scholarly journals At Home and Abroad: The Use of Denial-of-service Attacks during Elections in Nondemocratic Regimes

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 373-401
Author(s):  
Philipp M. Lutscher ◽  
Nils B. Weidmann ◽  
Margaret E. Roberts ◽  
Mattijs Jonker ◽  
Alistair King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
The Political ◽  
Traffic Data ◽  
Focal Points ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Dos Attacks ◽  
Threatening Information ◽  
News Websites ◽  
Nondemocratic Regimes

In this article, we study the political use of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, a particular form of cyberattack that disables web services by flooding them with high levels of data traffic. We argue that websites in nondemocratic regimes should be especially prone to this type of attack, particularly around political focal points such as elections. This is due to two mechanisms: governments employ DoS attacks to censor regime-threatening information, while at the same time, activists use DoS attacks as a tool to publicly undermine the government’s authority. We analyze these mechanisms by relying on measurements of DoS attacks based on large-scale Internet traffic data. Our results show that in authoritarian countries, elections indeed increase the number of DoS attacks. However, these attacks do not seem to be directed primarily against the country itself but rather against other states that serve as hosts for news websites from this country.

scholarly journals Model fusion of deep neural networks for anomaly detection

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nouar AlDahoul ◽  
Hezerul Abdul Karim ◽  
Abdulaziz Saleh Ba Wazir
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Anomaly Detection ◽  
Network Traffic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Traffic Data ◽  
Model Fusion ◽  
Class Weight ◽  
Network Anomaly Detection

AbstractNetwork Anomaly Detection is still an open challenging task that aims to detect anomalous network traffic for security purposes. Usually, the network traffic data are large-scale and imbalanced. Additionally, they have noisy labels. This paper addresses the previous challenges and utilizes million-scale and highly imbalanced ZYELL’s dataset. We propose to train deep neural networks with class weight optimization to learn complex patterns from rare anomalies observed from the traffic data. This paper proposes a novel model fusion that combines two deep neural networks including binary normal/attack classifier and multi-attacks classifier. The proposed solution can detect various network attacks such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS), IP probing, PORT probing, and Network Mapper (NMAP) probing. The experiments conducted on a ZYELL’s real-world dataset show promising performance. It was found that the proposed approach outperformed the baseline model in terms of average macro Fβ score and false alarm rate by 17% and 5.3%, respectively.

scholarly journals Hot topics: Denial-of-Service attacks on news websites in autocracies

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Philipp M. Lutscher
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Test ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Dos Attacks ◽  
News Reporting ◽  
Internet News ◽  
Global Character ◽  
News Websites ◽  
The Press ◽  
Modern Technologies

Abstract Most authoritarian countries censor the press. As a response, many opposition and independent news outlets have found refuge on the Internet. Despite the global character of the Internet, news outlets are vulnerable to censorship in cyberspace. This study investigates Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks on news websites in Venezuela and details how news reporting is related to DoS attacks in an attempt to censor content. For this empirical test, I monitored 19 Venezuelan news websites from November 2017 until June 2018 and continuously retrieved their content and status codes to infer DoS attacks. Statistical analyses show that news content correlates to DoS attacks. In the Venezuelan context, these news topics appear to be not only on protest and repression but also on opposition actors or other topics that question the legitimacy of the regime. By establishing these relationships, this study deepens our understanding of how modern technologies are used as censorship tools.

Human Cognition in Automated Truing Test Design

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mir Tafseer Nayeem ◽  
Mamunur Rashid Akand ◽  
Nazmus Sakib ◽  
Wasi Ul Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
User Study ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Dos Attacks ◽  
Result Section ◽  
Authentication Mechanism ◽  
Interactive Proofs ◽  
Human Interactive Proofs

Nowadays, many services in the internet including Email, search engine, social networking are provided with free of charge due to enormous growth of web users. With the expansion of Web services, denial of service (DoS) attacks by malicious automated programs (e.g., web bots) is becoming a serious problem of web service accounts. A HIP, or Human Interactive Proofs, is a human authentication mechanism that generates and grades tests to determine whether the user is a human or a malicious computer program. Unfortunately, the existing HIPs tried to maximize the difficulty for automated programs to pass tests by increasing distortion or noise. Consequently, it has also become difficult for potential users too. So there is a tradeoff between the usability and robustness in designing HIP tests. In their propose technique the authors tried to balance the readability and security by adding contextual information in the form of natural conversation without reducing the distortion and noise. In the result section, a microscopic large-scale user study was conducted involving 110 users to investigate the actual user views compare to existing state of the art CAPTCHA systems like Google's reCAPTCHA and Microsoft's CAPTCHA in terms of usability and security and found the authors' system capable of deploying largely over internet.

scholarly journals A Secure Protocol against Selfish and Pollution Attacker Misbehavior in Clustered WSNs

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1244
Author(s):  
Hana Rhim ◽  
Damien Sauveron ◽  
Ryma Abassi ◽  
Karim Tamine ◽  
Sihem Guemara
Keyword(s):  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Secure Routing ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Dos Attacks ◽  
Linear Network ◽  
Secure Protocol ◽  
Misbehaving Nodes ◽  
Pollution Attacks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been widely used for applications in numerous fields. One of the main challenges is the limited energy resources when designing secure routing in such networks. Hierarchical organization of nodes in the network can make efficient use of their resources. In this case, a subset of nodes, the cluster heads (CHs), is entrusted with transmitting messages from cluster nodes to the base station (BS). However, the existence of selfish or pollution attacker nodes in the network causes data transmission failure and damages the network availability and integrity. Mainly, when critical nodes like CH nodes misbehave by refusing to forward data to the BS, by modifying data in transit or by injecting polluted data, the whole network becomes defective. This paper presents a secure protocol against selfish and pollution attacker misbehavior in clustered WSNs, known as (SSP). It aims to thwart both selfish and pollution attacker misbehaviors, the former being a form of a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. In addition, it maintains a level of confidentiality against eavesdroppers. Based on a random linear network coding (NC) technique, the protocol uses pre-loaded matrices within sensor nodes to conceive a larger number of new packets from a set of initial data packets, thus creating data redundancy. Then, it transmits them through separate paths to the BS. Furthermore, it detects misbehaving nodes among CHs and executes a punishment mechanism using a control counter. The security analysis and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed solution is not only capable of preventing and detecting DoS attacks as well as pollution attacks, but can also maintain scalable and stable routing for large networks. The protocol means 100% of messages are successfully recovered and received at the BS when the percentage of lost packets is around 20%. Moreover, when the number of misbehaving nodes executing pollution attacks reaches a certain threshold, SSP scores a reception rate of correctly reconstructed messages equal to 100%. If the SSP protocol is not applied, the rate of reception of correctly reconstructed messages is reduced by 90% at the same case.

scholarly journals Secure and DoS-Resilient Fragment Authentication in CCN-Based Vehicular Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Sangwon Hyun ◽  
Hyoungshick Kim
Keyword(s):  
Vehicular Networks ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Content Delivery ◽  
Dos Attacks ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Content Centric Networking ◽  
Transmission Unit ◽  
Communication Environments ◽  
Maximum Transmission

Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is considered as a promising alternative to traditional IP-based networking for vehicle-to-everything communication environments. In general, CCN packets must be fragmented and reassembled based on the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) size of the content delivery path. It is thus challenging to securely protect fragmented packets against attackers who intentionally inject malicious fragments to disrupt normal services on CCN-based vehicular networks. This paper presents a new secure content fragmentation method that is resistant to Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks in CCN-based vehicular networks. Our approach guarantees the authenticity of each fragment through the immediate fragment verification at interim nodes on the routing path. Our experiment results demonstrate that the proposed approach provides much stronger security than the existing approach named FIGOA, without imposing a significant overhead in the process. The proposed method achieves a high immediate verification probability of 98.2% on average, which is 52% higher than that of FIGOA, while requiring only 14% more fragments than FIGOA.

When Taxi Meets Bus: Night Bus Stop Planning over Large-Scale Traffic Data

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luyan Xiao ◽  
Xiaopeng Fan ◽  
Haixia Mao ◽  
Chengzhong Xu ◽  
Ping Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Traffic Data ◽  
Bus Stop

scholarly journals MANETs performance analysis with dos attack at different routing protocols

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaa Zain ◽  
Heba El-khobby ◽  
Hatem M. Abd Elkader ◽  
Mostafa Abdelnaby
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Geographic Routing ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Dos Attacks ◽  
Reactive Routing ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
The Impact

A Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET) is widely used in many industrial and people's life applications, such as earth monitoring, natural disaster prevention, agriculture biomedical related applications, and many other areas. Security threat is one of the major aspects of MANET, as it is one of the basic requirements of wireless sensor network, yet this problem has not been sufficiently explored. The main purpose of this paper is to study different MANETs routing protocols with three scenarios of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks on network layer using proactive routing protocol i.e. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Reactive routing protocols like Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Hybrid routing protocols like Geographic Routing Protocol (GRP). Moreover, a comparative analysis of DoS attacks for throughput, Data loss, delay and network load is taken into account. The performance of MANET under the attack is studied to find out which protocol is more vulnerable to the attack and how much is the impact of the attack on both protocols. The simulation is done using OPNET 17.

scholarly journals Redefining the political moment

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Arvanitakis
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Political Action ◽  
The Political ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
John Howard ◽  
Conservative Media ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
War Protest

On 16 February 2003, more than half a million people gathered in Sydney, Australia, as part of a global anti-war protest aimed at stopping the impending invasion of Iraq by the then US Administration. It is difficult to estimate how many millions marched on the coordinated protest, but it was by far the largest mobilization of a generation. Walking and chanting on the streets of Sydney that day, it seemed that a political moment was upon us. In a culture that rarely embraces large scale activism, millions around Australian demanded to be heard. The message was clear: if you do not hear us, we would be willing to bring down a government. The invasion went ahead, however, with the then Australian government, under the leadership of John Howard, being one of the loudest and staunchest supporters of the Bush Administrations drive to war. Within 18 months, anti-war activists struggled to have a few hundred participants take part in anti-Iraq war rallies, and the Howard Government was comfortably re-elected for another term. The political moment had come and gone, with both social commentators and many members of the public looking for a reason. While the conservative media was often the focus of analysis, this paper argues that in a time of late capitalism, the political moment is hollowed out by ‘Politics’ itself. That is to say, that formal political processes (or ‘Politics’) undermine the political practices that people participate in everyday (or ‘politics’). Drawing on an ongoing research project focusing on democracy and young people, I discuss how the concept of ’politics‘ has been destabilised and subsequently, the political moment has been displaced. This displacement has led to a re-definition of ‘political action’ and, I argue, the emergence of a different type of everyday politics.

scholarly journals Resilience in Practice: Responding to the Refugee Crisis in Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 294-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosanne Anholt
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Critical Reflection ◽  
Crisis Response ◽  
The Political ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
Self Reliance

Little is known about how the idea of ‘resilience’ translates into practice. It has nonetheless emerged as a dominant theme in the governance of crises, such as political instability, armed conflict, terrorism, and large-scale refugee movements. This study draws on interviews with humanitarian and development practitioners in Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon working under the Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan to explore how resilience is interpreted and translated on the ground. Results suggest that resilience is translated as the economic self-reliance of refugees, and the capacity for crisis management of refugee-hosting states, enacted through ‘localization’ and strengthening the ‘humanitarian-development nexus.’ The prominence of the political and economic context and the power relations between crisis response actors that it generates reveals the limits of what a buzzword like resilience can achieve on the ground. The findings highlight the need for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to engage in continuous critical reflection on whether the ways in which resilience policies and programmes are implemented actually improve the ability of systems and vulnerable populations to recover from crisis, as well as on the validity of the assumptions and interpretations on which such policies and programmes are built.

scholarly journals Peningkatan Keamanan Router Mikrotik Terhadap Serangan Denial of Service (DoS)

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-123
Author(s):  
Budi Jaya ◽  
Y Yuhandri ◽  
S Sumijan
Keyword(s):  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Digital Evidence ◽  
Dos Attack ◽  
Dos Attacks ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Security Enhancement ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
Operational Activities ◽  
Network Router ◽  
Live Forensics

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks are one of the most common attacks on website, networks, routers and servers, including on router mikrotik. A DoS attack aims to render a network router unable to service requests from authorized users. The result will disrupt the operational activities of the organization and cause material and non-material losses. In this study, a simulation and analysis of DoS attacks using the Live Forensics method were carried out and the router security enhancement from rectangular software and hardware. From the research results obtained digital evidence of DoS attacks in the form of IP addresses and attacker activity logs. In addition, the increase in router security in terms of software by using Firewall Filter and Firewall Raw has proven effective in preventing attacks. While improving router security in terms of hardware by setting a reset button on the router and firewall devices is also very necessary so that the router can avoid physical attacks by irresponsible persons

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