Association or Causation? Exploring the Oral Microbiome and Cancer Links

Several epidemiological investigations have found associations between poor oral health and different types of cancer, including colorectal, lung, pancreatic, and oral malignancies. The oral health parameters underlying these relationships include deficient oral hygiene, gingival bleeding, and bone and tooth loss. These parameters are related to periodontal diseases, which are directly and indirectly mediated by oral bacteria. Given the increased accessibility of microbial sequencing platforms, many recent studies have investigated the link between the oral microbiome and these cancers. Overall, it seems that oral dysbiotic states can contribute to tumorigenesis in the oral cavity as well as in distant body sites. Further, it appears that certain oral bacterial species can contribute to carcinogenesis, in particular, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis, based on results from epidemiological as well as mechanistic studies. Yet, the strength of the findings from these investigations is hampered by the heterogeneity of the methods used to measure oral diseases, the treatment of confounding factors, the study design, the platforms employed for microbial analysis, and types of samples analyzed. Despite these limitations, there is an overall indication that the presence of oral dysbiosis that leads to oral diseases may directly and/or indirectly contribute to carcinogenesis. Proper methodological standardized approaches should be implemented in future epidemiological studies as well as in the mechanistic investigations carried out to explore these results.

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Research on Oral Diseases and Its Impact On Dental Education and Practice

Advances in Dental Research ◽

10.1177/08959374880020020101 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 199-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

H. Löe

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Recombinant Dna ◽

Dental Education ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Dental Research ◽

Tissue Repair And Regeneration ◽

Wide Range

In recent years advances in dental research have marked the integration of dental science into the mainstream of biomedical research, with dental investigators employing the same cell and molecular biology techniques that have revolutionized the biosciences. Examples include the isolation and cloning of genes essential to the development of teeth and bones, discoveries of numerous extracellular factors that guide the growth and differentiation of cells and aid in tissue repair and regeneration, the development of a technique for producing human monoclonal antibodies, and the use of recombinant DNA techniques to generate mutant forms of oral bacteria. At the same time, dental research continues to make strides in more traditional pursuits. Thus, we are seeing continued advances in dental diagnostics, in the generation of new materials and methods for restorations and replacements of natural teeth, and an increase in approaches aimed at preventing or reversing the major dental diseases: dental caries and the periodontal diseases. Recent epidemiological studies highlight the gains that have been made in the oral health status of Americans and are helping shape the research agenda of the National Institute of Dental Research in the years ahead. Greater emphasis will be put on the oral health problems of adults and older Americans and those of any age who are at high risk for oral problems. Advances in research, evident in changing patterns of disease, have become the major force for change in dental education and practice. Future practitioners will need a broader intellectual preparation that will enable them to diagnose and treat a wide range of oral tissue conditions. Many dental schools are showing their willingness and ability to rise to the challenge of changing demands, assuring a promising future for the "new dentistry".

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Traditional Medicinal Plant Extracts and Natural Products with Activity against Oral Bacteria: Potential Application in the Prevention and Treatment of Oral Diseases

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1093/ecam/nep067 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 154

Author(s):

Enzo A. Palombo

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Mutans Streptococci ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Medicinal Plant Extracts ◽

Prevention And Treatment

Oral diseases are major health problems with dental caries and periodontal diseases among the most important preventable global infectious diseases. Oral health influences the general quality of life and poor oral health is linked to chronic conditions and systemic diseases. The association between oral diseases and the oral microbiota is well established. Of the more than 750 species of bacteria that inhabit the oral cavity, a number are implicated in oral diseases. The development of dental caries involves acidogenic and aciduric Gram-positive bacteria (mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and actinomycetes). Periodontal diseases have been linked to anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis,Actinobacillus,PrevotellaandFusobacterium). Given the incidence of oral disease, increased resistance by bacteria to antibiotics, adverse affects of some antibacterial agents currently used in dentistry and financial considerations in developing countries, there is a need for alternative prevention and treatment options that are safe, effective and economical. While several agents are commercially available, these chemicals can alter oral microbiota and have undesirable side-effects such as vomiting, diarrhea and tooth staining. Hence, the search for alternative products continues and natural phytochemicals isolated from plants used as traditional medicines are considered as good alternatives. In this review, plant extracts or phytochemicals that inhibit the growth of oral pathogens, reduce the development of biofilms and dental plaque, influence the adhesion of bacteria to surfaces and reduce the symptoms of oral diseases will be discussed further. Clinical studies that have investigated the safety and efficacy of such plant-derived medicines will also be described.

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Structural changes in the oral microbiome of the adolescent patients with moderate or severe dental fluorosis

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82709-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Qian Wang ◽

Xuelan Chen ◽

Huan Hu ◽

Xiaoyuan Wei ◽

Xiaofan Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Microbial Community ◽

Microbial Community Structure ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Dental Fluorosis ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Oral Diseases

AbstractDental fluorosis is a very prevalent endemic disease. Although oral microbiome has been reported to correlate with different oral diseases, there appears to be an absence of research recognizing any relationship between the severity of dental fluorosis and the oral microbiome. To this end, we investigated the changes in oral microbial community structure and identified bacterial species associated with moderate and severe dental fluorosis. Salivary samples of 42 individuals, assigned into Healthy (N = 9), Mild (N = 14) and Moderate/Severe (M&S, N = 19), were investigated using the V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. The oral microbial community structure based on Bray Curtis and Weighted Unifrac were significantly changed in the M&S group compared with both of Healthy and Mild. As the predominant phyla, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes showed variation in the relative abundance among groups. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio was significantly higher in the M&S group. LEfSe analysis was used to identify differentially represented taxa at the species level. Several genera such as Streptococcus mitis, Gemella parahaemolysans, Lactococcus lactis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, were significantly more abundant in patients with moderate/severe dental fluorosis, while Prevotella melaninogenica and Schaalia odontolytica were enriched in the Healthy group. In conclusion, our study indicates oral microbiome shift in patients with moderate/severe dental fluorosis. We identified several differentially represented bacterial species enriched in moderate and severe fluorosis. Findings from this study suggests that the roles of these bacteria in oral health and related diseases warrant more consideration in patients with moderate and severe fluorosis.

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Diabetes and Oral Health: Summary of Current Scientific Evidence for Why Transdisciplinary Collaboration Is Needed

Frontiers in Dental Medicine ◽

10.3389/fdmed.2021.709831 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Wenche Sylling Borgnakke ◽

Prakash Poudel

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Oral Health ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Osteonecrosis Of The Jaw ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Melanin Pigmentation ◽

Transdisciplinary Collaboration

This Perspective provides a brief summary of the scientific evidence for the often two-way links between hyperglycemia, including manifest diabetes mellitus (DM), and oral health. It delivers in a nutshell examples of current scientific evidence for the following oral manifestations of hyperglycemia, along with any available evidence for effect in the opposite direction: periodontal diseases, caries/periapical periodontitis, tooth loss, peri-implantitis, dry mouth (xerostomia/hyposalivation), dysbiosis in the oral microbiome, candidiasis, taste disturbances, burning mouth syndrome, cancer, traumatic ulcers, infections of oral wounds, delayed wound healing, melanin pigmentation, fissured tongue, benign migratory glossitis (geographic tongue), temporomandibular disorders, and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Evidence for effects on quality of life will also be reported. This condensed overview delivers the rationale and sets the stage for the urgent need for delivery of oral and general health care in patient-centered transdisciplinary collaboration for early detection and management of both hyperglycemia and oral diseases to improve quality of life.

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The “Vitaminic-strategy” Against the Oral Bacteria S. Mutans and F. Nucleatum, Agents of Caries and Halitosis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-892470/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Laura Pietrangelo ◽

Irene Magnifico ◽

Giulio Petronio Petronio ◽

Marco Alfio Cutuli ◽

Noemi Venditti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Sulphur Compounds ◽

Oral Biofilms ◽

Oral Preparation ◽

Soft Tissue Inflammation

Abstract BackgroundThe oral cavity is one of the most complex human body environments. Indeed, the continuous variation of this habitat conditions reflects the high dynamism of the resident microbial community. Two key actors in the oral diseases are the bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Fusobacterium nucleatum, both implicated in the formation of oral biofilms and consequently in the generation of common pathologies such as caries and various gingival and soft tissue inflammation diseases. In addition, F. nucleatum is also implicated in the halitosis phenomenon, thanks to its demonstrated ability to produce as second metabolite the hydrogen sulphide (H2S), one of the volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) that, with methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) and the dimethyl sulphide (CH3SCH3)24, is produced by periodontopathic anaerobic bacteria and causes the awkward bad breath in halitosis patients.MethodsIn this study, the oral preparation Vea® Oris constituted only by vitamin E and capric/caprylic acid was evaluated as a potential treatment of caries and periodontal diseases; the effect of the product at different concentrations on the growth and the ability of both strains to form biofilm was investigated. Regarding to F. nucleatum also the influence of Vea® Oris on the production of H2S was evaluated. ResultsOur in vitro results suggested that the Vea® Oris treatment could considerably reduce the growth and biofilm formation of both S. mutans and F. nucleatum. For F. nucleatum an appreciable reduction of the H2S production can be also obtained. ConclusionsOverall, this study highlighted the potential of Vea® Oris as a more “natural” adjuvant to prevent the biofilm and plaque formation and to reduce the smelly odour of halitosis.

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How Do Polymer Coatings Affect the Growth and Bacterial Population of a Biofilm Formed by Total Human Salivary Bacteria?—A Study by 16S-RNA Sequencing

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9071427 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 1427

Author(s):

Ali Al-Ahmad ◽

Kira Wollensak ◽

Sibylle Rau ◽

Diana Lorena Guevara Solarte ◽

Stefan Paschke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Rna Sequencing ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽

Polymer Coatings ◽

Human Saliva ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Oral Implants ◽

16S Rna

Antimicrobial surface modifications are required to prevent biomaterial-associated biofilm infections, which are also a major concern for oral implants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three different coatings on the biofilm formed by human saliva. Biofilms grown from human saliva on three different bioactive poly(oxanorbornene)-based polymer coatings (the protein-repellent PSB: poly(oxanorbornene)-based poly(sulfobetaine), the protein-repellent and antimicrobial PZI: poly(carboxyzwitterion), and the mildly antimicrobial and protein-adhesive SMAMP: synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides) were analyzed and compared with the microbial composition of saliva, biofilms grown on uncoated substrates, and biofilms grown in the presence of chlorhexidine digluconate. It was found that the polymer coatings significantly reduced the amount of adherent bacteria and strongly altered the microbial composition, as analyzed by 16S RNA sequencing. This may hold relevance for maintaining oral health and the outcome of oral implants due to the existing synergism between the host and the oral microbiome. Especially the reduction of some bacterial species that are associated with poor oral health such as Tannerella forsythia and Fusobacterium nucleatum (observed for PSB and SMAMP), and Prevotella denticola (observed for all coatings) may positively modulate the oral biofilm, including in situ.

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Oral Microbiome of Permanently Mentally Disabled and Healthy Children

Acta Medica Martiniana ◽

10.2478/acm-2020-0013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 114-121

Author(s):

M Smatanova ◽

E Novakova ◽

M Bacinsky ◽

D Hvizdos ◽

D Statelova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Human Organism ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Mentally Disabled ◽

Number Of Microorganisms ◽

Enormous Number

AbstractThe oral cavity is a biologically significant and complex site of the human body. It is a gateway into the internal environment of the organism. There are many processes, such as the beginning of digestion, speech creation, and sensory perception of taste. Oral health is closely related to the general health of a person. The oral cavity contains an enormous number of microorganisms that can cause various diseases. Oral bacteria are responsible for diseases in the mouth, but can also seriously harm human health. The oral microbiome also serves as an indicator of health, respectively morbidity of the human organism. Compared to healthy children, mentally disabled children suffer from many congenital and acquired diseases and disorders that affect their overall and oral health. These children require a specific approach to the examination, but also to the therapy.Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the prevention of oral diseases in children, whether healthy or mentally disabled.

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Oral health problems in high-performance athletes at 2019 Pan American Games in Lima: a descriptive study

BDJ Open ◽

10.1038/s41405-021-00078-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Catalina Opazo-García ◽

Jeel Moya-Salazar ◽

Karina Chicoma-Flores ◽

Hans Contreras-Pulache

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Dental Care ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

High Performance ◽

Elite Athletes ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Health Problems ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Pan American

Abstract Introduction Dental care is provided for high-performance athletes at national and international sports events. Elite athletes may seek care for sports-related injuries and pre-existing oral diseases. Previous studies indicate an association between oral health problems and negative performance impacts in elite athletes. Objectives To determine the prevalence of the most common oral pathologies in high-performance athletes during the emergency dental care performed at the Lima 2019 Pan American Games (JPL-19). Methodology All reports of athletes (≥18 years old, of both sexes, from 41 countries) who received emergency dental care at Pan American Villas during the JPL-19 were included. Injuries and types of oral diseases were classified according to the Injury and Disease Surveillance System proposed by the International Olympic Committee. Results Of the 6680 participating athletes, 76 (1.14%) presented as dental emergencies, 90.8% (69/76) of the athletes seen presented pre-existing oral pathological conditions, the most frequent were periodontal diseases (34%, 26/76) and dental caries (29%, 22/76). Among the sports with the most cases, there were 22 (29%) in athletics, 6 (8%) in soccer, and 6 (8%) in taekwondo. The most frequent dental emergencies came from Peru, Puerto Rico, Bahamas, Grenada, and Venezuela. Conclusions Pre-existing oral diseases were more frequent than sports-related accidents. The most prevalent diseases were periodontal disease and dental caries disease. It is necessary to implement new care strategies for athletes, based on prevention, before and during sports competitions.

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Pre and Probiotics Involved in the Modulation of Oral Bacterial Species: New Therapeutic Leads in Mental Disorders?

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9071450 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 1450

Author(s):

Yoann Maitre ◽

Rachid Mahalli ◽

Pierre Micheneau ◽

Alexis Delpierre ◽

Marie Guerin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Oral Health ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Therapeutic Leads

This systematic review aims to identify probiotics and prebiotics for modulating oral bacterial species associated with mental disorders. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guideline, we search the electronic MEDLINE database published till January 2021 to identify the studies on probiotics and/or prebiotics for preventing and treating major oral dysbiosis that provokes mental disorders. The outcome of the search produces 374 records. After excluding non-relevant studies, 38 papers were included in the present review. While many studies suggest the potential effects of the oral microbiota on the biochemical signalling events between the oral microbiota and central nervous system, our review highlights the limited development concerning the use of prebiotics and/or probiotics in modulating oral dysbiosis potentially involved in the development of mental disorders. However, the collected studies confirm prebiotics and/or probiotics interest for a global or targeted modulation of the oral microbiome in preventing or treating mental disorders. These outcomes also offer exciting prospects for improving the oral health of people with mental disorders in the future.

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Oral Health and Nutrition

10.2310/im.9038 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Carole. A. Palmer ◽

Zhangmuge Cheng

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Oral Disease ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Oral Infections ◽

Surgeon General ◽

Optimal Health ◽

Health And Disease ◽

Oral Conditions

Oral diseases are among the most prevalent diseases affecting global health. In his report on the crisis in oral disease in America, the Surgeon General warned that one cannot be truly healthy without oral health. Oral health means freedom from all oral health problems; tooth decay (dental caries), periodontal diseases, tooth loss, oral-facial pain, oral cancer and the effects of its treatment, oral infections, craniofacial birth defects and more. The relationships between oral conditions and systemic health and disease are many and synergistic, and most involve dietary and/or systemic nutritional factors. Diet and nutrition can play important roles in the etiology, prevention, and/or management of oral conditions, as they do in overall health and disease. Today, all health professionals and educators need to be aware of and consider oral issues and their possible diet/nutritional implications as a component of optimal health care and education. This review article provides a brief overview of how diet and nutrition impact and are impacted by oral conditions, and offers general guidelines and resources for providing meaningful interventions throughout the life cycle. This review contains 3 figures, 3 tables, and 57 references Key Words: biofilm, cariogenic, dental caries, dental plaque, ECC-early childhood caries, lactobacillus, mucositis, non-cariogenic, periodontal disease, Streptococcus mutans

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