yo) (⩾50yo). We used a series of repeated, cross-sectional measurements over time in the Caribbean, Central and South American network (CCASAnet) cohort. We estimated the percentage of patients retained in care each year that were older HIV patients. For every calendar year, we divided patients into two groups: those who enrolled before age 50 and after age 50. We used logistic regression models to estimate the change in the proportion of older HIV patients between 2000 and 2015. The percentage of CCASAnet HIV patients over 50 years had a threefold increase (8% to 24%) between 2000 and 2015. Most of the growth of this population can be explained by the increasing proportion of people that enrolled before 50 years and aged in care. These changes will impact needs of care for people living with HIV, due to multiple comorbidities and high risk of disability associated with aging.

Co-operatives in Latin America

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Giovannini ◽  
Marcelo Vieta
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Latin American ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Levels Of Support ◽  
Different Levels

This chapter focuses on co-operatives in four representative Latin American countries—Argentina, Chile, Cuba, and Mexico—in order to highlight their historical trajectories, evolutionary trends, and potential for further development. These representative countries reflect the range of co-operative development in Latin America, both historically and contemporaneously. Each country, for instance, shows different paths of co-operative development related to, among other factors, different levels of support by their governments, community-based responses to neoliberal policies, and varying connections to broader social movements and other forms of grass-roots organizations. This chapter will also present a number of experiences that are of particular interest today in the region, such as worker-recuperated enterprises and other forms of workers’nself-management, indigenous co-operatives, community-owned agricultural co-operatives, co-operatives managing general-interest social services, and, most controversially, public-services and work-for-welfare co-operatives created by the state.

Liberation Theology: the Option for the Poor

1987 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 407-421
Author(s):  
Peter Hebblethwaite
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Liberation Theology ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The People ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Church Structures

One fairly obvious difference between this paper and those you have heard so far is that liberation theology, whatever it means, is still being discussed, attacked, caricatured, and defended with great vehemence and passion. The theme does not possess the completeness and neatness that historians prefer. It sprawls and proliferates. The bibliography is immense. We have already reached the stage of the overarching survey. D. W. Ferm has provided a 150-page summary with a helpful ‘reader’ for the use of college students. Ferm’s survey includes African and Asian theologians as well as Latin Americans. I can understand his desire to include Archbishop-elect Desmond Tutu in South Africa and to provide some hints as to why President Marcos could be deposed in the Philippines. And there is indeed a body called the Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians—its unfortunate acronym is EATWOT—which gives some substance to this universalizing claim. But I am going to confine myself to Latin America because it was there that the ‘option for the poor’ was first spoken about. The date was 1968. CELAM, the regional association of Latin American Bishops, met at Medellin in Colombia in August. Pope Paul VI was present, and was the first Pope to kiss the soil of Latin America. There was a feeling abroad that at the Second Vatican Council, which had ended three years before, an essentially European agenda concerned typically with ecumenism and Church structures (collegiality) had prevailed; the Council had yet to be ‘applied’ to the Latin American situation. One phrase, however, provided a stimulus and a starting-point. Gaudium etSpes, the pastoral constitution on the Church in the World of Today, begins with the ringing assertion that ‘the joys and the hopes, the griefs and the anxieties of the people of this time, especially those who are poor or in any way afflicted, these too are the joys and hopes, the griefs and anxieties, of the followers of Christ’.

Ten Years of Change in the Church: Puebla and the Future

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-312
Author(s):  
Alexander Wilde
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Community Or ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Future ◽  
State Authority ◽  
The Church

The Puebla meeting of the Latin American bishops in early 1979 capped a decade of far-reaching and surprising change in the Catholic Church. A new, local-level unit—the “ecclesial base community” or CEB—has given Catholicism a vitality in society it has not known for centuries. At the same time, the Church has achieved an unprecedented integration as an institution nationally and regionally, in Latin America as a whole. It has found itself, through an unexpected historical dynamic, increasingly committed to the cause of the poor in deed as well as word, And it has been thrust into political confrontations with state authority throughout the region with an intensity and scope unmatched since the nineteenth century.

scholarly journals 5G technology deployment in Latin America: An analysis of public policy and regulation environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-271
Author(s):  
Fernando Arias ◽  
Alfredo Salado ◽  
Carlos Medina ◽  
Mayteé Zambrano
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Spectrum Allocation ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
Technology Deployment ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Different Levels

5G has become a reality in Latin America and it is expected to boost the digital revolution with key capabilities, including higher speeds and ultra-low latency, thus enabling innovative solutions and socioeconomic development. But its deployment faces many challenges related to, among other factors, spectrum allocation and infrastructure deployment. In this work we assess the current public policy and regulatory environment in Latin America regarding the adoption and deployment of 5G technology, considering mainly the above-mentioned challenges. From the analysis, it is possible to note that Latin American countries exhibit different levels of commitment and progress in 5G deployment since, for example, the spectrum allocation and assignment for 5G is still underway, and many regulations hamper instead to facilitate the implementation of 5G networks. On the other hand, the analysis confirms the necessity of having public policies and regulations which define flexible, efficient and transparent processes for all aspects related to 5G deployment.

scholarly journals Medellín, memoria y provocación para abrir la puerta a tiempos nuevos

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (309) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Geraldina Céspedes
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
American Continent ◽  
The Poor ◽  
America Latina ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Church

La Conferencia de Medellín se constituye uno de los eventos eclesiales más significativos y decisivos para la Iglesia, particularmente en América Latina. Pues, lo que sucedió fue un acontecimiento kairótico, un tiempo de gracia, un acontecimiento del Espíritu. Y es significativo que sus “bodas de oro” ocurran en tiempos del Papa Francisco, que, al igual que Medellín, reinterpreta los signos de los tiempos a la luz del retorno a Jesús y a la opción por los pobres. Recontextualizar hoy esa doble referencia en el continente latinoamericano es escuchar y celebrar Medellín, también con ocasión de sus 50 años.Abstract: The Medellin Conference became one of the most significant and decisive ecclesial events for the Church, particularly in Latin America. For what happened was an opportune happening, a time of grace, an event of the Spirit. And it is significant that its “gold anniversary” happens in Pope Francisco’s days, someone who, like Medellin, reinterprets the signs of the times in the light of Jesus’ return and in the option for the poor. To re-contextualize today this double reference in the Latin American Continent is to listen to Medellin and to celebrate it at the moment of its fiftieth anniversary.Keywords: Conference of Medellín; Latin American Church; Back to Jesus; Option for the por; Pope Francisco.

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