The Relevance of Women’s Economic Marginalization to Recidivism

This study examines whether changes over time in women’s criminogenic needs, particularly their financial needs, predict recidivism. In a 9-year longitudinal study, 304 women were interviewed repeatedly during 4.5 years after probation/parole began. Women provided data on both their gender-specific and gender-neutral criminogenic needs. Women’s average standing on each need and an index of their change in the need over time were computed and used to predict subsequent recidivism over the 3.4 years after the final interview. Women whose financial needs decreased were less likely to be rearrested and convicted relative to other women. The findings highlight the importance of considering a multifaceted and gender-specific definition of economic marginalization in both theory and practice. At the policy level, there is a need to reduce justice-involved women’s financial needs. In addition, further longitudinal research should be conducted to understand how different type of changes in women’s lives impact recidivism.

Increasing Incidence in Relapsing-Remitting MS and High Rates among Young Women in Finland: A Thirty-Year Follow-Up

Multiple Sclerosis International ◽

10.1155/2014/186950 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marja-Liisa Sumelahti ◽

Markus H. A. Holmberg ◽

Annukka Murtonen ◽

Heini Huhtala ◽

Irina Elovaara

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Delay ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Age Group ◽

Mcdonald Criteria ◽

Relapsing Remitting ◽

Medium Risk ◽

And Gender ◽

Definition Of ◽

Object. Gender and disease course specific incidences were studied in high- and medium-risk regions of MS in Finland.Methods. Age- and gender-specific incidences with 95% CIs were calculated in 10-year periods from 1981 to 2010. Poser diagnostic criteria were used and compared with the McDonald criteria from 2001 to 2010. Association between age and diagnostic delay over time was assessed by using the Kruskal-Wallis test.Results. 1419 (89%) RRMS and 198 (11%) PPMS cases were included. RRMS incidence increased with the female to male ratio (F/M) from 4,2/105(F/M 1.9) to 9,7 (2.3), while that of PPMS decreased from 1,2 (1.6) to 0,7 (1.2). The use of McDonald criteria did not change the conclusion. The decreasing diagnostic delay and age at diagnosis in RRMS were associated within the 10-year periods and contrasted those in PPMS. Increasing female risk in RRMS was observed in the high-risk region.Conclusion. Increasing RRMS incidence and high female ratios shown in each age group indicate gender-specific influences acting already from childhood. A more precise definition of the risk factors and their action in MS is needed to provide a better understanding of underlying pathological processes and a rationale for the development of new preventive and treatment strategies.

Developmental Relations between Mathematics Anxiety, Symbolic Numerical Magnitude Processing, and Arithmetic Skills from First to Second Grade

10.31234/osf.io/692ah ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Riikka Mononen ◽

Markku Niemivirta ◽

Johan Korhonen ◽

Marcus Lindskog ◽

Anna Tapola

Keyword(s):

Mathematics Anxiety ◽

Performance Test ◽

Longitudinal Research ◽

Rank Order ◽

Change Score ◽

Mathematics Performance ◽

Numerical Magnitude ◽

Magnitude Processing ◽

And Gender ◽

We investigated the levels and changes in mathematics anxiety (MA), symbolic numerical magnitude processing (SNMP) and arithmetic skills, and how those changes are linked to each other. Children’s (n = 264) MA, SNMP and arithmetic skills were measured in Grade 1, and again in Grade 2, including also a mathematics performance test. All three constructs correlated significantly within each time point, and the rank-order stability over time was high, particularly in SNMP and arithmetic skills. By means of latent change score modeling, we found overall increases in SNMP and arithmetic skills over time, but not in MA. Most interestingly, changes in arithmetic skills and MA were correlated (i.e., steeper increase in arithmetic skills was linked with less steep increase in MA), as were changes in SNMP and arithmetic skills (i.e., improvement in SNMP was associated with improvement in arithmetic skills). Only the initial level of arithmetic skills and change in it predicted mathematics performance. The only gender difference, in favour of boys, was found in SNMP skills. The differential effects associated with MA (developmentally only linked with arithmetic skills) and gender (predicting only changes in SNMP) call for further longitudinal research on the different domains of mathematical skills.

Women's Neurology

10.1093/med/9780190609917.001.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Keyword(s):

Healthy Aging ◽

Sex And Gender ◽

Case Examples ◽

Medication Effects ◽

Women's Lives ◽

Treatment Considerations ◽

Key Issues ◽

And Gender ◽

Everyday Problems ◽

Women’s Neurology details how to best care for women with neurological disorders. It can be challenging for physicians to stay on top of the latest research about how sex and gender affect the course of specific diseases, medication effects, and best neurological care. The book’s raison d’être is therefore to heighten caregivers’ awareness about the gender differences in neurological care. It spans the neurological issues that occur at different portions of women’s lives, including reproductive health, pregnancy, and issues around healthy aging. The book addresses a range of topics about women’s health and gender-specific neurological care. Topics include issues that are unique to women, as well as those that may affect both men and women, but have a different risk, prevalence, presentation or treatment considerations for women. The book’s format is based on the “What Do I Do Now?” texts, using case examples of common problems and questions that involve women with neurological disease and discussing how to best address the key issues. The aim is to give practical advice for everyday problems clinicians face in caring for women.

Feminist Psychology in North America

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.665 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kate Sheese

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Civil Rights ◽

Civil Rights Movement ◽

Theory And Practice ◽

Feminist Psychology ◽

Sex And Gender ◽

Institutional Practices ◽

Women's Lives ◽

The Face ◽

And Gender

Feminist psychology as an institutionalized field in North America has a relatively recent history. Its formalization remains geographically uneven and its institutionalization remains a contested endeavor. Women’s liberation movements, anticolonial struggles, and the civil rights movement acted as galvanizing forces in bringing feminism formally into psychology, transforming not only its sexist institutional practices but also its theories, and radically challenging its epistemological and methodological commitments and constraints. Since the late 1960s, feminists in psychology have produced radically new understandings of sex and gender, have recovered women’s history in psychology, have developed new historiographical methods, have engaged with and developed innovative approaches to theory and research, and have rendered previously invisibilized issues and experiences central to women’s lives intelligible and worthy of scholarly inquiry. Heated debates about the potential of feminist psychology to bring about radical social and political change are ongoing as feminists in the discipline negotiate threats and dilemmas related to collusion, colonialism, and co-optation in the face of ongoing commitments to positivism and individualism in psychology and as the theory and practice of psychology remains embedded within broader structures of neoliberalism and global capitalism.

Is Spanish Becoming more Gender Fair? A Historical Perspective on the Interpretation of Gender-specific and Gender-neutral Expressions

Linguistik Online ◽

10.13092/lo.58.241 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Uwe Kjær Nissen

Keyword(s):

Public Discourse ◽

Native Speakers ◽

Change Over Time ◽

Gender Representations ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Gender Neutral ◽

And Gender ◽

Male Image ◽

Gender Specific ◽

During the last three decades, many recommendations for a gender fair Spanish language have been proposed, but, generally speaking, it has been the substitution of the so-called 'masculine generic' (e.g. los profesores 'the teachers [masc.]') by gender neutral (e.g. el pro¬fesorado 'the staff of teachers) or explicit references (e.g. los profesores y (las) profesoras 'the teachers [masc. and fem., resp.]') which has been favoured. Two important assumptions are implicit in these recommendations. First, the sentences containing the masculine forms would lead to associations primarily to men (thus leaving women 'invisible'), whereas sentences containing either the gender-neutral forms or the gender-explicit references would evoke a generic association. Second, the associations between form and mental representation are considered inalterable and unlikely to change over time. This paper intends to interrogate these assumptions by means of two questionnaire investigations that were carried out in Spain in 1995 and 2005 in which native speakers of Spanish were asked to complete specific filler sentences. The results of both investigations demonstrate that there is no clear-cut correspondence between certain linguistic forms and the mental (gender-) representations evoked in peoples' minds. For example, a masculine form is not automatically connected with a male image. The investigation also shows that some associations significantly change over time; for example, a clear male bias of the masculine form in the first study seems to have vanished within a time span of ten years. With respect to another aim of the gender fair recommendations - namely to make women more visible in public discourse – the investigations show that this, indeed, is best achieved by explicitly referring to women. Interestingly, this result appears to be stable over time. Altogether, it seems justifiable to conclude that the assumptions underlying the recommendations for a gender fair language can be challenged. At any rate, it is important to point out that these assumptions are subject to change over time - at least within politically influenced language matters – and perhaps faster than has been expected.

Abstract 145: Is the Rate of Ischemic Stroke Incidence Changing Differentially Over Time for Women and Men?

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.44.suppl_1.a145 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Jane C Khoury ◽

Brett Kissela ◽

Heidi Sucharew ◽

Kathleen Alwell ◽

Charles Moomaw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Population Based ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Stroke Incidence ◽

Men And Women ◽

Stroke Prevalence ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Specific ◽

Background: A surge of midlife (age 55-64 years) stroke in women, and not in men, has previously been reported using prevalence data from NHANES. However it is not clear if this same finding would be seen within age- and gender-specific incidence rates of stroke. We sought to examine the incidence of ischemic (IS) stroke and the gender-specific trends over time in a population-based study of stroke epidemiology. Methods: Data from the population-based Greater Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky epidemiology of stroke study for adults (≥ 20 years) was used from three collection periods; 7/1993 to 6/1994, 1999, and 2005. We compared the IS stroke incidence rates in women versus men between the three study periods, in particular for the ages 35 to 65 years. Sex specific age, and race adjusted incidence rates and race adjusted, age and gender specific incidence rates were estimated and adjusted to the 2000 US population. Results: A total of 5166 incident IS strokes were identified: 1709 from 7/1993 to 6/1994, 1778 from 1999, and 1679 from 2005. These were 56% female, 18% black; mean age was 71.4 (13.7) years. Overall, IS stroke incidence declined in both women and men in 2005 compared to the previous time periods (p<0.01). However, there was a significant increase over time in stroke incidence seen in both men and women in the younger age groups in 2005, compared with 1993/94 (p<0.05). Conclusions: We found that stroke incidence is not changing differently over time for men and women. There has been an increase in IS stroke incidence in the young, but this is found in both men and women. The previously reported “surge” in middle-aged stroke prevalence may be related in part to increased rates of stroke in the young, with survival to middle-age, but our incidence findings do not explain the reported difference in prevalence found between women and men in the NHANES cohort.

Assessment and management of severe obesity in childhood and adolescence

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes ◽

10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.1218 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 1646-1649

Author(s):

Ram Weiss

Keyword(s):

Body Fat ◽

Severe Obesity ◽

Task Force ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

And Gender ◽

Definition Of ◽

The true prevalence of obesity in childhood is difficult to determine as there is no internationally accepted definition of pathological adiposity in the paediatric age group. Body weight is reasonably well correlated with body fat but is also highly correlated with height, and children of the same weight but different heights can have differing amounts of adiposity. In children the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and body fat varies considerably with age and with pubertal maturation. BMI centile charts using national BMI reference data have now been published in several countries and aid the graphical plotting of serial BMI measurements in individual patients. However, such charts are often based on arbitrary statistical measures and not on biological data related to the risk of later morbidity. Cole et al. developed age- and gender-specific cut-off lines from BMI data derived from six countries, which extrapolate risk from the adult experience to children (1). The International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) has recommended the use of these age- and gender-specific BMI cut-offs (overweight as approximately 91st percentile or greater and obesity as approximately 99th percentile or greater) for the comparison of obesity prevalence in different populations (2). Although there is no accepted definition for severe obesity in childhood, a BMI SD >2.5 (weight off the chart) is often used in specialist centres and the crossing of weight percentile lines upwards is an early indication of the risk of severe obesity.

Dimensions and Correlates of Development in Construction

Journal of Construction in Developing Countries ◽

10.21315/jcdc2021.26.2.3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 37-64

Author(s):

André Ullal ◽

Paolo Tombesi

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Construction Industry ◽

Theory And Practice ◽

Industry Development ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Definition Of ◽

Stages Of Economic Development ◽

Over Time ◽

Case Based ◽

Oriented Research

In light of the limited impact research on construction in developing countries has had on theory and practice, this article discusses the meaning of development as it pertains to construction. The discussion distinguishes between studies addressing construction in developing countries, entailing focus on context and case-based approaches to research, and studies that focus on the process of construction industry development. Progress in research addressing the process of development has been hampered by a lack of data to support the examination of changes in construction industries over time and to compare industries in countries at different stages of economic development. To encourage more process-oriented research, a definition of development in construction is elaborated to include six important dimensions – i.e., important factors affecting construction industry development. Taking into account the lack of relevant statistics, correlates for these dimensions (i.e., statistical proxies) are reviewed. Finally, a manner of graphically presenting these dimensions and correlates is introduced. This graphic format enables visual comparison of conditions affecting construction in different countries. It also provides a frame for relating separate case studies to support comparisons and contributions to theory.

Population-Level Projections for Multiple Myeloma Patients By Line of Therapy in the USA

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2020-139303 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 136 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 2-3

Author(s):

Gena Kanas ◽

Otavio Clark ◽

Katie Keeven ◽

Knar Nersesyan ◽

Leah Sansbury ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Myeloma ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Publicly Traded ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Combining Data ◽

The Usa ◽

And Gender ◽

Line Of Therapy ◽

Gender Specific ◽

Introduction: Treatment for multiple myeloma (MM) has evolved over time, leading to improved survival outcomes for patients. However, information on real world clinical practice, such as the proportion of patients receiving each treatment regimen or the number of patients eligible for a given line of therapy (LOT), is limited. The purpose of this analysis is to report the results of a patient epidemiology model for MM treatment by LOT in the USA. Methods: This study was a retrospective, population-based, secondary data analysis of MM in the USA combining data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry and physician survey results from the CancerMPact® (CMP) database. Age- and gender-specific incidence rates were obtained from SEER for all available years through 2016 using the ICD-O-3 histology codes of 9731 (solitary plasmacytoma of bone), 9732 (plasma cell myeloma), and 9734 (extraosseous plasmacytoma). Based on the observed trend in the historical incidence rates through 2016, the incidence rates were projected to 2025. These projected rates were multiplied by the respective age- and gender-specific USA population from the 2010 U.S. Census, moderate projection to calculate the estimated number of incident MM patients between 2020-2025. Complete prevalence was calculated using the National Cancer Institute's Complete Prevalence (ComPrev) software. Annual prevalent patients by LOT were defined as the number of MM patients who received a line therapy at any point in the given year, and who had not yet progressed to the next LOT. To calculate the number of unique patients during a given year who were on a specific LOT, the mean progression-free survival (PFS) of the LOT in months was calculated based on data from the 2018-2019 CMP Treatment Architecture (TA) physician surveys. The total estimate of MM patients on a LOT among prevalent patients was calculated using the annual estimate of patients initiating a line by year, divided by total months per year, then multiplied by the average PFS in months for that line. Results: Projected complete MM prevalence in the USA in 2020 was estimated at 144,922, further increasing to 162,339 by 2025. Projected unique MM patients by LOT in 2020 was estimated as 53,176 (1st LOT), 19,407 (2nd LOT), 6,481 (3rd LOT), 1,649 (4th LOT), and 426 (5th LOT) (refer to Table 1 for ranges). It is estimated the number of unique prevalent patients will increase over time for each line (total of 13% across 5 years). Conclusions: With different treatment options available, the choice of therapeutic approach for MM patients is an increasingly complex process. As more new anti-neoplastic agents are introduced and survival duration for patients with MM continues to increase with longer intervals between disease progression, patients are potentially able to receive multiple lines of therapy. In this study, the proportion of prevalent cases by line decreased with each additional LOT. The current study estimated overall lower proportions than previous studies for third line and beyond (Ruzafa 2016, Raab 2018). These differences can be attributed to the underlying assumptions and different methodologies used. The physicians responding to the TA survey are basing their responses on their own recall and clinical experience across all the multiple myeloma patients they treated over the past 6 months. Few published studies have reported on contemporary proportions of treated MM patients by LOT combining data from both registry sources and physician surveys in an epidemiology model. The results of this study show that incidence and prevalence by LOT for MM patients in the USA are estimated to increase between 2020-2025. While several factors can contribute to the increase of MM incidence and treated patients projected into the future, a key consideration is the underlying aging of the population (Vespa 2020). Between 2020-2025, the total incidence as well as the total unique patients treated by line increased substantially and the assumption is that this trend will continue. Funding: GSK (study: 213443). Disclosures Kanas: Kantar: Consultancy. Clark:Kantar: Consultancy, Current Employment, Honoraria. Keeven:Kantar: Consultancy, Current Employment. Nersesyan:Kantar: Consultancy, Current Employment. Sansbury:GSK: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Hoggea:GSK: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company.

Using height-corrected definition of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1515/jpem-2018-0414 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (5) ◽

pp. 429-438

Author(s):

Chunming Ma ◽

Qiang Lu ◽

Rui Wang ◽

Fuzai Yin

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Anthropometric Indexes ◽

And Gender ◽

Definition Of ◽

Hypertension In Children ◽

Abstract Metabolic syndrome (MS) is common among children and adolescents. Age- and gender-specific references or age-, gender- and height-specific references were used in pediatric MS definitions. More recently, an increasing number of studies documented that the ratio of waist circumference (WC) to height (WHtR) and blood pressure to height (BPHR) were easy anthropometric indexes for detection of obesity and hypertension in children and adolescents. For these reasons, height-corrected MS definition was proposed. WHtR and BPHR were used as alternatives to WC and BP in the definition of MS. In the present review, we discuss the possibility of the height-corrected MS definition for identifying MS in children.