scholarly journals Suicide among Black Children: An Integrated Model of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide and Intersectionality Theory for Researchers and Clinicians

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 611-631
Author(s):  
Ijeoma Opara ◽  
Maame Araba Assan ◽  
Kimberly Pierre ◽  
John F. Gunn ◽  
Isha Metzger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Black Children ◽  
The United States ◽  
Culturally Appropriate ◽  
White Children ◽  
Critical Gap ◽  
Intersectionality Theory ◽  
Conceptual Paper ◽  
Interpersonal Psychological Theory ◽  
Commit Suicide

Recently, research has reported that the rates of suicide among Black children between the ages of 5 to 12-years-old are increasing as they are now more likely to commit suicide than White children. Yet, there are very few, if any, frameworks being used by researchers to explain the risks of suicide among Black children. Suicide research has overwhelmingly been focused on White youth thus leaving a critical gap in suicide research. This conceptual paper provides an integrated framework using the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide and Intersectionality theory, as a guide for researchers, clinicians, and practitioners to incorporate culturally appropriate techniques in their work as a way to prevent suicide among Black children. This framework highlights racial discrimination, mental health, socioeconomic status, and sexual/gender minority status to be the most preeminent, yet understudied factors leading to suicide risk among Black children in the United States.

scholarly journals A Corpus Based Study of Anorexia and Suicidality in Memoirs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Cantu ◽  
Cass Dykeman
Keyword(s):  
Information Criterion ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Log Likelihood ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Interpersonal Psychological Theory

Suicide is a widespread problem in the United States, impacting people of all ages and backgrounds. Someone diagnosed with anorexia is at significantly greater risk of completing or attempting suicide, making the need to understand the role of eating disorder dynamics on suicide even more critical. Memoirs written by people diagnosed with anorexia are a resource that can be used to better understand the risk of self-harm and suicide. A log likelihood statistic was used to determine word usage rates in the memoir corpus compared to known norm rates. Besides the log likelihood values, effect sizes (i.e., Bayesian Information Criterion) were reported for all inferential analyses. The study found that memoirs of people self-identifying as diagnosed with anorexia included differences in linguistic processes, psychological processes, and interpersonal psychological theory of suicide dictionaries when compared to the novel norm.

Black and White Middle Class Children Who Have Private Health Insurance in the United States

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 104 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Weitzman ◽  
Robert S. Byrd ◽  
Peggy Auinger
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Special Education ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Black Children ◽  
The United States ◽  
Special Education Services ◽  
White Children ◽  
Education Services ◽  
Black And White

Objective. To compare the health, behavior and school problems, and use of medical, mental health, and special education services of privately insured, middle class black and white children in the United States. Design/Methods. Analyses of the Child Health Supplement to the 1988 National Health Interview Survey, with a nationally representative sample of 17 110 children age 0–17 years. Results. Privately insured middle class black children had fewer chronic health conditions, but were less likely to be reported to be in excellent health (46.2% vs 57.3%) and more likely to have had asthma (8.5% vs 5.8%) or to have been of low birth weight (10.7% vs 5.6%). There were no differences in rates of having a usual source of routine care (92.2% vs 93.8%) or of being up to date with well-child care (79.3% vs 78.2%), but black children made fewer physician visits, were less likely to use physicians' offices, were more likely to lack continuity of care, and were twice as likely to use emergency departments. These differences in use of medical services persisted in multivariate analyses and analyses restricted to more affluent children. Despite similar rates of behavior problems, black children were more likely to repeat a grade (20.0% vs 12.3%) and to have been suspended from school (11.3% vs 5.0%). Although significantly fewer black middle class children received mental health or special education services in bivariate analyses, no differences in receipt of these services were noted in multivariate analyses. All differences reported were significant. Conclusions. Among middle class children in the United States, black and white children have similar rates of health and behavior problems, but black children experience substantially increased rates of asthma, low birth weight, and school difficulties. Although not differing in the receipt of mental health or special education services, middle class black children, even in the presence of private health insurance, have markedly different sources and patterns of use of medical services.

scholarly journals Contact with Child Protective Services is pervasive but unequally distributed by race and ethnicity in large US counties

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (30) ◽  
pp. e2106272118
Author(s):  
Frank Edwards ◽  
Sara Wakefield ◽  
Kieran Healy ◽  
Christopher Wildeman
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Alaska Native ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Child Protective Services ◽  
Black Children ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Inequality ◽  
Protective Services ◽  
White Children ◽  
Four Levels

This article provides county-level estimates of the cumulative prevalence of four levels of Child Protective Services (CPS) contact using administrative data from the 20 most populous counties in the United States. Rates of CPS investigation are extremely high in almost every county. Racial and ethnic inequality in case outcomes is large in some counties. The total median investigation rate was 41.3%; the risk for Black, Hispanic, and White children exceeded 20% in all counties. Risks of having a CPS investigation were highest for Black children (43.2 to 72.0%). Black children also experienced high rates of later-stage CPS contact, with rates often above 20% for confirmed maltreatment, 10% for foster care placement, and 2% for termination of parental rights (TPR). The only other children who experienced such extreme rates of later-stage CPS interventions were American Indian/Alaska Native children in Middlesex, MA; Hispanic children in Bexar, TX; and all children except Asian/Pacific Islander children in Maricopa, AZ. The latter has uniquely high rates of late-stage CPS interventions. In some jurisdictions, such as New York, NY, (0.2%) and Cook, IL (0.2%), very few children experienced TPR. These results show that early CPS interventions are ubiquitous in large counties but with marked variation in how CPS systems respond to these investigations.

scholarly journals The Impact of an Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPT) Workshop on Rural K–12 School Counselors’ Assessment Knowledge and Self-Efficacy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teal Bohrer ◽  
Cass Dykeman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
School Counselors ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Probe Design ◽  
Suicide Assessment ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Interpersonal Psychological Theory ◽  
The Impact

Suicide rates across the United States continue to increase steadily. Rural communities tend to face barriers to suicide assessment and treatment that urban communities do not. School counselors working in rural education often serve as the primary screening tool for youths who might be at risk for suicide. Numerous models and theories have served as guidelines for explaining and assessing suicidal ideation. In 2009, Thomas Joiner introduced the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide (IPT), an approach drawing on three main factors: perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and acquired capability. Given the well-supported place of IPT in the literature, the present study utilized a nonconcurrent, multiple-baseline, multiple-probe design to examine the impact of a training model designed on this approach. Participants were K–12 school counselors employed in rural school districts across the United States. The results from this study demonstrated a significant increase in suicide-assessment knowledge, even when training was conducted remotely, but the results did not reveal a measurable change in self-efficacy. This is significant because it suggests increasing clinician knowledge around suicide assessment can be done through a cost-effective, remote platform, making it accessible to most people working in the mental health field. Future research should focus on the self-efficacy of school counselors, especially regarding factors that could influence the confidence of these individuals in making risk assessments.

Bucket-Related Drownings in the United States, 1984 Through 1990

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 1068-1071
Author(s):  
N. Clay Mann ◽  
Susan C. Weller ◽  
Renae Rauchschwalbe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Black Children ◽  
The United States ◽  
Product Safety ◽  
Educational Strategies ◽  
Consumer Product Safety Commission ◽  
White Children ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Home Injury

The purpose of the study is to document the incidence of bucket-related drowning in the United States and to identify factors associated with this type of submersion injury. Analysis of Consumer Product Safety Commission data revealed 160 bucket-related drownings for the years 1984 through 1989, representing a mortality rate of 0.367 per 100 000 persons (younger than 2 years old) per year in the United States. Eighty-eight percent of bucket drownings occurred in toddlers aged 7 to 15 months old. Black children were six times more likely to drown in a bucket than white children of similar age (P < .0001). Male toddlers were at significantly greater risk than females (P < .01). A seasonal trend present in the data indicated that infants are more likely to drown in warmer than in colder months (P < .01). States with the highest rates of bucket drowning were Vermont (2.1/100 000), Arizona (1.5/100 000), and Illinois (1.0/100 000). Through passive and active educational strategies, perhaps this fatal home injury can be prevented.

Hispanics, Mental Health, and the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide: Brief Report

2020 ◽  
pp. 154041532095148
Author(s):  
Francisco Brenes
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care Policy ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Practice Research ◽  
Care Policy ◽  
Hispanic Culture ◽  
Outreach Programs ◽  
Interpersonal Psychological Theory

Suicide is a public health concern in the United States, particularly among Hispanics. Research indicates a number of social factors negatively contribute to the problem, including stigma of psychiatric illness in the Hispanic culture. A paucity of research in this area exists, and if not addressed, then suicide rates could continue to increase among Hispanics. The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide could be used by clinicians and researchers to explore the phenomenon of suicide among Hispanics. Such research could potentially meet national suicide prevention goals and guide clinicians in creating culturally sensitive suicide outreach programs for at-risk Hispanics. Multicultural strategies aimed to serve minority, underserved, and vulnerable populations could also reduce mental health disparities. Recommendations for clinical practice, research, and health care policy are included in this report.

scholarly journals Racial disparities in mortality after severe traumatic brain injury in childhood: mediators identified by Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of trauma registry data

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Piatt
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Black Children ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Insurance Status ◽  
Large Set ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White

Abstract Background In the United States social disparities in health outcomes are found wherever they are sought, and they have been documented extensively in trauma care. Because social factors cannot cause a trauma outcome directly, there must exist mediating causal factors related to the nature and severity of the injury, the robustness of the victim, access to care, or processes of care. An understanding these mediators is the point of departure for addressing inequities in outcomes. Findings Data were extracted from the registry of the Trauma Quality Improvement Program of the American College of Surgeons for 2007 through 2010. Inclusion criteria were age less than 19 years and head Abbreviated Injury Scale score of 4, 5, or 6. An Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition was undertaken to analyze the relative contributions of a large set of covariates to the difference in mortality rates between Black and White children. Covariates were aggregated into the following categories: “Severity,” “Structure and Process,” “Mechanism,” “Demographics,” and “Insurance.” Eligible for analysis were 7273 White children and 2320 Black children. There were 1661 deaths (17.3%) The raw mortality rates were 15.6 and 22.8% for White and Black children, respectively. Factors categorized as “Severity” accounted for 95% of the mortality difference, “Mechanism” accounted for 13%, “Insurance” accounted for 5%, and “Demographics” accounted for 2%. The contribution of “Structure and Process” did not attain statistical significance. Conclusions Severity of injury accounts for most of the disparity between Black and White children in traumatic brain injury mortality rates. Mechanism, insurance status, and gender make a small contributions. Because insurance status like other social factors cannot directly affect trauma survival, what mediates its contribution requires further study.

Maternalist and Community Politics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Reese ◽  
Ian Breckenridge-Jackson ◽  
Julisa McCoy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Community Organizing ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Politics ◽  
Intersectionality Theory ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Self Help Groups

This chapter explores the history of maternalist mobilization and women’s community politics in the United States. It argues that both “maternalism” and “community” have proved to be highly flexible mobilizing frames for women. Building on the insights of intersectionality theory, the authors suggest that women’s maternal and community politics is shaped by their social locations within multiple, intersecting relations of domination and subordination, as well as their political ideologies and historical context. The chapter begins by discussing the politically contradictory history of maternalist mobilization within the United States from the Progressive era to the present. It then explores other forms of women’s community politics, focusing on women’s community volunteerism, self-help groups, and community organizing. It discusses how these frames have been used both to build alliances among women and to divide or exclude women based on perceived differences and social inequalities based on race, nativity, class, or sexual orientation.

The Interplay of Developing Morality and Gender Attitudes

2020 ◽  
pp. 724-745
Author(s):  
Rebecca S. Bigler ◽  
Lynn S. Liben
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gender Nonconformity ◽  
Gender Attitudes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Ethical Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Behavior

Morality and gender are intersecting realms of human thought and behavior. Reasoning and action at their intersection (e.g., views of women’s rights legislation) carry important consequences for societies, communities, and individual lives. In this chapter, the authors argue that children’s developing views of morality and gender reciprocally shape one another in important and underexplored ways. The chapter begins with a brief history of psychological theory and research at the intersection of morality and gender and suggests reasons for the historical failure to view gender attitudes through moral lenses. The authors then describe reasons for expecting morality to play an important role in shaping children’s developing gender attitudes and, reciprocally, for gender attitudes to play an important role in shaping children’s developing moral values. The authors next illustrate the importance and relevance of these ideas by discussing two topics at the center of contentious debate in the United States concerning ethical policy and practice: treatment of gender nonconformity and gender-segregated schooling. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research.

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