scholarly journals Water Fluoridation and Dental Caries in U.S. Children and Adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 1122-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.D. Slade ◽  
W.B. Grider ◽  
W.R. Maas ◽  
A.E. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Permanent Dentition ◽  
Primary Dentition ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Water Fluoridation ◽  
Tooth Surfaces ◽  
The U.S

Fluoridation of America’s drinking water was among the great public health achievements of the 20th century. Yet there is a paucity of studies from the past 3 decades investigating its dental health benefits in the U.S. population. This cross-sectional study sought to evaluate associations between availability of community water fluoridation (CWF) and dental caries experience in the U.S. child and adolescent population. County-level estimates of the percentage of population served by CWF (% CWF) from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Water Fluoridation Reporting System were merged with dental examination data from 10 y of National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1999 to 2004 and 2011 to 2014). Dental caries experience in the primary dentition (decayed and filled tooth surfaces [dfs]) was calculated for 7,000 children aged 2 to 8 y and in the permanent dentition (decayed, missing, and filled tooth surfaces [DMFS]) for 12,604 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 y. Linear regression models estimated associations between % CWF and dental caries experience with adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics: age, sex, race/ethnicity, rural-urban location, head-of-household education, and period since last dental visit. Sensitivity analysis excluded counties fluoridated after 1998. In unadjusted analysis, caries experience in the primary dentition was lower in counties with ≥75% CWF (mean dfs = 3.3; 95% confidence limit [CL] = 2.8, 3.7) than in counties with <75% CWF (mean dfs = 4.6; 95% CL = 3.9, 5.4), a prevented fraction of 30% (95% CL = 11, 48). The difference was also statistically significant, although less pronounced, in the permanent dentition: mean DMFS (95% CL) was 2.2 (2.0, 2.4) and 1.9 (1.8, 2.1), respectively, representing a prevented fraction of 12% (95% CL = 1, 23). Statistically significant associations likewise were seen when % CWF was modeled as a continuum, and differences tended to increase in covariate-adjusted analysis and in sensitivity analysis. These findings confirm a substantial caries-preventive benefit of CWF for U.S. children and that the benefit is most pronounced in primary teeth.

scholarly journals Modifiable Factors Explain Socioeconomic Inequalities in Children’s Dental Caries

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1211-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Peres ◽  
X. Ju ◽  
M. Mittinty ◽  
A.J. Spencer ◽  
L.G. Do
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Permanent Dentition ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Water Fluoridation ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Dental Visits ◽  
Modifiable Factors

The aim of this article was to quantify socioeconomic inequalities in dental caries experience among Australian children and to identify factors that explain area-level socioeconomic inequalities in children’s dental caries. We used data from the National Child Oral Health Survey conducted in Australia between 2012 and 2014 ( n = 24,664). Absolute and relative indices of socioeconomic inequalities in the dental caries experience in primary and permanent dentition (decayed, missing, and filled surfaces [dmfs] and DMFS, respectively) were estimated. In the first stage, we conducted multilevel negative binomial regressions to test the association between area-level Index of Relative Socioeconomic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD) and dental caries experience (dmfs for 5- to 8-y-olds and DMFS for 9- to 14-y-olds) after adjustment for water fluoridation status, sociodemographics, oral health behaviors, pattern of dental visits, and sugar consumption. In the second stage, we performed Blinder-Oaxaca and Neumark decomposition analyses to identify factors that explain most of the area-level socioeconomic inequalities in dental caries. Children had a mean dmfs of 3.14 and a mean DMFS of 0.98 surfaces. Children living in the most disadvantaged and intermediately disadvantaged areas had 1.96 (95% confidence interval, 1.69–2.27) and 1.45 (1.26–1.68) times higher mean dmfs and 1.53 (1.36–1.72) and 1.43 (1.27–1.60) times higher mean DMFS than those living in the most advantaged areas, respectively. Water fluoridation status (33.6%), sugar consumption (22.1%), parental educational level (14.2%), and dental visit patterns (12.7%) were the main factors explaining area-level socioeconomic inequalities in dental caries in permanent dentition. Among all the factors considered, the factors that contributed most in explaining inequalities in primary dental caries were dental visits (30.3%), sugar consumption (20.7%), household income (20.0%), and water fluoridation status (15.9%). The inverse area-level socioeconomic inequality in dental caries was mainly explained by modifiable risk factors, such as lack of fluoridated water, high sugar consumption, and an unfavorable pattern of dental visits.

Coronal Caries in the Primary and Permanent Dentition of Children and Adolescents 1–17 Years of Age: United States, 1988–1991

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 631-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.M. Kaste ◽  
R.H. Selwitz ◽  
R.J. Oldakowski ◽  
J.A. Brunelle ◽  
D.M. Winn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Permanent Tooth ◽  
Permanent Dentition ◽  
Tooth Surfaces ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Us Children

The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-Phase 1, conducted from 1988 to 1991 in the United States, included an assessment of dental caries in US children and adolescents and provided the opportunity for differences in dental caries status to be viewed by age, sex, race, and race-ethnicity. The measurement of dental caries in children and adolescents from 2 to 17 years of age included the number of decayed, missing, and filled permanent tooth surfaces and teeth, and the number of decayed and filled primary tooth surfaces and teeth. Additionally, a brief visual inspection for the presence or absence of early childhood caries in the maxillary incisors was conducted for children 12 to 23 months of age. The survey yielded weighted estimates for 1988–1991 for over 58 million US children and adolescents 1 to 17 years of age. For infants aged 12 to 23 months, 0.8% were scored positive for early childhood caries. Over 60% (62.1%) of the children aged 2 to 9 years were caries-free in their primary dentition. Over half (54.7%) of the children 5 to 17 years were caries-free in their permanent dentition. The occurrence of caries in the permanent dentition is clustered: A quarter of the children and adolescents ages 5 to 17 with at least one permanent tooth accounted for about 80% of the caries experienced in permanent teeth. Differences in caries experience were found among race and race-ethnicity subpopulations, and caries patterns for the primary and permanent dentition were dissimilar. Further analyses are needed to explore other potential determinants of caries in children.

scholarly journals Effect of fluoridated water on dental caries and fluorosis in schoolchildren who use fluoridated dentifrice

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-83
Author(s):  
Mikaelle Claro Costa Silva ◽  
Cacilda Castelo Branco Lima ◽  
Marina de Deus Moura de Lima ◽  
Lúcia de Fátima Almeida de Deus Moura ◽  
Cinthia Pereira Machado Tabchoury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Water Fluoridation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean

Abstract This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence and severity of dental caries and fluorosis in children and adolescents using fluoridated toothpaste, from areas with and without fluoridated water. Parents of 5-year-old children and 12-year-old adolescents from neighbourhoods that are supplied with and without fluoridated water answered questionnaires for determining socio-economic and demographic characteristics and habits related to oral health. The individuals were examined, and dental caries and fluorosis were measured by dmft/DMFT and TF indexes, respectively. Descriptive, bivariate and logistic regression analyses were performed (p < 0.05). Of 692 participants, 47.7% were 5-year-olds and 52.3% were 12-year-olds. The mean dmft/DMFT in the 5-year-olds/ 12-year-olds from Exposed and Not Exposed fluoridated water groups was 1.53 (± 2.47) and 3.54 (± 4.10) / 1.53 (± 1.81) and 3.54 (± 3.82), respectively. Children (OR = 2.86, 95% CI = 1.71-4.75) and adolescents (OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.24-3.05), who did not consume fluoridated water, had greater caries experience. Among adolescents, there was an association between fluoridated water and the prevalence of very mild/mild fluorosis (OR = 5.45, 95% CI: 3.23-9.19) and moderate fluorosis (OR = 11.11, 95% CI = 4.43-27.87). Children and adolescents, who consumed fluoridated water, presented lower prevalence and severity of dental caries compared to those who used only fluoridated toothpaste as the source of fluoride. There is an association between water fluoridation and very mild/mild and moderate fluorosis in adolescents.

MMP20 rs1784418 Protects Certain Populations against Caries

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnôldo V.A. Filho ◽  
Merilene S. Calixto ◽  
Kathleen Deeley ◽  
Neide Santos ◽  
Aronita Rosenblatt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Primary Dentition ◽  
Analytic Approach ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Statistical Approaches

This work aimed to further evaluate the association of MMP20 rs1784418 C>T and dental caries experience with the hypothesis that MMP20 rs1784418 C>T is a risk factor for dental caries. 184 children 4-7 years of age had their caries experience determined and buccal cheek swabs collected for DNA extraction to test for association with the MMP20 rs1784418 C>T using standard statistical approaches. A meta-analytic approach was also implemented to compile previous discrepant reports of the same association. We found an association between MMP20 rs1784418 C>T and dental caries experience in primary dentition (p = 0.01). The meta-analysis showed that this association appears to favor individuals born in Brazil and not Turkey. MMP20 rs1784418 C>T appears to protect against dental caries, but its effects are likely to be more marked in certain populations.

scholarly journals Redefining the Phenotype of Dental Caries

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Weber ◽  
Jenny Bogstad Søvik ◽  
Aida Mulic ◽  
Kathleen Deeley ◽  
Anne B. Tveit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Recessive Model ◽  
Primary Dentition ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Kallikrein 4

Dental caries is a multifactorial infectious disease and a major public health problem estimated to affect 60-90% of school children as well as a vast number of adults. The aim of this work was to define patterns of progression of the disease based on longitudinal data in contrast to using a cross-sectional assessment. dmft/DMFT scores were collected at ages 5, 12, 14, 16, 17, and 18 from 876 individuals. We tested our newly defined phenotypes for association with genetic variants in genes shown to be associated with caries. We generated genotyping data using Taqman chemistry in markers of genes involved in processes such as enamel formation and salivary contributions. Kallikrein 4 (KLK4) was found to show a significant association with the created phenotypes (p = 0.0008 in a recessive model for low caries experience in the primary dentition vs. high caries experience in the primary dentition, and p = 0.0004 in a recessive model for caries free primary dentition vs. high caries experience in the primary dentition).

scholarly journals Dental caries experience among indigenous children and adolescents

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Érica M. Gonçalves ◽  
Laysa C. Cavalcanti ◽  
Ramon T. Firmino ◽  
Gustavo L. Ribeiro ◽  
Ana F. Granville-Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Indigenous Children

Multiple Socioeconomic Factors and Dental Caries in Swedish Children and Adolescents

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Catrin André Kramer ◽  
Max Petzold ◽  
Magnus Hakeberg ◽  
Anna-Lena Östberg
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Crude Odds Ratio ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
Electronic Dental Records

The study aimed to explore associations between multiple socioeconomic factors and dental caries experience in Swedish children and adolescents (3-19 years old). Electronic dental records from 300,988, in a Swedish region (97.3% coverage) were collected using the DMFT indices (decayed, missing, filled teeth: dependent variables). Socioeconomic status (SES) data (ethnicity, wealth, parental education, and employment) for individuals, parents, and families were obtained from official registers. Principal component analysis was used to explore SES data. Scores based on the first factor were used as an independent aggregated socioeconomic variable in logistic regression analyses. Dental caries experience was low in the participants: 16% in 3- to 6-year-olds (deft index: decayed, extracted, filled teeth) and 47% in 7- to 19-year-olds (DFT index). Both separate and aggregated socioeconomic variables were consistently associated with the dental caries experience irrespective of the caries index used: the crude odds ratio (OR) for having at least 1 caries lesion in 3- to 6-year-olds (deft index) in the lowest SES quintile was 3.26 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.09-3.43) and in ≥7-year-olds (DFT index) OR 1.80 (95% CI 1.75-1.84) compared with children in the 4 higher SES quintiles. Overall, associations were stronger in the primary dentition than in the permanent dentition. Large SES models contributed more to explaining the caries experience than slim models including fewer SES indicators. In conclusion, socioeconomic factors were consistently associated with dental caries experience in the children and adolescents both as single factors and as multiple factors combined in an index. Socioeconomic inequalities had stronger associations to caries experience in young children than in older children and adolescents.

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