Filtration efficiency and differential pressure of fabrics used in non-medical masks based on SARS COVID-19 particle size

2021 ◽  
pp. 004051752110460
Author(s):  
Charles Freeman ◽  
Reuben Burch ◽  
Catherine Black ◽  
Lesley Strawderman ◽  
Jaime Rickert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Filtration Efficiency ◽  
Mitigation Strategy ◽  
Differential Pressure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Q Factor ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Q Factors ◽  
Overall Effectiveness

Non-medical fabric masks, recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization, are available in various fabrics. There is limited research on the overall effectiveness of fabrics used to make masks. The purpose of this study was to assess fabrics commonly used in non-medical masks against their ability to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 based on the size and throughput of aerosols and particles (<1[Formula: see text]m). Seven different fabrics were evaluated on filtration efficiency (FE), differential pressure (dP), and filtration quality (Q factor). Results indicate <16% FE against particles the size of COVID-19, dP <0.51 in w.c., and Q factor <0.004 Pa−1. FE results are lower than previously reported research with dP and Q factors within international guidelines. Using non-medical fabric masks as the sole mitigation strategy is not effective. It is critical to combine non-medical fabric masks with physical distancing to slow the spread of COVID-19 further.

School Nurses on the Front Lines of Healthcare: Infectious Diseases Popularized in the News

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 212-216
Author(s):  
Lauren McNickle ◽  
Robert P. Olympia
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
School Nurses ◽  
World Health ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Health Organizations ◽  
Public Health Organizations ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Health Organization

School nurses may deal with students presenting with symptoms associated with infections popularized in the news. Although rare, the implications of missing or misdiagnosing these infections are potentially life-threatening and devastating. We present three students presenting with febrile illnesses associated with neurologic symptoms, a rash, and fatigue, focusing on the initial assessment and management of these students and their associated “hot topic” infection. The authors also discuss two public health organizations, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (https://www.cdc.gov/) and the World Health Organization (https://www.who.int/), online references for the school nurse to research both emerging and common infectious diseases.

scholarly journals The effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the provision of urgent surgery: a perspective from the USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhiman Cheeyandira
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Surgical Care ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urgent Surgery ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Made In

Abstract Corona virus pandemic has affected all the 50 states in the USA. States such as NY, CA and WA being the most affected. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website, as of 28 March 2020, the total number of cases in the USA is over 103 300 and number of deaths to 1668. In the coming weeks, COVID-19 rates are expected to begin skyrocketing and hit a peak in late April/May/June given lessons learned from China, Italy and others. COVID-19 has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) as confirmed cases approach 575 444 patients with 26 654 deaths across over 160 countries, as of 28 March 2020. There is a lot of impact on management of the urgent and emergent cases. This article highlights the changes that are being made in delivering urgent and emergent surgical care during the pandemic.

Keeping the flu at bay: Methods for detecting and containing infectious disease

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Atresha Karra, JD ◽  
Emily Cornette, JD
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
United States ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reporting Requirements ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization

This article focuses on the existing methods for tracking and restricting the spread of communicable diseases, both within United States borders and across nations. It will first describe the roles played by the United States’ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization and will then explore how communicable diseases across the world are identified and monitored. This will be followed by a discussion of US and world reporting requirements and methods. Finally, the article will discuss the tactics used by the United States to control the spread of disease.

scholarly journals Outbreak column 21: Tuberculosis (TB): Still a nosocomial threat

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-150
Author(s):  
Evonne T Curran
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
World Health ◽  
Nosocomial Transmission ◽  
National Guidance ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Uk

This outbreak column explores the epidemiology and infection prevention guidance on tuberculosis (TB) in the UK. The column finds that, at present, national guidance leaves UK hospitals ill-prepared to prevent nosocomial TB transmission. Reasons for this conclusion are as follows: (1) while TB is predominantly a disease that affects people with ‘social ills’, it has the potential to infect anyone who is sufficiently exposed; (2) nosocomial transmission is documented throughout history; (3) future nosocomial exposures may involve less treatable disease; and (4) current UK guidance is insufficient to prevent nosocomial transmission and is less than that advocated by the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Respiratory Protection by Respirators: The Predictive Value of User Seal Check for the Fit Determination in Healthcare Settings

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Ching Lam ◽  
Joseph Kok Long Lee ◽  
Linda Yin King Lee ◽  
Ka Fai Wong ◽  
Cathy Nga Yan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Device ◽  
World Health ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Respiratory Protection ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
The World ◽  
Fit Testing ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
N95 Respirators

The N95 respirator is one type that is recommended by the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to prevent inhalation of droplets that may act to transmit respiratory pathogens. However, the reliability of this respirator to prevent transmission is dependent on how well it is fitted to the wearer. For ill-fitting respirators, the average penetration by ambient aerosol was found to be 33%, compared with 4% for well-fitting respirators. Such penetration or leakage may be caused by the gap between the respirator and the wearer's face. Therefore, formal fit testing should be carried out prior to the use of N95 respirators. Quantitative fit testing measures “the adequacy of respirator fit by numerically measuring the amount of leakage into the respirator” using an electronic device.

scholarly journals Early Outbreak Analysis of COVID-19 Epidemic: China and Global Health Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samrat Kumar Dey ◽  
Md. Mahbubur Rahman ◽  
Umme Raihan Siddiqi ◽  
Arpita Howlader
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Exploratory Data Analysis ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Johns Hopkins University ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Exploratory Data ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Purpose: Globally, there is an obvious concern about the fact that the evolving 2019-nCoV coronavirus is a worldwide public health threat. The appearance in China at the end of 2019 of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; previously provisionally labeled as 2019 novel coronavirus or 2019-nCoV) disease (COVID-19) caused a major global outbreak and right now is a major community health issue. As of 8 March 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) data showed that more than 105 500 confirmed cases were reported in over 100 countries/regions, with > 75% of cases being detected in China and >24% of cases detected globally. COVID-19 outbreak is evolving so rapidly; therefore, the available epidemiological data are essential to direct strategies for situational awareness and intervention. Methods: This article will present a visual exploratory data analysis (V-EDA) approach to collect and analyze COVID-19 data on epidemiological outbreaks. Various open data sources on the outbreak of COVID-19 provided by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Health Commission (NHC), Johns Hopkins University Interactive Dashboard and DXY.cn have been used in this research.Results: Therefore, an Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) with visualizations has been designed and developed in order to understand the number of different cases reported (confirmed, death, and recovered) in different provinces of China and outside of China between 22 January 2020 to 4 March 2020. Various open data sources on the outbreak of COVID-19 provided by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Health Commission (NHC), Johns Hopkins University Interactive Dashboard and DXY.cn have been used in this research. Conclusion: In all, this is extremely important to promptly spread information to understand the risks of this pandemic and begin containment activities.

scholarly journals Ten commonly asked questions about Covid-19 and lessons learned from Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pramon Viwattanakulvanid
Keyword(s):  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
The World ◽  
Village Health Volunteers ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization

PurposeAs the world faces a new health crisis threatening people with the spread of Covid-19, this study aims to summarize the key information of Covid-19 related to disease characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prevention along with the lessons learned from Thailand.Design/methodology/approachThe narrative review was synthesized from various sources such as the World Health Organization; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Ministry of Public Health and other related news; articles in ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar; and the author's perspective regarding the lessons learned from Thailand with keywords of “Covid-19” and “Coronavirus” from January to August 2020. Google Trends was used to set common questions.FindingsCovid-19 is the seventh family of coronaviruses that cause various symptoms related to respiratory systems. The disease can be treated through general and symptomatic treatment, by using antiviral drugs. As of July 2020, there are four potential vaccine candidates ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, mRNA-1273, Ad5-nCOV and BNT162b1. The recommendations for Covid-19 prevention are physical distancing, face masks, eye protection and hand washing. Thailand is now considered as low-risk for Covid-19 possibly because of (1) soft policy by government actions, (2) village health volunteers, (3) integration of technology and (4) fact-based communications.Originality/valueThis study summarized the key points about Covid-19, clarified some misunderstandings and shared strategic actions from Thailand, which can be adapted according to the different capacities and situations in other countries.

COVID-19: Socio-Economic Consequences on the Hospitality Industry in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-52
Author(s):  
Nur Hidayah Che Ahmat ◽  
Syafiqah Rahamat ◽  
Susan Wohlsdorf Arendt
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) first appeared in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province China before emerging in neighbouring countries in early 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic when the spreading of the virus started accelerating in many parts of the world and killing thousands of people. As of 22nd May 2021, there were more than 166 million confirmed cases with more than 147 million recovered and nearly 3.5 million deaths (Worldometers, n.d.). According to the WHO (2020) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020), the virus easily spreads through coughing and sneezing. Therefore, many countries implemented social distancing between individuals and various other restriction orders or recommendations (e.g., stay-at-home policies, closure of non-essential businesses) to help curb virus spread. How governments in each country reacted to control the spread of the virus appeared crucial to mitigate public health and economic impacts. Keywords: Foodservice, Hospitality, Hotel, Malaysia, Pandemic

scholarly journals Chemical threats in the EU Health Security Programme

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Task Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Health Security ◽  
Health Security ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Chemical Threats ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Eu

All projected tasks for the European Commission’s Task Force for Biological and Chemical Attacks (http://europa.eu.int/comm/health/ph/programmes/bio-terrorism/index_en.html) take both biological and chemical threats into account. The Task Force experts have compiled information from a series of valid lists of toxic threats, from bodies including the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the Australia Group* (AG), the World Health Organization (WHO), the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and others. A list of suspicious chemicals and toxins is being finalised by the Task Force, working with their counterparts in the Global Health Security Initiative of the G7+ countries (1).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document