Rural–urban migration and ethnic diversification in Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-253
Author(s):  
Bhim Prasad Subedi
Keyword(s):  
Distance Function ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Spatial Unit ◽  
Metropolitan City ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Ward Level ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Almost All

This article analyzes rural–urban migration and subsequent caste/ethnic diversification in Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) using ward-level (the smallest spatial unit) data from Nepal’s National Population and Housing Census 2011 ( CBS, 2012 ). KMC has 975,453 residents with migrants constituting 57 percent of the population. Almost all caste/ethnic groups (122 out of 125 in total) are present in KMC, with Newar, Brahmins and Chhetris as the largest groups. Eighty-six percent of the migrants are rural-urban migrants. Thirty-five percent of all rural–urban migrants in the country are in KMC. In this study, I examine ethnic diversity using the ethnic diversification index (EDI). The index of 83.7 percent reflects the significant role of migration in urbanization. The diversified landscape also demonstrates distance function, educational differentials and regional segregation of migrants.

Migration and Socio-Economic Links Between Urban Migrants and their Home Communities in Nigeria

Africa ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aderanti Adepoju
Keyword(s):  
Working Life ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Mechanical Process ◽  
Economic Relationships ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
The Town

IntroductionThe observation that migrants in most of Africa's towns maintain close ties with their home communities, initially made with respect to labour migrants, has been extended to include all kinds of migrants—seasonal, semi-permanent, and permanent (Van Velsen, 1960: 265–78; Gugler, 1971: 405; Caldwell, 1969: 140; Mitchell, 1959: 12–47).It has been stated that a migrant who spends most of his working life in the town still regards his community of origin as his real home, owes social allegiance to it, ‘and reduces rural-urban migration to a mechanical process involving forward and backward movement between the town and country’ (Imoagene, 1972: 4).This paper investigates the nature and the role of such links between urban migrants and their various places of origin–both rural and urban–in Nigeria. The study is approached from a micro-level by examining the pattern of socio-economic relationships between individual migrants and their families at their various places of origin rather than using aggregate data.

INFLUENCE OF WEATHER ON TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT MIGRATION IN RURAL INDIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 1350007 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. KAVI KUMAR ◽  
BRINDA VISWANATHAN
Keyword(s):  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Temporary Migration ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Permanent Migration ◽  
Sample Survey Data ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Temporary Migrants

While a wide range of factors influence rural–rural and rural–urban migration in developing countries, there is significant interest in analyzing the role of agricultural distress and growing inter-regional differences in fueling such movement. This strand of research acquires importance in the context of climate change adaptation. In the Indian context, this analysis gets further complicated due to the significant presence of temporary migration. This paper analyzes how weather and its variability affects both temporary and permanent migration in India using National Sample Survey data for the year 2007–2008. The paper finds that almost all of the rural–urban migrants are permanent. Only temperature plays a role in permanent migration. In contrast, many temporary migrants are rural–rural and both temperature and rainfall explain temporary migration.

scholarly journals Influencing Factors of Rural Families’ Migration to Urban Area: The Case of Kabul, Afghanistan

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Abdul Ahad Hakim ◽  
Ismet Boz
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Families ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Manuscript Preparation ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

Aims: This study aimed to determine factors influencing rural families’ migration to urban areas in Kabul, Afghanistan. Place and Duration of Study: Data were collected in different neighbourhoods of Kabul, Afghanistan during the July-September period of 2019. Data analyses and manuscript preparation were completed in the October-December period of 2019. Methodology: First, the most populated neighbourhoods of Kabul, particularly those areas where the majority of families migrated from rural areas were determined. The data of the study were collected from 400 rural-urban migrants in Kabul city. The questionnaires were filled during face to face informal meetings with households. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, and means. The questionnaire included socio-economic characteristics of rural-urban migrants, pushing and pulling factors which affected rural migration, reasons for insecurity in rural areas, and satisfaction and reintegration of migrants in Kabul city. Results: The results show that unemployment with 9.53 and fear of terror with 9.15 are the most effective pushing factors for rural families to migrate. However, the most important pulling factors which make Kabul city attractive for rural families are the issues regarding rights (women rights with 8.82, having right to vote with 8.73 and human rights with 8.71). Conclusion: In the last five years Afghanistan had huge number immigration internally (1.1 million person) and internationally (1.7 million people) Results of this study suggest that to slower rural-urban migration in Afghanistan, rural development programs should be implemented, and the priority of these programs should be given to the creation of employment opportunities and eliminating gender inequalities in rural areas. Otherwise, either rural-urban migration or dissatisfaction of being in Kabul and preferring not reintegrating back to their villages will make rural-urban migrants seek international migration.

scholarly journals Urban-Rural Gaps in the Developing World: Does Internal Migration Offer Opportunities?

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lagakos
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Land Markets ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Future Work

This article provides an overview of the growing literature on urban-rural gaps in the developing world. I begin with recent evidence on the size of the gaps as measured by consumption, income, and wages, and argue that the gaps are real rather than just nominal. I then discuss the role of sorting more able workers into urban areas and review an array of recent evidence on outcomes from rural-urban migration. Overall, migrants do experience substantial gains on average, though smaller than suggested by the cross-sectional gaps. I conclude that future work should help further explore the frictions—in particular, information, financial, and in land markets—that hold back rural-urban migration and may help explain the persistence of urban-rural gaps.

scholarly journals Informality, Growth, and Development in Africa

2014 ◽  
pp. 619-636
Author(s):  
Ahmadou Aly Mbaye ◽  
Nancy Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Earnings Differentials ◽  
Informal Labor ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

This chapter begins with an overview of the major approaches and potential limitations of defining the informal sector, followed by an analysis of its size, structure, and institutional context. It then considers the taxation of informal firms and notes the pervasiveness of tax evasion in the informal sector, along with state failures and informal employment, earnings differentials between formal and informal actors, and the role of rural–urban migration in the rise of informal labor force in developing countries. The chapter explores why informality is so pervasive in Africa; why informal firms are less productive than their formal counterparts; whether it is best for development to proceed in order to get informal firms to register and pay formal taxes; and how to help informal firms and those employed in the informal sector. Finally, it discusses a good approach to development that takes into account the existence of the informal sector.

Does post-migration education improve labour market performance? Findings from four cities in Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 1139-1153
Author(s):  
Devanto Shasta Pratomo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Market Performance ◽  
Multinomial Logit ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Recent Migrant ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to examine which factors are important in determining the post-migration education among rural-urban migrants in Indonesia. Second, to investigate whether investing in post-migration education in the cities improves the labour market performances of rural-urban migrants. The labour market performances are measured by the occupational (work) statuses and earnings (wages) at destination. Design/methodology/approach The determinants of post-migration education are estimated using a binary probit and ordinary least square, while a multinomial logit model and a two-step procedure of Lee’s selection-biased correction based on the multinomial logit are used to examine the effects of post-migration education on the labour market performances of migrants measured by occupational status and by wages. The main source of the data used in this study is the Rural-Urban Migration in China and Indonesia (RUMiCI) 2009-2011 survey conducted in the four largest recent migrant destination cities in Indonesia including Tangerang, Medan, Samarinda, and Makassar. Findings Post-migration education contributes significantly to the labour market performance in terms of work status and wages, compared to pre-migration education. In terms of work status, migrants with more post-migration education are more likely to be employed in the formal sector compared to migrants with less or no post-migration education. Relating to earnings, migrants with more post-migration education also tend to be paid more than those migrants with less or no post-migration education. Originality/value The role of post-migration education in the case of rural-urban migration particularly in developing countries is a relatively neglected area of research. One possible reason is because of the lack of data for rural-urban migration particularly in the case of developing countries. This study is taking advantage by using a new data set from RUMiCI focusing specifically on the rural-urban migrants in the four largest recent migrant destination cities in Indonesia including Tangerang, Medan, Samarinda, and Makassar.

Migration in India: A Review

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Economic Gain ◽  
The Past ◽  
Demographic Behavior ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

Migration in India has received increased scholarly attention in the past forty years, assisted by additional categories of data collected through the National Census. Considering the volume of both internal and international migration, the Indian population is relatively immobile. Most movements occur locally; 60 percent of internal migration is rural-rural on an intra-district level, consisting primarily of women moving with their husbands after marriage. Next in importance is the rural-urban migration of males seeking economic gain. The few studies done on migrants' characteristics show migration to be highly selective of age, sex, marital status, education, occupation and caste. The specific role of poverty in causing migration is still under debate. Key areas for further research include a greater focus on immobility; the social and demographic consequences of migration on sending and receiving communities; and the social, economic and demographic behavior of the migrants.

scholarly journals The Effects of Rural-Urban Migration on Rural Communities of Southeastern Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chukwuedozie K. Ajaero ◽  
Patience C. Onokala
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Development Interventions ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Questionnaire Surveys

This paper examined the effects of rural-urban migration on the rural communities of Southeastern Nigeria. Data were obtained using mixed methods approach comprising questionnaire surveys and key informant interviews. Six rural local government areas (LGAs) were selected based on population size and spatial equity from two states of Southeastern Nigeria. From each of the rural LGAs, fifty migrant-sending households were sampled for the study. Multiple regression and hierarchical cluster analyses were used to estimate and categorize the effects of rural-urban migration due to remittances and community projects executed by the rural-urban migrants, respectively. In addition, the Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were utilized in prioritizing areas for development interventions in the rural communities. The regression analysis shows that rural-urban migration contributes significantly towards the development of their rural communities through monetary remittances and the involvement of the rural-urban migrants in community development projects. Based on the findings, recommendations such as initiation of development projects based on the identified needs of each of the rural communities to augment the effects of migration in the study area are made.

scholarly journals The Role of Institutions in Rural-Urban Migration and Urban Unemployment in LDCs: With and Without Changing Level of Indebtedness of the Peasantry

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamal Datta Chaudhuri
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Equilibria ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Pull Factors ◽  
Existence Of Equilibrium ◽  
Urban Unemployment ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

This paper attempts to formalise and integrate the roles of "rural push" and "urban pull" factors in rural-urban migration and urban unemployment. Perpetual indebtedness of the peasantry and a monopolistic moneylender, combined with the Harris-Todaro framework, constitute the model. Analysis reveal that such measures might fall short of their goal since the moneylender syphon off part of the benefits that are supposed to accrue to the workers. Possibilities of non-existence of equilibrium and multiple equilibria are pointed out in this model.

Housing Conditions in Pakistan: 1960-80

1981 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-246
Author(s):  
M. Javed Akbar Zaki
Keyword(s):  
Bench Mark ◽  
Density Level ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Housing Shortage ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Housing Materials ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

The paper sets out to examine the housing conditions, both quantitative and qualitative vis-a-vis population growth, particularly with reference to such factors as rural-urban migration, escalating prices of housing materials and the role of government agencies dealing in loans and plots distribution during the last two decades. Subsequently, the housing shortage is estimated by taking the habitation density level of 1960 as a bench mark. While analysing the quality of housing, composition of housing by the type of construction and various housing facilities available in them is considered.

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