scholarly journals Oral Microbiome of Permanently Mentally Disabled and Healthy Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
M Smatanova ◽  
E Novakova ◽  
M Bacinsky ◽  
D Hvizdos ◽  
D Statelova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Mentally Disabled ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Enormous Number

AbstractThe oral cavity is a biologically significant and complex site of the human body. It is a gateway into the internal environment of the organism. There are many processes, such as the beginning of digestion, speech creation, and sensory perception of taste. Oral health is closely related to the general health of a person. The oral cavity contains an enormous number of microorganisms that can cause various diseases. Oral bacteria are responsible for diseases in the mouth, but can also seriously harm human health. The oral microbiome also serves as an indicator of health, respectively morbidity of the human organism. Compared to healthy children, mentally disabled children suffer from many congenital and acquired diseases and disorders that affect their overall and oral health. These children require a specific approach to the examination, but also to the therapy.Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the prevention of oral diseases in children, whether healthy or mentally disabled.

scholarly journals Association or Causation? Exploring the Oral Microbiome and Cancer Links

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (13) ◽  
pp. 1411-1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.R.F. Teles ◽  
F. Alawi ◽  
R.M. Castilho ◽  
Y. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Oral Malignancies ◽  
Sequencing Platforms

Several epidemiological investigations have found associations between poor oral health and different types of cancer, including colorectal, lung, pancreatic, and oral malignancies. The oral health parameters underlying these relationships include deficient oral hygiene, gingival bleeding, and bone and tooth loss. These parameters are related to periodontal diseases, which are directly and indirectly mediated by oral bacteria. Given the increased accessibility of microbial sequencing platforms, many recent studies have investigated the link between the oral microbiome and these cancers. Overall, it seems that oral dysbiotic states can contribute to tumorigenesis in the oral cavity as well as in distant body sites. Further, it appears that certain oral bacterial species can contribute to carcinogenesis, in particular, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis, based on results from epidemiological as well as mechanistic studies. Yet, the strength of the findings from these investigations is hampered by the heterogeneity of the methods used to measure oral diseases, the treatment of confounding factors, the study design, the platforms employed for microbial analysis, and types of samples analyzed. Despite these limitations, there is an overall indication that the presence of oral dysbiosis that leads to oral diseases may directly and/or indirectly contribute to carcinogenesis. Proper methodological standardized approaches should be implemented in future epidemiological studies as well as in the mechanistic investigations carried out to explore these results.

scholarly journals Correlation between oral health and severity of respiratory coronavirus infection COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
A. V. Mitronin ◽  
N. A. Apresian ◽  
D. A. Ostanina ◽  
E. D. Yurtseva
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Group 1

Aim. To establish the association between the presence of chronic infection in oral cavity and the severity of SARSCoV-2 infection.Materials and methods. The study was conducted among 30 people aged between18 and 22 who had had coronavirus infection from mild to severe cases. The assessment of oral health was carried out with main and additional examination methods, CFE index, PMA index, Greene, Wermillion oral hygiene index.Results. In group 1, the average value of CFE index was 4.2, in the second group – CFE index was twice higher at 7.8. PMA index in patients of group 2 was significantly higher (p> 0.01) and was at the level of 41.5%. In group 1, the PMA index was 13.3%. It was found that 17% of the respondents in the control group and 70% patients in the experimental group had an episodic exacerbation of dental diseases during COVID-19.Conclusions. The data obtained indicates a correlation between oral diseases and the severity of COVID-19. It is necessary to consider that chronic infection in the oral cavity as well as poor oral hygiene can act as a risk of complications of viral infections, in particular, of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Single-Cell Genomics and the Oral Microbiome

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Balachandran ◽  
K.L. Cross ◽  
M. Podar
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Interspecies Interactions ◽  
Single Cell Genomics

The human oral cavity is one of the first environments where microbes have been discovered and studied since the dawn of microbiology. Nevertheless, approximately 200 types of bacteria from the oral microbiota have remained uncultured in the laboratory. Some are associated with a healthy oral microbial community, while others are linked to oral diseases, from dental caries to gum disease. Single-cell genomics has enabled inferences on the physiology, virulence, and evolution of such uncultured microorganisms and has further enabled isolation and cultivation of several novel oral bacteria, including the discovery of novel interspecies interactions. This review summarizes some of the more recent advances in this field, which is rapidly moving toward physiologic characterization of single cells and ultimately cultivation of the yet uncultured. A combination of traditional microbiological approaches with genomic-based physiologic predictions and isolation strategies may lead to the oral microbiome being the first complex microbial community to have all its members cultivable in the laboratory. Studying the biology of the individual microbes when in association with other members of the community, in controlled laboratory conditions and in vivo, should lead to a better understanding of oral dysbiosis and its prevention and reversion.

scholarly journals New Approaches for Isolation of Previously Uncultivated Oral Bacteria

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Sizova ◽  
T. Hohmann ◽  
A. Hazen ◽  
B. J. Paster ◽  
S. R. Halem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Cell Cultivation ◽  
Human Oral Cavity ◽  
Successful Recovery ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Enrichment Techniques

ABSTRACTA significant number of microorganisms from the human oral cavity remain uncultivated. This is a major impediment to the study of human health since some of the uncultivated species may be involved in a variety of systemic diseases. We used a range of innovations previously developed to cultivate microorganisms from the human oral cavity, focusing on anaerobic species. These innovations include (i)in vivocultivation to specifically enrich for species actively growing in the oral cavity (the “minitrap” method), (ii) single-cell long-term cultivation to minimize the effect of fast-growing microorganisms, and (iii) modifications of conventional enrichment techniques, using media that did not contain sugar, including glucose. To enable cultivation of obligate anaerobes, we maintained strict anaerobic conditions in most of our cultivation experiments. We report that, on a per cell basis, the most successful recovery was achieved using minitrap enrichment (11%), followed by single-cell cultivation (3%) and conventional plating (1%). Taxonomically, the richest collection was obtained using the single-cell cultivation method, followed by minitrap and conventional enrichment, comprising representatives of 13, 9, and 4 genera, respectively. Interestingly, no single species was isolated by all three methods, indicating method complementarity. An important result is the isolation and maintenance in pure culture of 10 strains previously only known by their molecular signatures, as well as representatives of what are likely to be three new microbial genera. We conclude that the ensemble of new methods we introduced will likely help close the gap between cultivated and uncultivated species from the human oral cavity.

scholarly journals Clinical and systemic management of myiasis in a patient with advanced Alzheimer's disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e12110313145
Author(s):  
William Phillip Pereira da Silva ◽  
Stéfany Barbosa ◽  
Bruno Coelho Mendes ◽  
Mateus Diego Pavelski ◽  
Anderson Maikon de Souza Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
General Condition ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Poor Oral Hygiene ◽  
Cognitive Limitations

The management of patients with neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease presents a challenge in promoting oral health, which is mainly linked to the motor and cognitive limitations that these individuals have, making them susceptible to the development of a series of oral diseases, such as oral myiasis. The presence of larvae in the oral cavity in patients with Alzheimer's disease seems to be related to poor oral hygiene condition, to the long periods that the patient remains immobile and with the mouth ajar, facilitating the deposition of eggs. Therefore, this study aimed to report a clinical experience of a patient with Alzheimer's disease in an advanced stage and with manifestation of oral myiasis on the oral floor, vestibule bottom and inserted gum. The 81-year-old patient was debilitated, bedridden, unable to perform his activities alone, was taken to the emergency room by his caregiver, who reported having noticed the presence of larvae in the oral cavity. The patient was hospitalized and immediately administered Ivermectin, ceftriaxone and clindamycin. On the second day of hospitalization, he presented a systemic worsening due to bronchoaspiration, requiring immediate removal of the larvae under local anesthesia. Only after significant improvement in the general condition, thorough surgery was performed to debridement of the injured areas and remnants of larvae. After hospital discharge with 2-month follow-up, the patient did not have any complications related to his oral health, demonstrating that periodic follow-up to debilitated patients is an important tool for preventing opportunistic manifestations such as oral myiasis.

scholarly journals Interplay Among the Oral Microbiome, Oral Cavity Conditions, the Host Immune Response, Diabetes Mellitus, and Its Associated-Risk Factors—An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thais de Cássia Negrini ◽  
Iracilda Zeppone Carlos ◽  
Cristiane Duque ◽  
Karina Sampaio Caiaffa ◽  
Rodrigo Alex Arthur
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

This comprehensive review of the literature aimed to investigate the interplay between the oral microbiome, oral cavity conditions, and host immune response in Diabetes mellitus (DM). Moreover, this review also aimed to investigate how DM related risk factors, such as advanced age, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertension and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), act in promoting or modifying specific mechanisms that could potentially perpetuate both altered systemic and oral conditions. We found that poorly controlled glycemic index may exert a negative effect on the immune system of affected individuals, leading to a deficient immune response or to an exacerbation of the inflammatory response exacerbating DM-related complications. Hyperglycemia induces alterations in the oral microbiome since poor glycemic control is associated with increased levels and frequencies of periodontal pathogens in the subgingival biofilm of individuals with DM. A bidirectional relationship between periodontal diseases and DM has been suggested: DM patients may have an exaggerated inflammatory response, poor repair and bone resorption that aggravates periodontal disease whereas the increased levels of systemic pro-inflammatory mediators found in individuals affected with periodontal disease exacerbates insulin resistance. SARS-CoV-2 infection may represent an aggravating factor for individuals with DM. Individuals with DM tend to have low salivary flow and a high prevalence of xerostomia, but the association between prevalence/experience of dental caries and DM is still unclear. DM has also been associated to the development of lesions in the oral mucosa, especially potentially malignant ones and those associated with fungal infections. Obesity plays an important role in the induction and progression of DM. Co-affected obese and DM individuals tend to present worse oral health conditions. A decrease in HDL and, an increase in triglycerides bloodstream levels seem to be associated with an increase on the load of periodontopathogens on oral cavity. Moreover, DM may increase the likelihood of halitosis. Prevalence of impaired taste perception and impaired smell recognition tend to be greater in DM patients. An important interplay among oral cavity microbiome, DM, obesity and hypertension has been proposed as the reduction of nitrate into nitrite, in addition to contribute to lowering of blood pressure, reduces oxidative stress and increases insulin secretion, being these effects desirable for the control of obesity and DM. Women with PCOS tend to present a distinct oral microbial composition and an elevated systemic response to selective members of this microbial community, but the association between oral microbiome, PCOS are DM is still unknown. The results of the studies presented in this review suggest the interplay among the oral microbiome, oral cavity conditions, host immune response and DM and some of the DM associated risk factors exist. DM individuals need to be encouraged and motivated for an adequate oral health care. In addition, these results show the importance of adopting multidisciplinary management of DM and of strengthening physicians-dentists relationship focusing on both systemic and on oral cavity conditions of DM patients.

Oral probiotic and its delivery carriers to improve oral health: A review

Microbiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 167 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Hsuan How ◽  
Siok-Koon Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Probiotic Product ◽  
Adherence Ability ◽  
Probiotic Delivery

In recent years, oral probiotics have been researched on their effectiveness in reducing and preventing oral diseases. Oral probiotics could be introduced into the oral cavity to keep the equilibrium of the microbiome. Hence, the delivery carrier for oral probiotics plays an important factor to ensure a high number of oral probiotics were delivered and released into the oral cavity. This review presents a brief overview of oral microbiota and the role of oral probiotics in reducing oral diseases. Moreover, important aspects of the oral probiotic product such as viability, adherence ability, health effects, safety, and delivery site were discussed. Besides that, the importance of utilizing indigenous oral probiotics was also emphasized. Oral probiotics are commonly found in the market in the form of chewing tablets, lozenges, and capsules. Hence, the oral probiotic carriers currently used in the market and research were reviewed. Furthermore, this review introduces new potential oral probiotic delivery carriers such as oral strip, bucco-adhesive gel, and mouthwash. Their effectiveness in delivering oral probiotics for oral health was also explored.

Research on Oral Diseases and Its Impact On Dental Education and Practice

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Löe
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Dental Education ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Dental Research ◽  
Tissue Repair And Regeneration ◽  
Wide Range

In recent years advances in dental research have marked the integration of dental science into the mainstream of biomedical research, with dental investigators employing the same cell and molecular biology techniques that have revolutionized the biosciences. Examples include the isolation and cloning of genes essential to the development of teeth and bones, discoveries of numerous extracellular factors that guide the growth and differentiation of cells and aid in tissue repair and regeneration, the development of a technique for producing human monoclonal antibodies, and the use of recombinant DNA techniques to generate mutant forms of oral bacteria. At the same time, dental research continues to make strides in more traditional pursuits. Thus, we are seeing continued advances in dental diagnostics, in the generation of new materials and methods for restorations and replacements of natural teeth, and an increase in approaches aimed at preventing or reversing the major dental diseases: dental caries and the periodontal diseases. Recent epidemiological studies highlight the gains that have been made in the oral health status of Americans and are helping shape the research agenda of the National Institute of Dental Research in the years ahead. Greater emphasis will be put on the oral health problems of adults and older Americans and those of any age who are at high risk for oral problems. Advances in research, evident in changing patterns of disease, have become the major force for change in dental education and practice. Future practitioners will need a broader intellectual preparation that will enable them to diagnose and treat a wide range of oral tissue conditions. Many dental schools are showing their willingness and ability to rise to the challenge of changing demands, assuring a promising future for the "new dentistry".

scholarly journals Traditional Medicinal Plant Extracts and Natural Products with Activity against Oral Bacteria: Potential Application in the Prevention and Treatment of Oral Diseases

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enzo A. Palombo
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Mutans Streptococci ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Medicinal Plant Extracts ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

Oral diseases are major health problems with dental caries and periodontal diseases among the most important preventable global infectious diseases. Oral health influences the general quality of life and poor oral health is linked to chronic conditions and systemic diseases. The association between oral diseases and the oral microbiota is well established. Of the more than 750 species of bacteria that inhabit the oral cavity, a number are implicated in oral diseases. The development of dental caries involves acidogenic and aciduric Gram-positive bacteria (mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and actinomycetes). Periodontal diseases have been linked to anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis,Actinobacillus,PrevotellaandFusobacterium). Given the incidence of oral disease, increased resistance by bacteria to antibiotics, adverse affects of some antibacterial agents currently used in dentistry and financial considerations in developing countries, there is a need for alternative prevention and treatment options that are safe, effective and economical. While several agents are commercially available, these chemicals can alter oral microbiota and have undesirable side-effects such as vomiting, diarrhea and tooth staining. Hence, the search for alternative products continues and natural phytochemicals isolated from plants used as traditional medicines are considered as good alternatives. In this review, plant extracts or phytochemicals that inhibit the growth of oral pathogens, reduce the development of biofilms and dental plaque, influence the adhesion of bacteria to surfaces and reduce the symptoms of oral diseases will be discussed further. Clinical studies that have investigated the safety and efficacy of such plant-derived medicines will also be described.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Significance of Oral Health Management in the Era of “the New Normal with COVID-19”

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6527
Author(s):  
Kenichi Imai ◽  
Hajime Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
World Health ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
New Normal ◽  
The World

More than a year ago, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, with the world approaching its fourth wave. During this period, vaccines were developed in a much shorter period than thought possible, with the initiation of the pertinent vaccination. However, oral cavities have come under renewed scrutiny worldwide because saliva, a mixture of salivary secretions, pharyngeal secretions, and gingival crevicular fluid, have not only been shown to contain infective viral loads, mediating the route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via droplet, aerosol, or contagion, but also used as a sample for viral RNA testing with a usefulness comparable to the nasopharyngeal swab. The oral cavity is an important portal for ingress of SARS-CoV-2, being an entryway to the bronchi, alveoli, and rest of the lower respiratory tract, causing inflammation by viral infection. Moreover, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a host receptor for SARS-CoV-2, coupled with proteases responsible for viral entry have been found to be expressed on the tongue and other oral mucosae, suggesting that the oral cavity is the site of virus replication and propagation. Furthermore, there is a possibility that the aspiration of oral bacteria (such as periodontal pathogens) along with saliva into the lower respiratory tract may be a complicating factor for COVID-19 because chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes are known COVID-19 comorbidities with a greater risk of disease aggravation and higher death rate. These comorbidities have a strong connection to chronic periodontitis and periodontal pathogens, and an oral health management is an effective measure to prevent these comorbidities. In addition, oral bacteria, particularly periodontal pathogens, could be proinflammatory stimulants to respiratory epithelia upon its exposure to aspirated bacteria. Therefore, it may be expected that oral health management not only prevents comorbidities involved in aggravating COVID-19 but also has an effect against COVID-19 progression. This review discusses the significance of oral health management in SARS-CoV-2 infection in the era of “the new normal with COVID-19” and COVID-19 prevention with reference to the hypothetical mechanisms that the authors and the other researchers have proposed.

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