Biochemical Markers in Ovarian Cancer: Possibilities and Limitations

Cancer of the ovary is the commonest cause of death from gynaecological neoplasms. As ovarian tumours are relatively inaccessible, there is a great need for methods to improve early diagnosis and to assist with the management of patients with this disease. In this presentation the state of the art is discussed with regard to the usefulness of the presently recognised ‘tumour antigens’ and other biochemical markers in ovarian cancer. Of the oncodevelopmental antigens, only alpha fetoprotein and chorionic gonadotropin are well established as good markers in tumours with, respectively, yolk sac and trophoblastic elements. Carcinoembryonic antigen seems from our own experience to be an unreliable marker in cancer of the ovary. In epithelial tumours, which constitute the majority of ovarian malignancies, mostly serous and mucinous cystadenocarcinomas, some tumour products have been described, which may have potential as a marker, for example, ovarian cancer associated antigens, some glycoprotein glycosyltransferases, and also carcinoplacental alkaline phosphatases (CPAP). Recently, in patients with epithelial ovarian tumours attending our institute, multiple biochemical markers have been studied, including CPAP, phosphohexose isomerase, and some acute phase reactant proteins. The preliminary results, which will be discussed, show that longitudinal studies of some of these markers could have clinical application in follow-up. It must be concluded that, in spite of all efforts so far, and although some markers may become useful, early detection of ovarian cancer is a goal still to be reached by clinical chemistry in the field of oncology.

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The Inhibitory Effect of KIAA1456 on the Proliferation and Metastasis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Through SSX1 and AKT Signaling Pathway

10.21203/rs.3.rs-950951/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yingfeng Zhang ◽

Yanhong Gao ◽

Congcong Sun ◽

Yanhua Mao ◽

Benyuan Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Epithelial Ovarian Cancer ◽

Tumour Growth ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Signalling Pathway ◽

Migration And Invasion ◽

Ovarian Tumours ◽

Proliferation And Metastasis ◽

Epithelial Ovarian Tumours

Abstract Background: KIAA1456 is effective in the inhibition of tumorigenesis. We previously confirmed that KIAA1456 inhibits cell proliferation and metastasis in epithelial ovarian tumours. In the current study, the specific molecular mechanisms and clinical significance of KIAA1456 underlying the repression of epithelial ovarian cancer were investigated.Methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the protein expression of KIAA1456 and SSX1 in epithelial ovarian tumours and normal ovarian tissues. The relationship of KIAA1456 and SSX1 with overall survival of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer was analysed with Kaplan–Meier survival curve and log-rank tests. KIAA1456 was overexpressed and silenced in HO8910PM cells with a lentivirus. The anticancer activity of KIAA1456 was tested by CCK8, plate clone formation assay, flow cytometry, wound healing assay and Transwell invasion assay. Xenograft tumour models were used to investigate the effects of KIAA1456 on tumour growth in vivo. Bioinformatics analyses of microarray profiling indicated that SSX1 and the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway were differentially expressed in KIAA1456-overexpressing and control cells. Therefore, the biological function of HO8910PM cotransfected with KIAA1456- and SSX1-overexpressing cells was detected to validate the rescue effect of SSX1. The downstream factors of PI3K/AKT that are related to cell growth and apoptosis, including p-AKT, PCNA, MMP9, CyclinD1 and Bcl-2, were detected by Western blot analysis.Results: KIAA1456 expression was lower in epithelial ovarian tumours than in normal ovarian tissues. Its expression level negatively correlated with pathological grade. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that KIAA1456 negatively correlated with SSX1 expression. The overexpression of KIAA1456 in HO8910PM cells inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion and promoted apoptosis. By contrast, the silencing of KIAA1456 resulted in the opposite behaviour. A xenograft tumour experiment showed that KIAA1456 overexpression inhibited tumour growth in vivo. Mechanistically, the overexpression of KIAA1456 inhibited SSX1 expression and AKT phosphorylation in HO8910PM cells, causing the inactivation of the AKT signalling pathway and eventually reducing the expression of PCNA, CyclinD1, MMP9 and Bcl2. Similarly, the silencing of KIAA1456 resulted in the opposite behaviour. Finally, SSX1 overexpression could partially reverse the KIAA1456-induced biological effect.Conclusion: KIAA1456 may serve as a tumour suppressor via the inactivation of SSX1 and the AKT pathway, providing a promising therapeutic target for epithelial ovarian cancers.

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Non-epithelial ovarian tumours: a review of selected patterns that mimic epithelial tumours and other high-grade malignancies

Diagnostic Histopathology ◽

10.1016/j.mpdhp.2011.01.003 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 153-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joseph T. Rabban ◽

Anthony N. Karnezis ◽

Charles J. Zaloudek

Keyword(s):

High Grade ◽

Ovarian Tumours ◽

Epithelial Tumours ◽

Epithelial Ovarian Tumours

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Immunoexpression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in Malignant Surface Epithelial Tumours of Ovary

Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal ◽

10.34299/mhsrj.00951 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 219-225

Keyword(s):

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor ◽

Clear Cell ◽

Growth Factor Receptor ◽

Ovarian Cancers ◽

Ovarian Tumours ◽

Epithelial Tumours ◽

Poorly Differentiated ◽

Epidermal Growth ◽

Epithelial Ovarian Tumours ◽

Well Differentiated

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynaecological cancer and approximately 70% are diagnosed in an advanced stage with 5 years survival rate of only 35%. The aim of this study was to find out the distribution of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) immunoexpression in different histological types and grades of malignant surface epithelial tumours of ovary. A total 54 cases of malignant surface epithelial tumours of ovary from North Okkalapa General and Teaching Hospital and Thingangyun Sanpya General Hospital from August 2015 to September 2016 were included. This study included 30 cases (56%) of serous tumour, 18 cases (33%) mucinous tumour, 5 cases (9%) clear cell tumour and one case (2%) of malignant Brenner tumour. Of the 54 cases, 11 cases (20%) were well differentiated, 33 cases (61%) moderately differentiated and 10 cases (19%) poorly differentiated tumours. Different histological types and grades of malignant surface epithelial ovarian tumours were determined for EGFR immunoexpression by peroxidase antiperoxidase method. Out of 54 cases, 31 cases (57.4%) were found to be positive for EGFR immunoexpression and 23 cases (42.6%) showed negative immunoexpression. Among 31 positive cases of EGFR, 54.8% were serous, 32.3% mucinous, 9.7% clear cell and 3.2% were malignant Brenner tumour. The highest EGFR immunoexpression was found in malignant serous, tumour (54.8%). Regarding the histological grades of the 31 positive cases, EGFR immunoexpression was found 9.7% in well differentiated, 64.5% moderately differentiated and 25.8% in poorly differentiated tumours. Increased EGFR immunoexpression was observed predominantly in higher histological grades of ovarian cancers. Since, high EGFR levels have a negative prognostic role in ovarian cancers, further studies with long-term follow-ups are required to determine the prognosis and management of patients with malignant surface epithelial ovarian tumours.

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Benign Epithelial Ovarian Tumours—cancer Precursors or Markers for Ovarian Cancer Risk?

Cancer Causes & Control ◽

10.1007/s10552-005-0370-y ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 623-632 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Susan Jordan ◽

Adèle Green ◽

Penelope Webb

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Ovarian Cancer Risk ◽

Ovarian Tumours ◽

Epithelial Ovarian Tumours ◽

Cancer Precursors

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Non-Epithelial Ovarian Cancer, an Experience From Qatar

10.21203/rs.3.rs-109259/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ammar Madani ◽

Nabil Omar ◽

Hafedh Ghazouani ◽

Cicy Jacob ◽

Aladdin Kanbour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Stage ◽

Good Prognosis ◽

Stage I ◽

P Value ◽

Ovarian Cancers ◽

Fertility Sparing ◽

Ovarian Tumours ◽

Epithelial Ovarian Tumours ◽

Yolk Sac Tumour

Abstract Background: Nonepithelial Ovarian cancers constitute about 10 % of all ovarian cancers. They are divided into Sex-cord stromal tumours (SCST) and Germ cell tumours (GCT). The Aim is to report the experience at National Centre for Cancer Care and Research (NCCCR) in Qatar. Method: This is a retrospective study reviewing records of all patients over 7 years who presented with a histopathologically diagnosed ovarian SCST and GCT at NCCCR between January 2010 and December 2016. Results: 25 women with Non-Epithelial Ovarian Tumours were identified. 13 women were diagnosed with Ovarian SCST. Median age at presentation was 43 years (Range 16-58). 12 patients had stage I and one patient had Stage III. Four patients had recurrence. The 5 years Overall Survival (OS) was 100% and the 5 years Event Free Survival (EFS) was 69% with P value of 0.02. GCT was diagnosed in 12 women. The median age at presentation was 24 years. (Range 16 – 44). Seven patients (59 %) had teratoma, four patients (33 %) had Dysgerminoma and one patient had Yolk sac tumour (8 %). There was one recurrence. 5 years OS was 100 % and 5 years EFS was 83 % with P value of 0.14. Conclusions: Non-Epithelial ovarian tumours are diagnosed relatively at an early stage and have very good prognosis even if they recur. Survival in our study was excellent with all patients alive and disease free at last follow up. For ovarian SCST, we recommend Complete Surgery (TAH + BSO) particularly if high grade, Stage IC and above or completed childbearing to minimize recurrence. Fertility sparing surgery is appropriate for all patients with Stage I Ovarian GCT and most of the patients with Stage II disease who desire fertility preservation.

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Galectin-1 as a predictive biomarker in ovarian cancer

Journal of Ovarian Research ◽

10.1186/s13048-021-00874-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mahak Masoodi ◽

Zafar A. Shah ◽

Afaq H. Beigh ◽

Sheikh Zahoor Ahmad ◽

Abdul Wahid Mir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Predictive Biomarker ◽

Ovarian Tumour ◽

Response To Treatment ◽

Carbohydrate Binding ◽

Roc Curve Analysis ◽

Abdominal Masses ◽

Ovarian Tumours ◽

Epithelial Ovarian Tumours ◽

Set Up

Abstract Aim There is an urgent need to set up a useful biomarker for ovarian cancer. Galectin-1 is a promising carbohydrate-binding protein which plays a remarkable role in various malignancies yet its clinical significance is questionable. In this study, we have tested the clinical implications of serum Galectin-1 levels in patients with ovarian tumours. Main methods Serum Galectin-1 levels were quantified in 84 newly diagnosed ovarian tumour patients and 20 healthy controls by Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay during the course of the disease. Therefore the samples were taken at diagnosis, after surgery and after chemotherapy. Key findings The Galectin-1 levels were found to be associated with various variables of Ovarian Cancer patients. The levels were found to be prominently high in postmenopausal patients. Galectin-1 levels were raised in epithelial ovarian tumours with significantly high levels in serous subtype. A decrease in Galectin-1 levels post-surgical intervention and after receiving chemotherapy was found. Galectin-1 levels evidently distinguished between normal, benign, malignant and metastatic cases as compared to CA125 levels. Galectin-1 demonstrated to be a better biomarker than CA125 according to the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Significance The study emphasizes that serum Galectin-1 may serve as a better surrogate biomarker in Ovarian Cancer for early detection, discriminating between malignant and benign abdominal masses and monitoring the progression of the disease and response to treatment.

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CD44 and E-Cadherin Expression in Primary Epithelial Tumours of Ovary and Comparison with Histological Type and Tumour Differentiation - A Cross-Sectional Study from Thrissur, Kerala

Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare ◽

10.18410/jebmh/2021/263 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (19) ◽

pp. 1380-1385

Author(s):

Dhanya Valliapoyil ◽

Jisha Kalathil Thodiyil ◽

Lovely Jose

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Histological Type ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Ovarian Tumours ◽

Epithelial Tumours ◽

Epithelial Ovarian Tumours ◽

The Relationship ◽

Tumour Differentiation ◽

E Cadherin

BACKGROUND Ovarian tumours are the common cause of morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. Primary epithelial ovarian tumours comprise the majority. Cluster differentiation 44 (CD-44) is a trans-membrane glycoprotein which plays a role in cell- cell interaction, adhesion and migration, leading to the progression and metastasis of tumour. E-cadherin is another cell adhesion molecule which plays an important role in neoplastic progression. So, it is necessary to find out the relationship of CD-44 and E-cadherin expression with histological types and tumour differentiation, which might predict the prognosis. The present study was undertaken to assess the pattern of expression of CD-44 and E-cadherin in primary epithelial tumours of ovary and to determine the relationship between their expression with age, histological type and tumour differentiation. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Thrissur; a tertiary care institution. Histological types and tumour differentiation for each case was determined from haematoxylin and eosin sections. Immunohistochemical stain for CD-44 and E-cadherin was done. Pattern of expression was studied and a semi quantitative score was calculated. Expression of both markers was then compared with the age, histological type and tumour differentiation. RESULTS Out of 57 cases studied, majority of the patients had serous (21 cases) or mucinous tumours (20 cases). The mean age group was 54.5 years. CD-44 expression was significantly correlated with tumour differentiation but there was no correlation found with age and histological type. In E-cadherin expression, there was no correlation with age, histological type and tumour differentiation. CONCLUSIONS For primary epithelial tumours, expression of CD-44 could be an indicator for tumour progression, invasiveness or distant metastasis. Poorly differentiated tumours with increased expression may be helpful in predicting disease progression. Target therapy can be employed in such cases. In case of E-cadherin which is said to be a prognostic marker, more studies help in bridging the gap between prognosis and outcome. KEYWORDS CD-44, E-cadherin, Immunohistochemistry, Epithelial Ovarian Tumours f

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Ovarian tumours associated with pregnancy

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.15063 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽

pp. 15063-15063 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. V. Bakhidze

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Survival Rate ◽

Middle Age ◽

Malignant Tumours ◽

Benign Ovarian Tumours ◽

Ovarian Tumours ◽

Epithelial Tumours ◽

Benign Tumours ◽

Methods Of Treatment ◽

In Pregnancy

15063 Background: Ovarian cancer occurs in 1.5–5.6% of all combination of malignant tumours and pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to review patients with ovarian tumours in pregnancy, the efficiency of the available methods of treatment and their prognosis. Methods: A retrospective research of the data about 52 patients with ovarian tumours associated with pregnancy who were operated in The N.N.Petrov Research Institute of Oncology from 1960 to 2002. Results: From 52 patients with ovarian tumours associated with pregnancy there were 40 patients (76.9%) with benign tumours and 12 patients (23.1%) with malignant tumours. Middle age of patients was 24.9 ± 5.2 years. Among malignant tumours there were 4 epithelial tumours, 7 herm cell tumours (6 were dysgerminoma and 1 choriocarcinoma) and 1 sex cord-stromal tumour. 9 patients had I stage, 2 had II stage and 1 patient had III stage by FIGO. 14 patients with benign and 7 patients with malignant tumours was operated during the pregnancy: 13 patients (9 with benign, 4 with malignant tumours) were operated during I trimester, 4 patients (3 with benign, 1 with malignant tumours) were operated during II trimester and 4 patients (2 with benign, 2 with malignant tumours) were operated during III trimester of pregnancy. 26 patients with benign tumours and 7 patients with malignant tumours were operated after delivery or abortion. All patients with benign tumours were treated by unilateral salpingoophorectomy. 6 patients with malignant tumours were treated by organ-preserving operations. The 5-year free reccurance survival rate was 83.3% in patients operated during I trimester both for radical and organ preserving operations. The 5-year free reccurance survival rate was 50% in patients operated during II, and 33.3% in patients operated during III trimester. In 6 patients with Ia stage dysgerminoma associated with pregnancy the 5-year free reccurance survival rate was 100%. Conclusions: Benign ovarian tumours associated with pregnancy occur in much more cases (76.9%). Among malignant ovarian tumours the non-surface epithelial tumours occur more often (66.6%). The majority of patients with malignant ovarian tumours who were operated during pregnancy had I stage by FIGO (75%). Prognosis depended not on but on stage and hystotype of tumour and trimester of pregnancy in which patients were operated. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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