Exploring Officer-Involved Shootings With Interaction Effects: A Deeper Understanding of How Race/Ethnicity Interacts With Other Factors in the Use of Deadly Force

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 755-775
Author(s):  
Scott W. Phillips ◽  
Dae-Young Kim
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Deadly Force ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Predictive Probabilities ◽  
Race Ethnicity

There has been a substantial body of research examining the reasons behind the police officers’ use of deadly force. Little research has been done to examine how race and ethnicity interact with other factors in the use of deadly force. With data collected in Dallas, Texas, the present study examines the influence of individual, situational, and neighborhood characteristics on officers’ decision to use deadly force. The present study also provides an alternative approach to logistic regression models by estimating predictive probabilities of officers shooting at citizens. The results show that when officers make decisions to shoot at citizens, situational factors are more important than demographic and neighborhood factors. Interactive effects constructed based on the race/ethnicity of the police officer and citizen showed almost no influence on the decision to shoot at a citizen. Finally, the present study concludes with a discussion of implications for policy development and future research.

Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in American Film

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Carr
Keyword(s):  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Film History ◽  
Future Research ◽  
American Film ◽  
Racial Identities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Film Texts

The rise of the American motion picture corresponds to the influx of immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. Just as many of these immigrants initially settled in East Coast and Midwest cities, both movies and movie audiences emerged there as an urban phenomenon. Rather than view this phenomenon only in terms of the images that films of this era offered, this chapter proposes to move beyond a “reflection paradigm” of film history. Of course, film texts reflected immigrant, ethnic, and racial identities. But these identities also existed beyond the text, across movies and movie-going, and embedded within diffuse, multiple, and overlapping networks of imagined relationships. Using Bakhtin’s concept of the chronotope, this chapter recounts some preliminary case studies involving race, ethnicity, and immigration to explore how future research in this area might probe the cultural practices of movie-going among diverse audiences during the first half of the twentieth century.

Gradual escalation of use-of-force reduces police officer injury

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katelyn K Jetelina ◽  
Jennifer M Reingle Gonzalez ◽  
Stephen A Bishopp
Keyword(s):  
Police Officer ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models

ObjectiveTo examine how escalation through the force continuum predicts officer injury in the presence of citizen aggression, while controlling for extraneous factors, like citizen and officer characteristics.MethodsCross-sectional data were extracted from 2244 use-of-force reports from the Dallas Police Department in 2015. Multilevel, mixed logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between use of force and officer injury. Multilevel path analysis tested indirect and direct relationships between citizen aggression and officer injury.ResultsResults suggest that gradual escalation through the force continuum significantly decreases officer injury when a citizen is actively aggressive (β=−1.06, p value <0.001). Further, non-Hispanic black officers (β=−0.22, p value <0.001) and Hispanic officers (β=−0.08, p value <0.05) are less likely to gradually escalate through the force continuum, due to lower odds of verbal commands (black: OR=0.51, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.68; Hispanic: OR=0.77, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.99) and hard-empty hand control (black: OR=0.58, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.77) compared with white officers. Finally, officers with higher tenure (β=−0.01, p value <0.001) are less likely to gradually escalate through the force continuum.ConclusionsEscalation through the force continuum significantly reduces police officer injury. Future research should assess whether further environmental or situational factors contribute to the strong relationship between use of force and officer injury. Also, reliability and validity testing of use-of-force reports is an imperative direction for future research.

Judicial Diversity in France: The Unspoken and the Unspeakable

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (04) ◽  
pp. 1542-1573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathilde Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sexual Diversity ◽  
Legal Professionals ◽  
The Third ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Shed Light

Despite the importance of judicial diversity for litigants and the broader public, no previous study has examined this issue within the French judiciary. This article begins to fill this gap by using original, qualitative data that shed light on judges’, prosecutors', and other legal actors' discourses on racial, ethnic, and sexual diversity. Its main contribution is to show that these legal professionals deploy three strategies—linguistic, institutional, and geographic—to dodge or downplay the relevance of race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. The first, linguistic, form of avoidance lies in refusing to name and discuss race and ethnicity explicitly; the second, institutional, in denying that the judiciary has a diversity problem or that the problem lies within its power; and the third, geographic, consists in relegating the issue of diversity to distant places—the United States and overseas France. The article concludes by discussing key directions for future research.

How Race and Ethnicity Shape Emerging Adulthood

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moin Syed ◽  
Laura L. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Broad Overview

Despite the tremendous growth in theory and research on emerging adulthood over the past decade, relatively little attention has been paid to the experiences of emerging adults from ethnic minority backgrounds. The purpose of this chapter is to fill this gap by conducting a conceptual review of the literature on race, ethnicity, and emerging adulthood. The authors begin with a discussion of conceptual issues, clarifying terms such as emerging adults, emerging adulthood, race, and ethnicity. The existing literature is reviewed pertaining to the five pillars of emerging adulthood: the age of instability, possibilities, self-focus, in-betweenness, and identity explorations. The chapter closes with a discussion of major challenges to conducting research on race, ethnicity, and emerging adulthood. Taken together, this review is intended to provide a broad overview of the state of knowledge and inspire future research.

Abstract 16459: Racial and Ethnic Differences in Echocardiographic Abnormalities and Myocardial Injury in Patients With Covid-19: The CIRC-19 Registry

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S Miller ◽  
Gennaro Giustino ◽  
Annapoorna Kini ◽  
Giulio Stefanini ◽  
Renato Bragato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Myocardial Injury ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Differences ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hispanic Patients ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Introduction: Myocardial injury is common amongst patients hospitalized with Covid-19 and is associated with a poor prognosis. It is unknown whether its incidence and its mechanisms differ by race and ethnicity. Methods: We conducted a multicenter, international cohort study at 7 hospitals in New York (United States) and Milan (Italy) between March and May 2020. All patients were hospitalized, had laboratory-confirmed Covid-19, and received a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) during their hospitalization. We evaluated the association between race/ethnicity and myocardial injury in multivariable logistic regression models. Myocardial injury was defined as any cardiac troponin elevation above the upper limit of normal at each enrolling site. Results: A total of 305 consecutive patients were included, of whom 280 had self-reported race/ethnicity. Key demographic, laboratory and echocardiographic characteristics are presented in the Table. All minority groups had higher incidence of a composite of major echocardiographic abnormalities compared to whites, and Asian and Hispanic patients had increased incidence of RV dysfunction. In multivariable models, compared with Whites, Black (adjOR 2.7 [1.1-6.4]), Asian (adjOR 3.3 [1.1-10.2]), and Hispanic (adjOR 2.8 [1.4-5.8]) patients had increased odds of myocardial injury. After adjusting for baseline demographic and clinical variables, both Asian (adjOR 9.9 [2.6-38.6]) and Hispanic (adjOR 5.7 [2.1-15.6]) patients had increased odds of in-hospital mortality compared with White, but not Black (adjOR 2.0 [0.6-7.0]) patients. Conclusions: Among hospitalized patients with Covid-19 who received a TTE, minority groups had higher incidence of echocardiographic abnormalities and increased risk of myocardial injury. After adjustment for baseline confounders, only Asian and Hispanic patients remained at increased risk for in-hospital mortality.

scholarly journals Researching race-ethnicity in race-mute Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Jugert ◽  
Marie Jolanda Kaiser ◽  
Francesca Ialuna ◽  
Sauro Civitillo
Keyword(s):  
Racial Identity ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Racial Socialization ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Future Research ◽  
European Race ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Social Markers

In Germany and continental Europe more broadly race and ethnicity are concepts that are not widely used and increasingly erased from legislation. Nevertheless, race and ethnicity are still used as social markers and often merely replaced with other terms (e.g., cultural background). The goal of this paper is threefold. First, we point to the danger of treating race and ethnicity as essentialist categories, which is still common in developmental science research. Second, we want to outline specific problems that occur when doing research on ethnicity and race with children and adolescents in the European race-mute context. Third, we suggest that future research ought to focus more on constructions of Whiteness and reproduction of power differences among ethnic majority populations. In doing so, we draw on examples from our own research on ethnic-racial identity and ethnic-racial socialization.

Race, Ethnicity, and Education Policy

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Hochschild ◽  
Francis X. Shen
Keyword(s):  
No Child Left Behind ◽  
School Choice ◽  
Education Policy ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Core Element ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact

Persistent white–black disparities in education outcomes, combined with the growing presence of Asian American and especially Latino children, will make race and ethnicity a core element of education policy in the United States in the twenty-first century. This chapter explores, without resolving, a series of questions at the intersection of race, ethnicity, and American education policy. We review research evidence on persistent racial achievement gaps, race and school choice, the impact of No Child Left Behind, urban school governance, segregation, and the role of the courts in desegregation and school finance. We find that most questions about the best policies on these topics have no clear answers for several reasons explored in the chapter. Furthermore, future research must be reconceptualized since standard assumptions about group boundaries and group interests warrant reexamination. The study of education needs better data, improved methodologies, closer attention to class dynamics, and less partisan scholarship.

Adults’ Perceptions of Law-Involved Minority Children and Youth

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-210
Author(s):  
Kelly C. Burke ◽  
Taylor Petty ◽  
Tayler M. Jones ◽  
Margaret C. Stevenson ◽  
Gent Silberkleit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Minority ◽  
Minority Youth ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Minority Children ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Front Line Workers

This chapter reviews the role of race and ethnicity in shaping legal actors’ (e.g., police officers, attorneys, judges, jurors, parole officers) perceptions and judgments of youth victims and offenders. The intention of this review is to provide researchers with a comprehensive synthesis of the literature and to help front-line workers understand how race influences their interactions with racial minority youth. The chapter begins by considering racism in the criminal justice system generally and the research showing how race shapes perceptions of adult offenders and victims. The main focus is a review of research illustrating parallel findings in cases involving youthful offenders and victims. The chapter ends with recommendations for future research, as well as practical applications to improve law and public policy and to assist legal actors during their interactions with racial minority youth.

When the Cop Is the Victim: A Test of Target Congruence Theory on Intimate Partner Violence Victimization Experienced by Police Officers

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (17-18) ◽  
pp. 3622-3642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egbert Zavala
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Police Stress ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence Victimization ◽  
Congruence Theory

This study analyzed data from the Police Stress and Domestic Violence in Police Families in Baltimore, Maryland, 1997-1999 ( N = 753) to examine propositions derived from target congruence theory in the context of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization experienced by police officers. Specifically, this study tested the influence of target vulnerability, target gratifiability, and target antagonism on IPV victimization. Results from logistic regression models showed that all three theoretical constructs positively and significantly predicted IPV victimization. Results, as well as the study’s limitations and directions for future research, are discussed.

Examining the Offender–Victim Overlap Among Police Officers:The Role of Social Learning and Job-Related Stress

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egbert Zavala
Keyword(s):  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Parental Violence ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
Job Related Stress

This study uses data from the Police Stress and Domestic Violence in Police Families in Baltimore, Maryland 1997–1999 to examine the offender–victim overlap among police officers in the context of intimate partner violence (IPV). Specifically, the study examines the role of parental violence, child maltreatment, and job-related stress on perpetrating violence and victimization. Results from two logistic regression models indicate that one element of job-related stress (negative emotions) was positive and significant in predicting IPV perpetration, whereas parental violence, child maltreatment, and negative emotions were found to be positive and significant in predicting victimization. The study’s limitations and future research are discussed.

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